نشریه قرآن شناخت
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 24، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Based on common interpretive methods and trends, the method of comprehensive ijtihad interpretation assumes a special analysis and definition, and based on its goals and objectives , it has special theoretical and practical principles. Through focusing on the Qur'anic method - according to the relatively successful work done by Allameh Tabatabai in Al-Mizan - the method of ijtihad interpretation of the Qur'an can be defined. The most prominent principles of this interpretation can be followed in three categories: A) Theoretical principles (theoretical foundations) including: 1. The special realm of interpretation compared to other Qur'anic-religious sciences; 2. The centrality of the Qur'an among the other epistemological sources of religion; 3. The internal consistency and harmony of the Quranic verses; 4. The authority of the Qur'an compared to other areas of human knowledge; B) Practical principles (general rules) including: 1. Establishing the authority and validity of the Qur'anic method in the light of the narrations and practical life of the infallible; 2. Searching for the versus with the same verbal and semantic content; 3. Finding the key and general principles governing the concepts and teachings of the Qur'an; 4. Attention to the contextual evidence of the Qur'an; 5. Investigating the coherence of the corresponding verses (firm and similar, general and specific, absolute and limited, concise and explicit, and abrogated and copied); 6. Paying attention to the principles of semantic development in the concepts of the Qur'an; and c) the ultimate principles in the general sense of interpretation in the service of religious guidance.

"Qardh al-hasan (benevolent lending)" is an important Qur'anic concept about social relations in an Islamic society. The Quran mentions the adjectival expression of " Qardh al-hasan " six times and the verbs indicating the action of benevolent lending twelve times. Using an analytical method, this paper seeks to analyze this concept in Arabic culture and the Qur'an, and evaluate the relationship between this Qur'anic concept, people's understanding and the view of commentators. The result of the research shows that in terms of concept, " Qardh al-hasan " includes all kinds of good interactions with others, and " Qardh al-hasan to God" includes any kind of God-pleasing deed, but in the context of the Qur'an, it is used only about God, and in all its usages, the believers have been ordained and encouraged to offer financial aid to the Prophet in order to defend the religion and the Islamic society, spread the religion or obey the Prophet. Based on the narrations of the Prophet's household, this Qur'anic concept has been interpreted as giving property to the infallible Imams, and it can be generalized to financial aid to the qualified Muslim jurists or the Muslim ruler (Wali faqih) in order to achieve the mentioned two goals in the time of Imam Mahdi’s occultation.

This study seeks to answer the question of how the Holy Qur'an called on Muslims to comply with moral requirements and on what basis the normative theory of the Qur'an is based. Through describing and analyzing the moral concepts of the Qur'an, the writer of this qualitative paper has obtained the following results In order to encourage Muslims to live a moral life, the Holy Qur'an emphasizes the results of moral action, which are presented in words such as happiness, success, salvation, deliverance, pleasure, security, glad tidings, peace, suffering, anxiety, warning, and the description of the life of the people of the heaven and the people of the hell. There are numerous Qur'anic teachings that reflect the compatibility of Quranic ethics and teleological theories. Teleology is compatible with the Qur'anic anthropology and the Qur'anic methods of moral education .The teleological nature of the Quran’s moral system does not mean denying the value of virtue and moral responsibility; in a number of verses, the Qur'an praises behaviors that are motivated by a moral duty or originate from human virtue. The Qur'an encourages Muslims to be virtuous and goal-oriented and considers these as two effective strategies in moral education. However, the most general answer of the Qur'an to justify all moral requirements is not human virtue or moral duty, but the result of moral act.

Using the descriptive-analytical method, this study examines the positive and negative role of transcendent tendencies in man's social behaviors from the perspective of the Qur'an. The aim of this study is to show the effect of these tendencies on man's social behaviors in terms of their creation, reinforcement, orientation or their abandoning and weakening. The findings of study show that according to the Qur'an, with regard to the two behaviors of self-sacrifice and charity, inclination towards God and gaining divine satisfaction and love for God has the positive effect of issuing, strengthening or directing. Also, tendency to God and gaining divine love , mercy and perfection are effective in the act of jihad in issuing and strengthening of behavior. In addition, concerning upbringing and reforming the family, tendency to God and divine love has a positive role of orientation. In terms of the exaltation of society, it has the positive role of issuance; But in controlling and managing sexual behavior, as well as justice and avoiding superficial judgments, this tendency has the negative effect of withdrawal. The role of perfectionism in the field of making one beholden after giving in charity is negative. Also, seeking dignity and inclination towards God play a negative role of abandoning in the field of friendship with God's enemies.

The word "blessing" and its derivations has been stated in 81 verses of the Holy Qur'an. In many of these verses, the meaning of blessing can be revealed through context and other indications; but if this word is mentioned in an absolute verse, most of the Qur'anic researchers apply the rule of absolutism and generalize the meaning of this word to all worldly and spiritual blessings. Contrary to the commonly held belief, Allameh Tabatabai has an innovative theory. He believes that in any verse in which the word blessing is mentioned in the Qur'an in absolute terms, it refers to guardianship. In the present paper, firstly, Allameh Tabatabai's theory is discussed and his innovation is proved. Secondly, through analytical – descriptive method, Allameh Tabatabai's principles for proposing this theory are examined. These principles include a functional analysis of "blessing" based on the Qur'an and an investigation of the meaning of blessing through using the Quran for the interpretation of the Qur'an. Thirdly, through discovering and analyzing these principles and ultimately applying the theory to all verses including the word blessing, the accuracy of Allameh Tabatabai's theory of connection between blessing and guardianship is confirmed. These results can play an effective role in a correct understanding and interpretation of the uses of blessings in the Qur'an.

One of the polysemous rhetorical devices is the "syllepsis" figure of speech the polysemy of which is based on polynomials. Syllepsis has a wide range in rhetoric but many of its literary types and examples are unknown or little known in the Qur'an. Some of the Quranic researchers have not found rhetoric useful in the process of interpreting and understanding the meaning of the text. Therefore, having reviewed the scope of syllepsis and analyzed its mechanism, this paper has found some outstanding examples of this linguistic feature in the Qur'an. It has used the descriptive-analytical method to answer the question of the functions of understanding syllepsis in the interpretation of the text of the Quran. The result of the research shows that an interpreter who is familiar with the method of syllepsis will seek to expand the meaning of the text and will not be confused and mistaken when looking for the antecedent of pronouns. In addition, several rhetorical examples of the Qur'an show that revealing the coherence of the text and providing a continuous interpretation of speech signs, as well as demonstrating the efficiency and attractiveness of the meaning of the text are other functions of understanding the figure of speech of syllepsis.