Journal of Zoonotic Diseases
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Autumn 2020

Abortion is one of the most common disorders that decrease reproductive performance in animals, and it results in considerable economic loss to the industry. A wide range of agents, either infectious or noninfectious, can be the cause of abortion. It seems that infectious agents of abortion are more frequent than non-infectious ones in the domestic animals. Some of the infectious agents are zoonotic that could transmit from animals to humans and have an important impact on human health. Several infectious agents can cause severe disease in humans. So, besides to economic loss of abortion in the herd, its zoonotic implications regard to human consumption of farm animal products or keeping pets must be considered. The infectious agents, such as Brucella spp , Campylobacter spp ., Listeria monocytogenes, Leptospira spp., Aspergillus, Toxoplasma gondii, Chlamydia spp ,and Coxiella burnetii are zoonotic pathogens that cause abortion in the animals. This article provides a review of the zoonotic pathogens responsible for animal abortion. Parameters necessary for disease recognition and diagnosis in humans and animals, reservoirs of infection and transmission mode, and their treatment are emphasized and described that it can help reduce the risk of increasing of zoonotic disease.

The increasing progress of the poultry industry, on the one hand, and increasing the popularity and maintenance of pet birds in the home, on the other hand, has increased the need for research on diseases that can be transmitted from birds. People who deal with birds should be aware that some bird diseases can be transmitted to humans and, if necessary, know how to deal with them. Children, the elderly, and people with immunodeficiency are more likely to develop zoonotic diseases. Zoonoses can be parasitic, fungal, bacterial, or viral. The susceptibility to zoonotic disease depends on factors, such as age, health status, immune status, and primary treatment. The ability of a microorganism to cause disease depends on the severity of the agent and the way the pathogen enters the host's body. Therefore, this review will provide brief information on different diseases that can be passed from birds, including pet birds, industrial and backyard chickens to humans, which present on the basis of their etiology, independently.

Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) is an avian pathogen which its clinical symptoms of the disease may be varies from asymptomatic to several clinical symptoms, which include: conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the lining of the nose (rhinitis), sinusitis, diarrhea (dehydration), respiratory distress, yellow-green urine, loss of appetite, which may cause respiratory disorders in humans. Oropharyngeal(owner and birds) and cloacal (birds) swabs were taken from 54 captive psittacine birds and their owners who attended to veterinary clinics in Isfahan (Totally 108 samples).To study the prevalence of C. psittaci in captive birds and their owners using molecular detection assay (PCR),samples were collected during 2014 from a total of 10 various species of parrots. C. psittaci was identified in four species of birds (40%). Sequencing was performed to confirm the PCR positive results, demonstrating that all positive samples of C. psittaci belonged to genotype A, representing the first report of the presence of this genotype in Iran. The determination of this bacterium in captive psittacine birds presents that there is a potential risk for owners who live or have direct contact with them and that there is a feasibility of infecting other birds and humans.

Hyalomma spp. is responsible for the transmission of bacterial, protozoan, rickettsial and viral pathogens in animals and humans.The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NPs) size 15 nm against Hyalomma spp. in vitro. The acaricidal activity of Fe-NPs was evaluated at concentrations of 50, 125, and 250 µg/ml and controls (distilled water and Cypermethrin) following 10, 30, and 60 min of exposure in triplicate and the experiments were performed two spraying and contact methods. The results of this study showed that all concentrations of Fe-NPs had acaricidal activity, and a concentration of 250 µg/ml at an exposure time of 10 min had the highest acaricidal effect (85.7%). The median lethal concentration (LC50) values were 50 µg/ml in 60 min, and (LC99) values were 150 mg/ml in 30 min for Hyalomma spp.. The results showed that the spray method was more effective than the contact method. Statistically, there was no difference between the acaricidal effect of trivalent iron (Fe2O3) and quadrivalent (Fe3O4) iron nanoparticles. The findings of the present study showed that Fe-NPs had potent acaricidal activity. However, further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of this nanoparticle.

Sarcocystis species in animals and humans cause a zoonotic disease called Sarcocystosis. This study was aimed to investigate the morphology and pathology of Sarcocystisin naturally infected sheep. The carcasses of slaughtered sheep at Urmia slaughterhouse were inspected for evidence of infection with Sarcocystis macrocysts. Histopathological sections were prepared and stained routinely by Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining. A total of 1372 out of 4121 (33.3%) removed macrocysts were full of bradyzoites (54.3×223.66μm) ranged from 5-10 mm. Histologically, the reaction of the muscle tissue varied from degenerative to inflammatory around the macrocysts. The infected muscle demonstrated evidence of myocytolysis with infiltration of inflammatory cells in focal pockets, which were mainly comprised of lymphocytes and macrophages. The other findings were arterial wall hyperplasia, hyperplastic proliferation, and giant cell presence around the macrocysts. The results indicated that morphologic features of macrocysts of Sarcocystis in naturally infected sheep were informative and causing pathologic changes in muscle tissue.

< p>Toxocara species are common Ascaridoid nematodes of cats and dogs. Notably, Toxocara is known as a common nematode of cats in various parts of Iran. Therefore, the present study was performed on Toxocara cati from pet cats in Tabriz, East-Azerbaijan Province, North-west Iran, based on morphological approaches, and also the prevalence rate of Toxocara cati. From February to November 2014, a total of 50 household cats were randomly selected from different geographic areas of Tabriz city, and fresh fecal samples were collected by owners or veterinarians that underwent clinical examination in three various veterinary clinics placed in the different regions of (north, south, east and west) the Tabriz city. Four out of 50 cats (8%) were found to be infected with Toxocara nematodes. All the species were approved as T. cati based on morphological characteristics. The intensity of infection ranged from one to a maximum of 29 eggs per cat. Importantly, the most prevalent ascaridoid nematode of the examined pet cats in the study area was T. cati. This issue has an important role in spreading of the eggs in the environment and impact on human toxocariasis.