فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 39 (پاییز 1399)

The importance of rural life and development as a driving force and productive of any country and a factor in the direction of national development, deprivation and economic growth is not hidden from anyone and the interrelationships between urban and rural areas in developing countries are qualitatively different from urban and Rural areas are in developed countries, so better and coordinated distribution of activities in rural-urban relations in accordance with environmental characteristics and data, continuous settlement of the population, prevention of misplaced spatial populations, application of necessary measures in geographical stabilization of migrant population, Reducing environmental differences and differences and correcting and improving undesirable places by examining and analyzing the criteria of sustainable rural development in the planning of rural-urban relations from the perspective of rural residents can lead to sustainable population balance in rural areas. Therefore, in this study, using SPSS software and statistical analysis of data in two descriptive and analytical groups, the results were obtained based on the cluster analysis method of 44.1 % of the sample villages in three sustainable dimensions, 26.5 % semi - stable and 29.4 % are unstable and according to ANOVA test, rural-urban relations are stronger in sustainable villages. Based on numerical taxonomy test, changes in economic instabilities (economic viability of agricultural activities, improving the quantity and quality of products, improving the marketing situation, paying attention to international demand, planting local cultivars) with DL, 0.043, 079, respectively. 0, 0.214, 0.278, 0.616 is in the first place from the perspective of rural residents. Extended abstract

Today, in addition to traditional and historical relations, interactional relations have also linked rural arenas to urban centers (Saeedi et al, 2018: 30). Urban-rural links cause relations and urban-rural streams to form (Sheng, 2002:3). Therefore, studying urban-rural links and the relations between cities and villages is an important issue in urban and rural planning (Rostamalizadeh et al, 2016: 2). Understanding in-equalities and unbalances in different geographic zones is a requisite to move in this direction; to know the current situation in each part of planning process, including the country, province, city, county and district; and then to find out the differences and variances and current policies in order to remove and decrease the inequalities in each part of the complex (Masoudi et al, 2019: 246). So, though different in structure, nature and function, cities and villages are the constituents of an integrated spatial system (Pourmohammadi et al, 2017: 6). Because of socio-economic transformations and technology, especially in transportation and communicational ways, economic relations between cities and villages are now broad and varied (Clayton et al, 2005: 18). Urban-rural interactions can eventually be classified as: 1. Spatial interactions (like individuals, commodity, money, information and waste material streams); 2. Sectoral interaction (rural activities common in cities, like urban agriculture or activities which are mostly common as urban activities but are also present in villages, like industry and services) (Tacoli, 2003: 3). Meanwhile, population growth, urbanism and diminishing returns in small units of micro agriculture show that the rural-urban interaction and link have a great and extensive role in local economy and their living (Long, et al, 2009: 454). However, recent worldwide evolutions have created new reasons for people to remain in the villages that can be classified in different ways, for example, based on economic, socio-cultural, ecological and physical dimensions (Firooznia, 2017: 60). Sustainable development approach is an ideal approach in development (Connelly, 2007:259), and a controversial (Breau, 2015:144) and multi-dimensional (Kitchen & Marsden, 2009:235) concept in rural population sustainability. Therefore, today, it is the key point to remember when making a decision on development, the major feature of which is permanence and accordance with human criteria (Vilshair, 2007:301). If sustainable development satisfies today's generation, without threatening the future generation's power and ability to meet their needs (Duran, et al., 2015:807), then rural sustainable development can emphasize multi-dimensional improvement of rural living by encouraging the activities which are in accordance with the capabilities and bottleneck of the environment (Safaee Pour et al, 2018: 682). Based on the aforementioned issues, the present study aims to investigate urban-rural relations and the sustainability of Iran's population. Because of Iran's vast area and unique features of each city, these links have been selected randomly in four cities (Shiraz, Busheher, Astara and Chabahar). The researchers tried to use sustainable rural development in effective district planning in urban-rural relations as an independent variable; the strategies of population sustainability are considered as dependent variables, using which the researchers try to study the improvement of different levels in sustainability.

This study is a descriptive-analytic study, the statistical population of which is chosen using Cochran formula and sharing in a given ration; sample villages are also chosen randomly: 1. Sistan and Baluchestan province (Chabahr city): 23 villages were identified with approximation in estimation of society parameter being 0.11. 2. Fars province (Shiraz city): 18 villages were identified with approximation in estimation of society parameter being 0.15. 3. Gilan province (Astara city): 5 villages were identified with approximation in estimation of society parameter being 0.13. 4. Bushehr province (Bushehr city): 4 villages were identified with approximation in estimation of society parameter being 0.16. Eventually, Cochran formula, with a confidence coefficient of 95%, and approximation of 0.051 in estimation of society parameter, were used to identify the volume of sample families. 376 sample families were selected among 50 villages. SPSS software was used to analyze the data in three methods of cluster analysis (WARD), ANOVA test and taxonomy technique.

Based on the two mentioned hypothesis and the analyses done during the study, the following results were identified: Hypothesis one: It seems that the features affecting urban-rural relations, including physical and temporal distance between villages and cities, service improvement and rural financing, can improve the population sustainability in villages of these cities (Shiraz, Bushehr, Astara and Chabahar). To investigate this hypothesis, cluster analysis (WARD) was used; 44% of sample villages were sustainable in three dimensions, 26.5% were semi-sustainable and 29.4% were unsustainable. Sustainable villages included: Bid Zard-e Sofla, Tafihan, Dodej, Tarbor-e Jafari, Qalat, Eslam Abad, Barmshour Olya, Gachi, Korouni, Soltan Abad, Shapour Jan, Kaftarak, Baharestan, Regeti, Ali Heybatan Bazar, Sayani, Karani, Patti, Achu bazar and Khanehaye Chaharshanbe (Shirdel); with regards to rural-urban relations, these villages were in a better situation than the others. In economic dimension, 14.7% of villages were sustainable, 55.9% were semi-sustainable and 29.4% were unsustainable. Kalestan, Eslam Abad, Qadir town, Barmshour Olya and Baharestan, Banou, Sayani, Karani, Patti, Achu bazar, Balle Sar, Khanehaye Chaharshanbe (Shirdel), Vashnam-e Dari, Dambdaf-e Moradi, Vashnam-e Haji Ramezan, and Gowmazi Sanjar were in a more sustainable economic situation. In socio-cultural dimension, 14.7% of villages were sustainable, 61.8% were semi-sustainable and 23.5% were unsustainable. Eslam abad, Mah Firouzan, Qaleh-ye Chah Kutah, Askar Abad, Darband, Ali Heybatan Bazar, Sayani, Kayani, Patti, Balle Sar and Voshnam-e Dari were in sustainable situations. In environmental dimension, 52.9% of villages were sustainable, 26.5% were semi-sustainable and 20.6% were unsustainable. The sustainable group included Bid Zard-e Sofla, Dodej, Tarbor-e Jafari, Qalat, Eslam Abad, Kadanj, Barmshour Olya, Gachi, Korouni, sultan Abad, Qaleh-ye Chah Kutah, Tal Siah, Baharestan, Askar Abad, Dej Dadkhah, Zirdej, Nadekan-e Gurmi, Regeti, Banarou Haji Shekar, Ali Heybatan Bazar, Sayani, Karani, Patti, Balle Sar and Voshnam-e Dari. Finally, the results of comparing the average rural-urban relation, using ANOVA test, show that more sustainable villages actually have stronger rural-urban relations. In fact, we can say that urban-rural relations can improve population sustainability and this hypothesis was proved. Hypothesis two: it seems that sustainable rural development criteria in planning urban-rural relation changes economic, social and environmental unsustainability. To investigate this hypothesis, rural sustainable development criteria were ranked in urban-rural relations based on rural districts inhabitants. Using numerical taxonomy, the results are as follow: economic unsustainability changes (economic efficiency of agricultural activities, products quality and quantity improvement, marketing improvement, focusing on international demands, planting and harvesting local items) are on the first rank with DL order of 0.043, 0.079, 0.278, and 0.616. Social unsustainability changes (reduction of urban-rural immigration rate, improvement of income, economy, nutrition, health, housing, youth employment, availability of welfare amenities and entertainment facilities, and crime reduction) are on the second rank with DL order of 0.105, 0.144, 0.236, and 0.867. Environmental unsustainability changes (applying combinational methods to fight the pest, illnesses, and weeds, variety in agricultural activities, sustainability of activities like warehousing and storing) are on the third rank with DL order of 0.532, 0.790, 0.753, and 0.871.

Balancing population sustainability by rural sustainable development can be done using three major criteria in rural sustainable development, which are economic index, social index and environmental index: Economic index: Non-transfer of additional agricultural income from villages to cities, Growth in consumable goods supply and services from cities to villages, Building industrial towns and higher education institutes to train efficient and skillful labor force, Growth in physical and human investment with rural living patterns. Social index: Cities can function as a center to spread and promote the development achievements and they can be used as poles of development and growth, Distribution of developmental services and facilities in all villages leads to unsustainable movement of human force from villages to cities, Focusing on private sector for urban-village employment in urban development planning and government supporting this sector, Reinforcement of relations and links between rural and urban societies, relations of small cities and sphere of influence, Improvement in housing construction pattern by guiding rural inhabitants to build resistant and hygienic houses,   Environmental index: Providing the structure for urban-rural link can facilitate the transfer of urban income, investment in villages, and utilization of capabilities, facilities and God-given natural resources, Filling the gap between industry and agriculture, Modification of planting pattern based on relative advantages of districts and abilities of soil and water, Executing some programs to adjust the earth, like draining, levelling and integrating the lands, Marketing for agricultural products by reinforcing cooperative methods.

According to the studies conducted in this field exposure to dust particles can increase the heart disease and respiratory problems, particularly among vulnerable groups including children and the elderly. Being located in the dust belt of West Asian region, Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran has been facing severe dust problems since 2001. According to the necessity to further investigate the effects of this phenomenon, the present study was conducted to investigate the statistical relationship between the dust level and cardiopulmonary mortality in Khuzestan province during 2006-2016. The research results, conducted using Pearson Correlation test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Variance-Based Structural Equations (PLS), showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between dust and cardiopulmonary mortality. Also, dust and cardiac mortality showed the highest correlation with eight months delay. According to the ANOVA test results, all significant at 0.01 level, under the same dusty conditions, there is a significant difference between cardiopulmonary mortality in age groups below 10 and over 65 years with other groups. According to the path coefficient values and t-statistic calculated by structural equation method, it can be found that men are more vulnerable to dust than women. It is predicted that a 1% increase in monthly dust can cause a 0.31% and 0.28% increase in cardiac mortality and also a 0.41% and 0.30% increase in respiratory mortality in vulnerable and less vulnerable groups, respectively. These findings indicate the need for urgent planning to address the dust problem, as well as training and culturalization in dealing with this dangerous phenomenon.

Dust phenomena, as one of the major environmental concerns caused by human interference and unreasonable use of natural resources, has been prevalent in recent years. Dust refers to a mass of sedimentary solid particles smaller than 50 microns in diameter that disperses into the atmosphere, resulting in a 1-2 km decrease in horizontal view. Dust storms are events which naturally occur in arid and semi-arid areas, especially in subtropical latitudes. One of the most known sources of dust is the west of Asia, including Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iraq, and southwest of Iran. Studies suggests that different sectors different sectors, including agriculture, civil infrastructure, industry, economy, tourism, and healthcare can be affected by the dust phenomenon. According to new findings, dust particles are more dangerous to public health compared to what was previously thought. Infiltration of these particles into the airbags by breathing polluted air increases the likelihood of respiratory disorders, cardiovascular disorders, eye inflammation, skin rashes, meningococcal meningitis, hepatic and cerebral necrosis, and abortion. In Iran, 29 provinces have been affected by the dust phenomenon in recent years. Being located in the dust belt in the West Asian region, Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran has been facing severe dust problems since 2001. Also, a 2011 World Health Organization report identifies Ahwaz as the world's most polluted city in terms of particles with an annual average of 372 micrograms per cubic meter PM10. Hence, more attention needs to be paid by researchers to the effects of this phenomenon in the field of health. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the statistical relationship between the dust events and cardiopulmonary mortality by sex and in sensitive and non-sensitive age groups in Khuzestan province during 2006-2016.

 Two categories of data were used for the purpose of this research:A)     Dust data: including monitoring and horizontal view codes in Khuzestan province for the period of 2004-2016 which were obtained hourly from the Meteorological Organization and filtered and separated based on eleven dust codes of World Meteorological Organization (including 06, 07, 08, 09, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 98). Then, the frequency of dust events was classified on a monthly scale based on the data available in three main groups including local dust, trans-local dust and dust storms.B) Mortality data related to Khuzestan province during the period of 2004-2016, collected monthly from the National Organization for Civil Registration. The cardiac and respiratory mortality data were categorized into two groups of vulnerable (age group lower than 10 years and upper than 60 years old) and less vulnerable. Then, they were studied for each female and male groups, separately.C) The Pearson Correlation test was used to reveal the relationship between monthly dust data and cardiopulmonary mortality. The One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the effect of dust between the two vulnerable and less vulnerable groups. Also according to the research structure, which is based on the formative model, the variance-based structural equation techniques(Partial Least Square), including indices unidimensionality, Structural Reliability, Convergent Validity,  coefficient of determination R2, Cohen effect size (F2) and path coefficient were used.

According to the results of correlation test, dust and respiratory mortality have a strong (r = 0.698) and significant (at 99% confidence level) correlation. Respiratory mortality is higher in the first months after a dust storm, but its correlation gradually declines. The correlation between cardiac mortality in the early months after the dust event is weak, but has a strong and significant correlation after a delay of more than 6 months, with the highest correlation of r = .551 in 99% confidence level after an eight-month delay.According to the results of one-way analysis of variance between vulnerable and less vulnerable groups, inter-group dispersion was higher than intra-group dispersion and as a result, there was a significant difference between vulnerable and less vulnerable groups when facing with dust. These results are significant at 99% confidence level.According to the results of variance-based structural equations (PLS), all factor loadings are greater than 0.4 and, therefore, the indices unidimensionality is confirmed. Structural reliability and convergent validity coefficients for all variables are greater than 0.6 and 0.5, respectively, and as a result, the measurement pattern is confirmed. Based on the path coefficient values ​​and t-statistic calculated in the model for the vulnerable groups, all path coefficients were positive and greater than 0.1 for all variables except for female cardiac mortality. Accordingly, all path coefficients, except for the dust path coefficient and female cardiac mortality, have a clear effect at the 5% significance level, and the sign of all path coefficients is positive with the values ​​more than 0.1, except for dust and female cardiopulmonary mortality in the less vulnerable groups. Also, the t-statistic is greater than 1.96 for all variables except for female cardiopulmonary mortality.

According to the results, there is a positive and significant relationship between dust and cardiopulmonary mortality. Also, dust and cardiac mortality showed the highest correlation with eight months delay. The results also show that there is a significant difference between cardiopulmonary mortality in age groups below 10 and over 65 years with other groups in the same dusty conditions. Also, in similar situations, men are more vulnerable to dust than women, and it is predicted that a 1% increase in monthly dust can cause a 0.31% and 0.28% increase in cardiac mortality and also a 0.41% and 0.30% increase in respiratory mortality in vulnerable and less vulnerable groups, respectively in Khuzestan province. These findings indicate the need for urgent planning to address the dust problem, as well as training and culturalization in dealing with this dangerous phenomenon.

Damage to residential buildings is one of the most important physical damages of an earthquake that can cause further damages. The main question in this study is "How much is the vulnerability of residential units in country regions base of materials and skeleton as well as earthquake risk?" The main purpose of this study is to investigate the level of seismic vulnerability of residential units in Iran regions. The methods used in the research are AHP-fuzzy, DIMETEL-fuzzy and spatial analysis. The findings of the study show that there are many differences between the regions and the urban and rural areas regarding the vulnerability of residential units to earthquakes. The mean score of vulnerability in urban areas were 0.27 and in rural areas were 0.31, which indicates high vulnerability of rural areas in comparison with urban areas. Regionally, cities in Markazi, Hamedan, Isfahan, Tehran, Kurdistan, Gilan and Zanjan provinces are in good condition in terms of urban housing vulnerability while cities in eastern, southern, southwest and northwestern regions of the country are highly vulnerable. In rural areas, Markazi, Isfahan, Tehran, Kurdistan and Gilan provinces are more appropriate than other provinces and the eastern, central, southern and western provinces are also highly vulnerable.

Earthquake hazard is one of the most important natural hazards that annually cause a lot of damage to countries in the world. Identifying physical and structural vulnerability levels (one of the important aspects of vulnerability) of human settlements before of earthquake play a significant role in preventing and managing hazard and reducing costs. . Due to the geographical location of Iran and locating on the earthquake belt, there have always been major earthquakes throughout history. Destructive earthquakes such as Bojin Zahra earthquake in 1962, Roodbar earthquake in 1990, Bam earthquake in 2003, Varzaqan 2012, Kermanshah 2017 were the examples of destructive earthquakes in Iran during the last 60 years. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of housing in Iranian cities with regard to materials and skeleton type as well as seismic hazard.

AHP-fuzzy and DEMATEL-fuzzy are the methods that used in this research to assess the housing vulnerability in Iran regions. The study area in this study was the Shahrestans(one of the administrative regional division) of Iran in 2016 and the data used in this study were the type of materials and skeletons of residential buildings in 2016 and the seismic hazard map of Iran.

 For analyze urban and rural housing physical data after the formation of GIS data bank, in the first stage, estimate the vulnerability of urban and rural housing building in Iranian regions regardless of seismic risk base on type of materials and The skeleton using the expert opinions. In the second stage, seismic hazard estimation in Iranian regions was done using seismic hazard map and seismic hazard rate was calculated for each region. Finally, with integration of housing physical vulnerability and seismic hazard rate final vulnerability of housing in Iranian regions was obtained. Research findings are analyzed in two sections: rural and urban housing. According to the findings, urban housing sector in the Markazi, Hamadan, Isfahan, Tehran, Kurdistan, Gilan and Zanjan provinces are in good condition but in the in the eastern, South, Southwest and Northwest regions are not in a good condition. In the urban housing sector, most of the regions (41 percent) in terms of vulnerability are very vulnerable (0 to 0.21). In the rural housing sector, the regions located in the central provinces of Isfahan, Tehran, Kurdistan and Gilan are more suitable than other regions, and those in the eastern, central, southern and western regions are high vulnerable. In the rural sector, the low vulnerability class (score of 0.20 to 0.27) with 39% of the regions had the highest percentage. The average score obtained in rural housing sector is 0.31 and in urban housing sector is 0.27, indicating higher vulnerability of rural housing to urban housing units. This situation is more severe in Isfahan, Semnan, Zanjan, Gilan, Kermanshah, Kordestan and Chaharmahal -Bakhtiari provinces than other provinces and this indicates more attention to urban housing Strengthening and less attention to rural housing Strengthening. Other regions with positive numbers are located in the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Kerman, Yazd and Lorestan, which shows the attention of these provinces to Strengthening of rural housing units.

The results show that there is a great differences in the vulnerability of residential units between cities and rural in Iran regions. The difference between urban and rural sectors are the result of the weak policies and actions of the responsible organizations in rural housing. In general, due to the lack of proper budgeting structure and lack of proper policymaking in the ​​housing consolidation of Iran, most of the regions, especially in the rural sector, have major weaknesses which have led to the vulnerability of residential units. Research proposals are also presented in two sections: Future Research and Practical Suggestions. In the first part, considering that the area under study in this study is a region and some facts may not be properly represented due to the extent of the region level, the studies should be done at a smaller level such as the city and rural and in the second part It has also proposed the creation of a database for housing agencies.

The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the factors of electronic tourism in Iran. This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of implementation which was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, by reviewing the literature related to the field and interviewing the researchers, the qualitative analysis was conducted. In the second stage, the Delphi method was conducted with a survey of 100 sport and tourism management experts across the country to the extent of theoretical agreement. Questionnaire data processing was performed using SPSS 23 software. In this study descriptive statistics were used for data analysis such as: data classification and arrangement, determination of central index (mean), dispersion index (standard deviation), and numerical value of KMO statistic for controlling data suitability and the Bartlett test is calculated.  Also in the inferential statistics section, exploratory factor analysis was used, and with orthogonal time, the factors were extracted by Varimax method, Then, by examining the components of electronic sport tourism in Iran, factors were prioritized at the highest level: Development of sport tourism with 0.02 significance, at the second level: information technology structure, management and planning, rules and policy making with 0.03 significance, and at the third level: culture and advertising, facilities and financial means with 0.05 meaningful are. 

Sport tourism in the post-modern era is one of the political geographical levers of tourism for countries in terms of attracting capital and income (Karimi, 2016:15). Many countries derive their main income from the industry (Neosho, 2012: 19-39). The need to pay attention to the factors affecting the development of e-sports tourism in a country such as Iran, which has many historical and natural attractions, as well as promoting the position of Iran in the tourism sector and attracting domestic and foreign tourists as one of the relative advantages of development and expansion, A country is a must. Electronic sport tourism can be helpful in adopting measures to identify priorities, strengthen competencies in the industry and ultimately attract tourism and sport tourism (Research Authors, 2019). Along with its tourist and historical attractions, Iran has the potential to set up various locations and create well-equipped sports sites. The results of this study help policymakers to choose a more appropriate path for the development and expansion of e-sports tourism.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of implementation which was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, by reviewing the literature related to the field and interviewing the researchers, the qualitative analysis was conducted. In the second stage, the Delphi method was conducted with a survey of 100 sport and tourism management experts across the country to the extent of theoretical agreement. Data analysis was done using SPSS 23 software. In the present study, a researcher-made questionnaire with Delphi technique with W Kendall's coefficient of agreement was obtained at the significant level of 0.04 indicating the validity and reliability of the referees. In this study, descriptive statistics and KMO statistic and Bartlett test were used to analyze the data. Also in the inferential statistics section, exploratory factor analysis was used and factors were extracted by orthogonal method by Varimex method, then factors were prioritized by examining the components of electronic sport tourism in Iran.

Demographic findings showed that 25% of masters and 75% of PhDs were educated and 40% of respondents were female and 60% were male. Also, by age group 25% are 30-39 years old, 40% are 40-49 years old and 35% are 50-59 years old. Demographic findings showed that 25% of masters and 75% of PhDs were educated and 40% of respondents were female and 60% were male. Also, by age group 25% are 30-39 years old, 40% are 40-49 years old and 35% are 50-59 years old. Research findings with exploratory factor analysis showed that after studying and identifying the factors affecting e-sport backbone in Iran, 6 main factors were ranked in order of priority: sport tourism, information technology structure, management and planning, rules and policy, facilities and they are financial, cultural and advertising.The results showed that in terms of prioritizing the significance levels, the highest factor included: Sport tourism with 0.02 level of significance, in the second stage: IT structure, management and planning, policy rules with 0.03 level of significance and finally facilities. And financial power, culture, and advertising are significant at the 0.05 level.

 Iran in southwest Asia, due to its natural, architectural and cultural attractions, can become one of the most attractive countries for tourism and especially sports tourism. The results of field studies are. Factors Influencing the Development of Electronic Sport Tourism were prioritized in three groups of factors. The most influential factor in the development of electronic sport tourism is sport tourism. The second influential factor in the development of e-sports tourism is: IT structure, management and planning, rules and policy making. The third factor that contributes to the development of e-sports tourism: opportunities, finances, culture and advertising. * According to the results of factor analysis, the factors of e-sports tourism were extracted in six groups including: 1-sports tourism 2-information technology structure 3- management and planning, 4-rules and policy-making 5-financial possibilities and 6- culture And advertising. These findings are in line with research findings by: Taqi Fard and Asadian Ardakani (2016), Ali Akbari et al (2019), Kiproto et al (2011). Like other industries, the tourism industry has not lost sight of the emergence of information and communication technology. To this end, sufficient investment in research and development, increasing the share of science and technology, interacting with international organizations, empowering human resources to create sustainable employment, aligning economic policies, technology and innovation, the need to reform laws and regulations. Particularly in the tourism sector and in facilitating business start-ups should be the focus of planners and managers (Ali Akbari et al., 2019: 13).

Since the beginning of the human civilization, drought has had severe and sometimes catastrophic effects on human life activities throughout the world. Drought by itself is not a catastrophe, but its impact on the people and on the environment, determines whether it is a disaster or not. Drought is a natural hazard, having direct and indirect consequences on our planet, particularly on the livelihoods of agricultural utilization. In this regard, in recent decades, policy makers of rural development, have noticed "rural economic resilience" as an important concept. Especially, the economic resilience of agricultural utilization is closely related to natural phenomena, including drought. This study analyses farmer’s economic resilience against droughts. This is a descriptive – analytic research survey. We use questionnaire to collect data and stratified sampling method. Analysis level is 75 villages chosen from Nowbandeghan, Sheshdeh and Gharabolagh, central part & Shibkouh. We use 18 economic resilience criteria. Our population consists of 63409 residents comprising 18855 families. The sample contains 382 families calculated using Kukran model. Findings indicate that diversity in labor with eigenvalue of 3.899 has the most impact out of the four factors. Ranking models used are SWARA & ARAS. Nowbandeghan, Shashdeh and Gharabolagh Central part & Shibkouh are respectably the most economically resilience parts.
Extended Abstract

Since the beginning of human civilization, drought has had profound and sometimes catastrophic effects on human vital activities worldwide. Drought itself is not a disaster; it is its impact on people and the environment that determines whether or not it is catastrophic. Drought is one of the natural hazards that has direct and indirect consequences on the planet, and in particular on the livelihoods of farmers. In this regard, rural economic resilience is one of the concepts that has been of interest to rural development policymakers in recent decades; especially the economic resilience of agricultural holders is closely linked to natural phenomena such as drought. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the economic resilience of farmers to the effects of drought. With respect to the subject under study and the purpose of the study, the research hypothesis is explained by the following application: It seems that there is a relationship between the economic resilience of rural communities and the effects of drought.

The methodology of the present study is descriptive-analytical based on the survey method used in this research. The statistical population of the rural areas of Fasa city is63409 people and the sample size is calculated by Cochran formula of 382 households. The level of analysis in this study is 75 selected villages, located in four central districts: Sixth and Gharablagh, Shibkoh, Fasa city, and Household Analysis Unit. In this study, the available stratified sampling method was used. The study used 18 indicators of economic resilience. Validity - Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and rural experts with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.850. After completing the questionnaires and collecting samples, the data were entered into SPSS software package and the technique used in this research is "cluster analysis". They were then ranked by ArcGIS, Excel, ARAS, SWARA and factor analysis techniques.

At first, the research variables were obtained through a questionnaire. Before performing the factor analysis, the suitability of the data set for analysis was assessed by BTS and KMO tests. The value of KMO obtained is 0.804 which indicates that the selected indices are satisfactory for using factor analysis technique. Bartlett's value was 1562.624 which was significant at 99% confidence level. The next step in the factor analysis is to determine the values ​​as follows: - Eigenvalues: (a) eigenvalues ​​of non-rotating extractive agents and b) values ​​of rotational extraction agents. As can be seen, the first four factors have values ​​greater than 1 and account for a total of 53.222% of the variance of the set of 18 indicators, which is an acceptable percentage. Therefore, although all of these factors have eigenvalues ​​larger than the unit, for example the importance and role of the first factor is more than several times the fourth factor. The most important factor in this analysis is Factor 1, which alone accounts for 22.933% of the variance. The second, third and fourth factors accounted for 15.589, 7.945 and 6.756% of the variance, respectively. Because the eigenvalues ​​of the following indices are less than 1, they were not significant and could not be used in subsequent analyzes. The results of the T-test for measuring resilience of users show that there is a significant difference (3.5 = sig) between the baseline (3) and the calculated value of 3.51. Since the calculated value is higher than the standard limit, we conclude that the impact of resilience factors on resilience of agricultural use against the effects of drought is evaluated.

Today, drought is one of the natural disasters that due to its very complex and gradual crawling and overcoming it requires extensive facilities and has greatly affected the livelihoods of the farmers in the area involved. The present study aimed to analyze the economic resilience of agricultural holders against the effects of drought investigated by factor analysis. So the first factor: The specific amount of this factor is 3.899 which alone accounts for 22.933% of the variance of the population and has the most influence among the four factors. This factor includes variables such as "government support for agricultural jobs, diversification of economic activities and employment in the countryside, creation of conversion and supplementary industries in agriculture, start-up of new businesses, diversification of job skills, and increased post-employment." Rural tourism boom "has a positive and high correlation. This can be attributed to" diversity of skills in the workforce and employment ". Factor 2: The Eigenvalue of the second factor is 2.650 which alone accounts for 15.589% of the variance in society. Variables loaded on this factor are: "Increase in service providers, brokers, land use change, deprivation of agricultural land and stabilization in the consumer market", so this factor can be a factor. Named "Retail Performance and Land and Property Performance". Factor 3: The specific amount of this factor is 1.351 which accounts for 7.945% of the variance. Variables of this factor are "the creation of non-agricultural activities among the villagers, the increase in the tendency for economic activities of the handicrafts and the increase of the skills of the workers in other non-agricultural sectors", "the development of employment levels". Factor Four: The Eigenvalue of the second factor is 1.149 which alone accounts for 6.756% of the variance in society. Variables loaded on this factor are: "The reduction of liquidity between agricultural holders and financial credit in drought conditions does not require borrowing from others; hence this factor can be a factor of" flexibility ". Acceptance and Financial Facilities ».The final weight of the model dimensions was obtained by following the steps of the Swara method. Factors affecting economic resilience of agricultural farmers to the effects of drought in rural areas of Fasa city, diversity and skills factor with a final weight of 0.339, retail and land efficiency with a weight of 0.269 In the second place, the factor of development of employment levels with the weight of 0.221 was in the third place and finally the flexibility and financial facilities with the final weight of 0.177 were in the fourth place. In order to spatially analyze the rural areas of Fasa city and classify it using ARAS Multi-criteria Decision Making Technique. Given that the number of villages surveyed was 75, showing the spatial analysis of the whole village on the map makes it so crowded that the researchers decided to limit the spatial representation to only four parts of the city.

The main implementation of the government in the field of rural construction is the preparation and implementation of a rural constituent plan. Although policymakers are pursuing all-round effectiveness from the implementation of this plan, today it is of major importance to economic effectiveness. Measuring the effectiveness of conducting a conductor plan with an emphasis on economic dimension in the city of Robatkarim, Tehran, which is the main objective of this research, not only provides the areas for better understanding of needs, increasing responsiveness and enhancing the capabilities of the executives, but also provides a suitable basis for decision. Making and making logical and scientific decisions. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes all villages spent more than a decade after the completion of the conducting plan. Accordingly, 13 villages have been studied. According to the number of households in them, using the Cochran formula, 240 heads of household were determined as household samples. A one-sample T-test was used to analyze the data in SPSS software. The findings of the research confirm that, the highest impact of this project has been on the employment component, and in other components, income and investment have not been achieved much in rural environments. In the general test, the economic effects of conducting a conductor plan have not been remarkable, and this plan has failed to provide a framework for economic change in the dimensions of the lives of villagers.

Surveys conducted over the last century indicate that one of the slowdowns in development in Iran has been the weakness of local and regional planning. Rural development is one of the fundamental areas of national development. Due to the importance of rural development, almost early in the 21st century, rural development programs became the focus of planners. One of the most important plans of the government in the field of rural development is the preparation and implementation of a rural conductor plan, which emphasizes that by improving the quality level of the physical structure, the social and economic structure of the rural areas of the country will also be changed and thus provided for rural development. Although policymakers pursue the all-encompassing effectiveness of this project, it is of major importance today in economic effectiveness. Rural Development Plan is one of the rural development projects that aims at rural welfare and with the purpose of creating a context of rural development according to cultural, economic and social conditions; equitable provision of social, productive and welfare facilities; guiding the physical condition of the village. Provision and implementation of facilities to improve rural housing and environmental and public services. Considering the importance of the conductor plan at the country level and considering that since the beginning of its activities in 1989 until the end of June 2019, 38246 conductors have been prepared and implemented in 18656 villages. In the economic aspect, it is important.

Since more than a decade has passed since the implementation of the Hadi project in some villages of Robat Karim city, the present study seeks to clarify the hidden angles of its implementation and analyze its effects on the rural community of Robat Karim city in the southwestern district of Tehran province. It intends to evaluate the economic impacts of implementation of the rural conductor plan using the one-sample T-test from the viewpoint of 13 target villages of Rabat-Karim. To evaluate the effects of the conductor plan on the economic dimension, three components have been investigated by a group of items in the Likert spectrum. Using Cochran's formula, 240 households were selected as the sample size using simple random sampling method and were questioned.

According to the survey, of the 240 respondents, 32% were female and 68% male. Survey of the educational status of the respondents shows that the highest number of the respondents was 42%. After that, people with a diploma with 14%, illiterate with 38% and those with a diploma degree and above with 6%. According to the results, the highest age of the respondents was 58% between 30-54 years old. In order to evaluate and evaluate the economic effects of the implementation of the conductor plan on rural life three indicators of employment, income and investment with 12 components were used. In the "employment" variable, the components of new job opportunities with a mean of 3.40 and the tendency to start and expand a business with a mean of 2.96 had the highest and the lowest mean respectively. In the “income” variable, the implementation of the conductor plan improved the income situation by an average of 3.32 but did not have a significant effect on reducing the economic inequality variable. In the "investment" variable, the implementation of the conductor plan motivated investment in the service sector with a mean of 3.05. Investments in the agricultural and industrial sectors have been less, and the rural investment incentives have an average of 2.29. The results show that except the employment component with a mean of 3.12, in terms of income and investment, the effects of the conductor plan on rural economic development were lower than the theoretical average. Summarizing the findings of the present study, it shows that the overall effect of conductor design on the components related to economic dimension is lower than the theoretical average and this confirms the functional weakness of conductor design in the studied villages. Thus, the implementation of the rural conductor project has not been economically successful in the villages.

Rural conductor plan has taken an important step in the spatial organization of rural areas of the country and despite the shortcomings, it is considered to be an effective action in directing and physical development of villages and given that physical improvement of villages is a priority in conductor design. Therefore, one of the most important measures of this plan is the elimination of rural physical deficiencies and is considered as an important tool in organizing the physical structure of the villages. Although rural conductor schemes are mainly of a physical nature, however, rural development and development must take into account all aspects, including the economic conditions of the villages. Consideration of other goals such as equipping facilities by creating productive facilities, creating an appropriate working environment, creating a rational fit between population and various functions, especially the production needs of the village, also illustrates the particular focus of the conductor plan on the economic and productive issues of the villages. One of the important measures that can help to strengthen and sustain the effects of the conductor plan is their monitoring and evaluation, which form part of the present research vision. Evaluation of these projects will inform executives and stakeholders about the strengths and weaknesses of this project and rural development plans. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the economic impacts of conducting the plan in rural settlements of Rabat-Karim city. In order to achieve this goal, the information obtained from the completed rural questionnaires was analyzed. One-sample T-test was used to examine the partial impact of the effects of the conductor plan on each of the economic components considered in the research (employment, income, and investment). In this regard, number 3 was used as the theoretical mean of evaluating the economic effects of the plan on these components. , Was considered. The results show that except the employment component with a mean of 3.12, in terms of income and investment, the effects of the conductor plan on rural economic development were lower than the theoretical average. Summarizing the findings of the present study, it shows that the overall effect of conductor design on the components related to economic dimension is lower than the theoretical average and this confirms the functional weakness of conductor design in the studied villages.

The residential lifestyle has changed from traditional to modern, and people experience to new residential styles. Today, urban housing is subject to the greatest changes in life. A change that makes it possible for socialization, choice, bio-environmental sustainability and adaptation to intrinsic qualities. The change in residential lifestyle in the Tabriz Metropolitan area has led to a change in the urban pattern, causing different issues from the past to be different, and housing becomes a commodity to distinguish between classifications among families and patterns that are quite profitable and beneficial. The present study explores to identify and analyze the factors affecting the changing of residential lifestyle in a Tabriz metropolitan area with a structural and behavioral geographic approach. The type of applied research is a descriptive-analytic research method. In the method of data collection, library and field studies have been used with the questionnaire tool. The number of questionnaires or sample size was 384 households. In the present study, factor analysis and SPSS 22 software were used to determine the variables of residential lifestyle. Similarly, the validity of the questionnaire was examined based on formal validity and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficients was 0.89. The analysis of this research, which was based on SEM, was considered using LISREL software. The results of the research showed that the economic factor of about 0.83 had the most effect on residents as the active factor of decision-making for residential style and its change. Also, in evaluating the goodness of fit, the model of welfare, environmental, economic and social factors have a positive and significant relationship with changes in residential lifestyle. Finally, the formation of a consumer society, the main advantage of profit and the creation of an exchange society, along with synthetic natural spaces, is the most important effect of changing the residential lifestyle.

The residential lifestyle of households has been transformed from the traditional to the modern, with people experiencing new housing styles. Today, urban housing has been subject to the greatest lifestyle changes. Changes that do not provide the opportunity for socialization, choice, bio-environmental sustainability and adaptation to physical characteristics. The change in the residential lifestyle in the Tabriz metropolitan structure has led to a change in the pattern of urban living and has created housing different from the past, and housing has become a commodity to reflect the class distinction between households and a completely self-centered and profitable model. The present study seeks to identify and analyze the factors affecting the change of residential lifestyle in Tabriz metropolitan area through behavioral and structural geography approach.

The present research is applied in terms purpose and is descriptive - analytic in terms method.Statistical Society of this study is households residing in Tabriz metropolis in 2018. Data pertinent on theoretical foundations of research is prepared to method of libraries and documentary and raw data of the research is extracted from a questionnaire with a sample size of 384 households. In this study, factor analysis and SPSS 22 software were used to determine the components of residential lifestyle. The validity of the questionnaire was 0.89 based on its face validity and its reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The analysis in this study was based on Structural Equation Modeling using LISREL software. The results showed that the economic factor with about 0.83 had the most impact on the residents as the active decision-making factor for the residential lifestyle and its change. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between goodness of fit, environmental, economic and social factors with changes in residential lifestyle. Ultimately, the formation of the consumer community, the preference for profit, and the creation of an exchange society with the natural spaces of the artifact are the major effects of changing the way of living.

The results indicate that the economic factor with about 0.83 has the most impact on the residents as the active decision-maker for the residential lifestyle and its change. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between goodness of fit, environmental, economic and social factors with changes in residential lifestyle. Finally, the formation of the consumer community, the preference for profit, and the creation of an exchange society with natural spaces of artifacts are the major effects of changing the way of living.

Therefore, it can be said that the more economic factors in the choice of housing and the choice of housing, the higher the rate of change in residential lifestyle towards economics. Economically based residential lifestyle in Tabriz metropolis has created a way for households to move away from the natural environment, forming individualistic exchange societies, neglecting housing preferences, forming artificial spaces without regard to household needs and preferences. . In individualism, human dominance over natural resources for wealth production is the basis of work, and it is this structure that provides the basis for the formation of housing differentiation and commercialization of housing; Demographic, household priorities and expectations to reinforce social and environmental styles in residential life can be effective in the construction and development of housing with amenities, high utility, collectivism, and reduced individual focus.

Among the fundamental concepts in the field of urban studies is the notion of right to the city which include belonging the city to its citizens. And it is the main factor of citizen's participation in urban affairs which has opened its way in the fields of urban studies and urban sociology through translating Lefebvre artworks. The objective of the current research is to examine the relationship between right to the city and Yazdi citizens' social security sense. Based on the method of implementation, the present study is survey-based, cross-sectional based on time, applied in nature, and quite large based on the breadth. The statistical population of the current research include 411051 Yazdi citizens aged 18 or above in 1397 (2019), among whom, using Cochran formula, 365 people were surveyed through a three-stage sampling method. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity and reliability, through Cronbach alpha value, were confirmed. In order to analyze the data, t-test and Pearson analyses were used through SPSS. The obtained results suggest that the level of right to city and security sense is lower than average among Yazdi citizens, and also there is a positive and significant relationship between right to the city and security sense. The is also a significant relationship between urban area, housing type, and right to the city. Moreover, based on the regression model, independent variables could explain 10% of security sense variance.

Urbanization growth and the formation of the scales of urbanization growth in recent decades have given rise to new challenges in urban and contemporary urbanization. What has recently drawn attention according to cities expansion and the importance of studying urban life and the right seeking style in the city is the discussion of the right to urban life or, as Henry Lefebvre puts it, the right to the city. The right for city dwellers to be involved in decision making processes about urban spaces at whatever level of decision making process they are. In exploring the causes of the emergence of the city and why human communities came together in an environment such as the city, various theories have been proposed, one of which being the issue of security and its objective dimensions. Now that centuries have passed since the birth of the first urban communities, cities as a result of the widespread physical and demographic growth have been involved in new issues within different dimensions of citizens' lives, including the urban security of citizens in the context of the concept of the right to the city as one of the most important issues in urban organization. Security is one of the reasons for seventies and the formation of communities and as social gatherings and social interactions expand, numerous relationships in various fields (politics, culture, economics, social, etc.) are formed and security is overshadowed. In terms of inclusion and universality, social security can be termed public security which can cover the areas of social security and group security. Among security theorists, Waver has defined social security as the ability of the community to take care of its fundamental features and characteristics in conditions of change and threats, both objective and probabilistic; Emphasizing the closeness between community identity and security. He further points out society requires its identity security and accordingly, social security is the peace and tranquility that every community is obliged to provide for its members and often is divided into communication security, emotional security, life security and financial security. Therefore, social security is the peace and tranquility that every society is obliged to create for its members. Security is one of the basic needs and motivations of the human being. Thus, the main question that this study seeks an answer for is: What is the relationship between Yazdi citizens' the right to the city and their social security?

The present study is survey-based in terms of implementation, cross-sectional in terms of time, applied in nature, and quite large in terms of breadth. The statistical population of the study was 41105 citizens aged 18 years and above in Yazd city. Using Cochrane formula, 365 individuals were studied by three-stage sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face validity and its reliability was corroborated through Cronbach's alpha.

Based on the findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between the right to city and sense of security (0.29) (p≥0.01). Furthermore, there is a positive and significant relationship between the right to the city and the dimensions of feeling of security, communicative dimension (0.96), emotional dimension (0.15), life dimension (0.20) and financial dimension (0.34).  Thus, by increasing the right to the city directly and positively, we will have an increased sense of security in all aspects. Therefore, if the citizens and residents of Yazd have a sense of communicative, emotional, life and financial security, they will certainly be more involved in the urban environment. This sense of security is especially important in the financial aspect. Increasing education, having better jobs and higher incomes for their individuals will place them on a higher socioeconomic base and thus make them feel more financially secure as a citizen. As the results of the linear regression indicate, the right to city with 0.42 beta and significance level of 0.00 had the greatest effect on the dependent variable. Also, the correlation coefficient of the independent variables with the variable of sense of security was R = 0.33 and the adjusted coefficient of determination was equal to 0.10, which indicates that 10% of the variance explains the feeling of security. Also, the regression model explained by the ANOVA test is linear and significant because the value of F test for explaining the significance of the effect of independent variables on feeling of security is 18/75 and the significance level is 0.000.

The present study was purposed to investigate the relationship between right to city and security among Yazd citizens. In short, the sense of security means the liberation of man from the anxieties, insecurities, and anxieties that a person living in urban communities may face. Given that Yazd has recently become a worldwide historic and UNESCO-listed city, the participation of people in producing urban space on the one hand and having a sense of security, on the other hand, to enhance participation seems essential. Descriptive findings showed that the majority of respondents were in the age group of 20.2 to 33.2%, the lowest age was 18 years and the highest age was 73 years. 50.7% of the respondents are female and 49.3% are male. Additionally, descriptive findings demonstrated that 37.3% of the respondents were single and 62.7% were married. The research findings also showed that the majority of employed respondents are 59.2% and native to Yazd 87.9%. Inferential findings also showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the right to the city and the sense of security, which means that with the increase in the right to the city among the citizens, there is a positive increase in their sense of security. The obtained results revealed that the average feeling of social security was lower than the average of the mean.  In this study, although men and women have almost similar perceptions of participation and their distribution at different levels of participation in the Arneshtain ladder is almost the same, both at the level of non-participation and at the level of physical participation, and at the level of citizen power they have a higher percentage than women. Suggestions:1. as seen in the findings, the relationship between sense of security and the right to the city is a positive and significant one. This reinforces the need for more attention by officials in schools, mass media, education and municipalities. 2. Empowering all citizens in the city to participate in enhancing urban culture and enhancing their sense of social security.

The huge part of Iran is arid and semi-arid, and there are many deserts in the country, but there is no tourism infrastructure in these areas. One of the most important desert areas in Iran is the Maranjab desert, which has become a tourist destination in the south, Bandrigg and the southern ridge and the desert national park in the west.The purpose of this study is to analyze the indices affecting the development of desert tourism with a focus on health tourism in Maranjab Desert. The present study is conducted on the basis of descriptive-analytical method in two qualitative and quantitative sections based on thematic analysis and confirmatory factor analysis of the first and second order. By using Delphi method 35 experts in tourism were selected. All of them completed the 6 main dimensions of health tourism development in desert destination including ecology, Physical development, destination mental image, research and development, policy making, and social responsibility. In order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the health tourism development pattern, the matching method has been used. The findings indicate that ecological variables, physical development, destination image, research and development, policy making and social responsibility are the effective components health tourism development in a desert destination. Therefore, it can be said that each of these variables can affect the development of desert tourism. In order to show the effect of each of the indicators, factor analysis of the first and second order has been used, the results indicate that all of the model indices are confirmed. Then, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the type and degree of the relationship of a quantitative variable with another quantitative variable. The results indicated that the ecological variables with the research and development variables (r = 0/506 and P <0.001), physical development variables with target mental image variable (r = 0.88, P <0.001), the variable of the target mental image with the variable of policy-making (r = 0.779 and P <0.001), the research and development variable with the policy-making variable (r = 0.888 and p <0.001) and the variable of policy-making Social responsibility (r = 0.807 and P <0.001) has the highest correlation and the relationship between all variables is significant.

The wide range of Iran is covered by desert and dry areas while there isn’t any tourism infrastructure in these areas. Deserts with natural unique features such as hot water, salt lake, sludge, sunlight, sand and so on have many potentials in developing health tourism. The growing demand and also accepting visitors in critical areas in desert during these years and lack of planning in these areas have attracted more attention to desert areas. One of the most important usages of desert areas is health tourism which is ignored in recent years. Activities like sun therapy, sand therapy, and salt therapy are potentials of desert areas in tourism therapy. Marnajab desert as a tourism goal is located in the south, Band rig and high sand dune in the south east and national park in the west of Iran in the north of Aran and Bidgol cities in Kashan. Maranjab desert as one of the most accessible desert areas  of Iran is an important area in developing tourism and especially health tourism due to mild temperature, diverse tourism attractions including Maranjab caravansary and handmade well ,sand dune, salt polygons, Sargardan island, morphologic forms, observing stars ,rare plant and animal species , riding camel , dune bashing , sand boarding , water therapy , sand therapy , peace and quiet place  in addition to cultural and historical attractions . The aim of this study is to introduce health tourism as an effective factor on developing Maranjab desert.

 In the present study, sequential exploratory mixed method is used based on planning and testing its developmental model. So by using interview and scientific texts and sampling method , 35 critical experts  are selected ,then initial framework of quality model  in developing health tourism  based on naturopathy  in desert is extracted  and validated by triangulation  method . 170 persons are randomly selected for quantity evaluation. Therefore, a questionnaire is written with 103 variables in 6 dimensions like ecology, physical development, mental image of destination, research and development, making policies and responsibility. Then in order to study final framework evaluation, confirmatory factor analysis of first and second order and one sample t test are used to determine the importance of model.

Using Delphi method after 3 repetitions, 8 out of 230 questions are deleted and 16 sub- factors and 6 dimensions including ecology, physical development, mental image of destination, making policies, research and development and social responsibility are confirmed. In quantity section , after testing normalized variables , in order to study data number  to conduct factor  analysis  , the KMO  and Bartlett tests are used .The values of KMO test were variables  higher than 0.70 and Bartlett test value was at significant level lower than 0.5 .Then t statistics value was tested that was higher than 1.96 so the hypotheses were confirmed .In order to show effect of each indicator on related variables  and also  fit index to show whether data adjusts to model, the factor analysis of first and second order is used . Here factor loads higher than 0.3 are accepted. After fitness, Pearson correlation was used to determine kind and degree of relation of a variable with another quantitative variable. The results show that ecology variable has relationship with research and development variable (r=0.506,p<0.001), physical development with mental image of destination (r=0.836,p<0.001), mental image of destination with making policies variable (r=0.797,p<0.001), research and development variable with making policies (r=0.882,p<0.001)   and making policies variable with social responsibility (r=0.807,p<0.001) and all variable have significant relationship with each other.

 In this study, implications analysis shows that qualitative model of initial framework of developing health tourism in Maranjab desert includes 6 dimensions .Ecology dimension having cultural and social attractions  and natural attractions  is very important in Maranjab desert , because natural attractions in desert is more susceptible than other  areas . And desert’s people are more introvert than others. So good and correct relationship with desert’s people is important. Physical development dimension in desert includes public and private infrastructure s of tourism .Mental image dimension in desert shows marketing, planning, wide involvement, human resources and service quality. Generally mental image can be defined all beliefs and attitudes of people in this area .In fact the core of destination brand is making positive image in people mind. Making policies includes formulating internal and external strategies. Suitable making policies by local people is one of the most important factors in developing health tourism in Maranjab desert. So this area has two indices such as legal and ethical responsibility. In addition to sensitivities related to observing rules and regulations of protecting natural resources and local community norms, preventing disease in health tourism can increase the importance of social responsibility. Research and development dimension includes studying and education indices, behavioral studies and advanced technology. Based on developing information technology and social networking sites and also changing life style of people, the education and studying in areas like developing health tourism in Maranjab desert seem necessary.

Methods of data collection and information include field methods for collecting data and library methodology for studying the literature and theoretical foundations of the research. The sample size is determined by the Cochran formula, which shows the maximum sample size. Regarding the research population, 964 households were selected, among which 350 families were selected as samples. The questionnaire was designed in 4 dimensions and 32 items based on the Likert spectrum. Structural equations modeling has been used to analyze the data and to investigate the relationship between factors and determine the share of each of them. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 and 24 AMOS software, and also for spatial analysis, the IDW interpolation method was used in ARC GIS software. The findings of the study show that according to the findings of the structural equation model of AMOS, in the study area, the greatest effect of urban creep on the areas of the annexation of the village in the field of economic dimension (with factor load 2.63), in the second degree social-cultural dimension (with load Factor 2.21) were in the third degree physical dimension (with a factor load of 1.97) and in the fourth order administrative-administrative dimension (with a factor load of 1.15). According to the findings of the spatial analysis of the research, the villages that are closer to the city of Marivan are more affected by the changes in urban creep than the distant villages.

The urban creep pattern of the 1960s has been taken seriously in urban discourse and has long been regarded as a phenomenon specific to American cities due to the abundance of cheap land, the overcrowding of roads, and the over-production of cars in the country. It happened. But today it has become a global phenomenon that most developed and developing countries are facing (Meshkini, 2013: 53). The most important cause of this phenomenon can be considered the increasing population growth and increasing rural-urban migration. As the rapid growth of urban population causes problems such as marginalization, rising housing prices, lack of services and facilities, environmental pollution, uneven development of the city, disruption, etc., the issue of attention to the spatial structure of the city and Finding solutions to control and guide the transformation of the shape of the city is of great importance (Varesi, 2012: 137). So that metropolitan areas have grown rapidly within rural areas, and rural settlements have been rapidly migrating. In addition, during the second half of the 20th century, migration to the city center was reversed, and the population flowed out of the city and into the suburbs. This has further complicated urban-rural land use issues and has emerged as a fundamental issue for change in metropolitan areas (Krieger, 1999: 15-16). This affects the economic, social, cultural, spatial and physical dimensions of the near and far rural centers, which in many cases are due to the surges of these flows, those villages which are in the closest distance to the cities. Accepts the type of effects. There are numerous consequences of sprawling urban spatial-spatial dimensions on peripheral villages, the most important of which are changes in land use and land use. (Parry, 1990; Meyer & Turner, 1994).

The purpose of this study is applied and in terms of method and nature of data collection descriptive - survey and field. Documentary-library method was used for data collection in the theoretical section and interview and questionnaire-based survey method was used in the field. The statistical population of the study consists of attachment villages to the city of Marivan, consisting of 964 households (based on 2016 statistics). The simple random sampling method and the Cochran formula, which shows the maximum number of samples, were used to determine the sample size. 350 households were selected as the sample size. Structural equations were used to analyze the data and investigate the relationship between the factors and determine their contribution. Structural equation modeling is a comprehensive statistical method for testing hypotheses about the relationships between observed variables and present variables. It should be noted that for data analysis SPSS 22 software was used for data sorting and descriptive analysis of surveyed villages and respondents and 24 AMOS software was used for structural equation modeling, also for spatial analysis and production Mapping based on statistical data, IDW interpolation method was used in ARC GIS software.

The growth and expansion of the city of Marivan provides a perfect example of the conversion of agricultural lands and the degradation of sustainable environmental resources, as well as the incorporation of Taze Abad villages, Musk, etc. into the city has increased the challenges of urban management and the adjacent rural areas of the city. According to the findings of AMOS structural equation modeling, in the study area the greatest impact of urban creep on the rural areas of the economic aspect (with a factor of 2.63) such as the impossibility of performing some of the usual economic activities in the villages such as livestock and herding, Increasing luxury and tendency to buy luxury goods among the villagers and ... and increasing dependence on the provision of food and dairy to the city, which is in line with the results of Sheikh Biyglu and Akbarian Roniizi (2018), Jalalian et al (2013). After the economic dimension, the most impact of urban creep on rural areas is the socio-cultural dimension (with a factor of 2.21), such as conflicts (social, cultural, etc.) caused by the incorporation of rural areas, people's participation and ... , Which is in agreement with the results of Saeedi et al. (2016), Alavi et al. (2017), Afrakhte and Hajipour (2013) and Martinuzzi et al (2007). And also after the physical dimension, the greatest impact of urban creep on rural areas is the administrative-administrative dimension (with a factor of 1.15), such as how to manage agricultural lands, confusion of urban backyard management and so on. According to the findings of the study, urban creep has many positive and negative effects on rural areas, but its negative effects are far greater. The most negative effects of urban creep in Marivan are the increasing tendency for agricultural land infrastructure, urban texture ruralization and urbanization of rural texture, socio-cultural conflicts, and so on. This is in line with the study of Harayini in 2016.

 In general, if you do not take the policy and measures necessary to prevent this process from continuing, it will have irreversible economic impacts on the region. High population densities have also caused many inequalities (education and ...) at the regional level, and environmental degradation will result in the destruction of valuable agricultural land due to pressure on resources, conversion and land use change. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the enforcement of regular and strict land use laws and to supervise such construction. Unless there are clear management and policy making in the Marivan area and surrounding villages, the urban creep process and land use changes will continue.

Equilibrium in the spatial distribution system of services is one of the most important issues that has attracted the attention of geographers and planners in recent years. In the meanwhile, educational services as one of the indicators of human development are not necessarily consistent with population growth in rural settlements and do not have the appropriate spatial-locational differentiation. Therefore, this research has been conducted with the aim of locating and organizing an optimal distribution of educational services in 13 villages located in Shahin-Shahr and Meymah in a library (using resources, related research, and Internet sites) in the following two stages: In the first step, the effective measures in locating the AHP training centers were evaluated by experts on the basis of their importance. Then, by fuzzing and integrating the layers in the GIS, the aforementioned area was classified for the construction of educational centers. In the second stage of research after determining the centrality index in educational services (primary, secondary and high school), to determine the correlation coefficient between two population parameters and educational services, the model (rank rating) was used. Subsequently, spatial and locational factors predicted the population and prospects for allocating and distributing educational services based on rural areas located in the territory. Finally, based on research findings, the establishment or development of educational spaces for the 1405 solar sky was proposed.

 Equilibrium in the spatial distribution system of services is one of the most important issues that has attracted the attention of geographers and planners in recent years. In the meanwhile, educational services as one of the indicators of human development are not necessarily consistent with population growth in rural settlements and do not have the appropriate spatial-locational differentiation. Therefore, this research has been conducted with the aim of locating and organizing an optimal distribution of educational services in 13 villages located in Shahinshahr and Meymeh in a library (using resources, related research, and internet sites) in the following two stages: in the first step, the effective measures in locating the AHP training centers were evaluated by experts on the basis of their importance. Then, by fuzzing and integrating the layers in the GIS, the aforementioned area was classified for the construction of educational centers. In the second stage of research after determining the centrality index in educational services (primary, secondary and high school), to determine the correlation coefficient between two population parameters and educational services, the model (rank rating) was used. Subsequently, spatial and locational factors predicted the population and prospects for allocating and distributing educational services based on rural areas located in the territory. Finally, based on research findings, the establishment or development of educational spaces for the 2026 solar sky was proposed. The educational services as one of the basic services needed by rural settlements often not coordinated with the growing student population and does not have suitable distribution. In Iran, as one of the important centers of early civilization, planning and development of the concept and its public has a great history.Analysis and organization design space and rural settlement for the development of rural communities and focusing on rural settlements of urgency is high.This study seeks to examine the challenges related to the issue and the answers to questions such as;1) The effect parameters in the process of locating how effective is it?2) Does the distribution of educational services in all rural areas are proportionate and based on social justice and have taken place?

This study was conducted in two phases alternate. The fact is that sustainable rural development in general and the distribution of services and facilities several factors are involved in a specific way;1) Educational services required by its closest neighboring rural settlements with little travel can provide.  2) The supreme council of urbanism and architecture of the projected population threshold for the allocation and deployment of educational services do not have.

All the layers of information using fuzzy functions to the purpose of this phase, and the weight of each layer was multiplied. Finally by overlaying maps fuzzy using gamma 9.0, 8.0, 7.0 and 9.0 gamma confirmed, because of proximity to ground truth the final map to the 5th floor very good to very poor grading respectively. So we show a map overlay gamma of 7.0 and 8.0 and show a gamma of 9.0 in ArcGIS.We can be seen, much of the best areas in the south and southeast of the city (the area of ​​rural settlements Jahadabad, Moorchekhort, Vandadeh, Kolahroud) and the most difficult zones of west and northwest of the city (the area of ​​rural settlements refuge, Lushab, Hassan Robat) and the north-eastern part of the city (village Maravand) Calculations based on the centrality of: The results show the centrality index Dehloran villages and Maravand regarding the educational services in the central index, the highest and lowest rankings are in the village of Jahadabad. So projected population in 13 rural settlements for the next 10 years, according to the population of 85 years and 95 Statistical center of Iran. population of rural settlements in the horizon of 1405, show Hassan Robat village with a population of 1722 people, in the first place and Choghadeh village with a population of 290 people, the population is at the lowest rank.
Conclusions and Recommendations: In view of the combination include:1) Results and imbalances in the distribution of educational services in territory   planning and research, 2) to evaluate the centrality of educational services and the projected population for the time horizon 1405, 3) calculating the spearman correlation coefficient between the two parameters, population rank and rank educational services rank-size model, 4) weighted 20 criteria using AHP in GIS, The following suggestions are offered.

Tourism diplomacy as one of the types of public diplomacy is one of the important tools to advance the economic, political, cultural and even security goals of countries in the peripheral and trans-peripheral environment. The Makran region of Iran has the potential to become an irreplaceable destination for tourism in Iran and its eastern neighbors due to its location and access to adjacent areas, as well as attractions such as maritime, economic, and commercial and desert tourism, but this objective faces several challenges. There are two levels of micro and macro exposure. The main question is what are the challenges of tourism diplomacy in Iran's relations with its eastern neighbors? This paper uses descriptive-survey method and Spss software for data analysisAnd by using one-way ANOVA testsOne-way and paired t-test were used to evaluate each index. The statistical population of the article was 344 people who were active in the field of diplomacy and tourism and the sample size was determined using Cochran formula. The results of the paper show that about 60% of the research population has a high tendency to exploit tourism diplomacy in the relations of Iran and its eastern neighbors with the Makran region. Beta coefficient of impact of tourism diplomacy quality on dimension of tourism infrastructure is 0.47. Based on the quality of tourism diplomacy, there is a significant relationship in management index and planning of tourism infrastructure in Makran region.The positive relation is also estimated to indicate a direct relationship.Also 42.6% of the respondents consider the effects of tourism diplomacy on the index of cross-border political and security tensions to be moderate and for 22.1% it is high. And for 18.6 percent it is very low. Analysis of statistical relationships based on chi-square test based on consensus tables showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between dependent variable of political and security tensions index between neighbor’s border and independent variable of quality of tourism diplomacy. Studies show that based on the quality of tourism diplomacy, there is a significant relationship in the index of regionalism among neighbors. This relation is also positively estimated indicating a direct relationship. According to the results of regression test, the quality of tourism diplomacy significantly predicts the promotion of regionalism among neighbors with beta coefficient of 0.29.

  Iran, despite having a 4-year history of cultural, political, commercial, and economic relations with other countries, But it seems that it has still not been effective in cultural and historical interaction with other countries. And provide comprehensive policy in these areas. In recent years, especially after the Trump administration's sanctions and before Iran's oil exports faced widespread sanctions and deprived the economy of its oil revenues, we have witnessed various attempts to free the country's budget from oil. These efforts will undoubtedly work if they are accompanied by intelligent government planning and policy. One way to offset the deficit of the country is to develop tourism in different parts of the country. One of the areas that has great potential for tourism development is Makran region in south east of Iran; but the region has so far failed to deliver due to security, political and ideological challenges. And its potential reaches prosperity. There are many reasons for this stagnation But most of all, the security challenges, the inadequacy of the region's tourism infrastructure, and the dominance of the security and political space on Iran-its relations are among the most important reasons. Undoubtedly, one of the strategies that can transform this space is tourism diplomacy, which both the government and tourism activists must engage with in this project.

 This research is an applied research and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. Data collection tools include articles, books, websites that will be used in document studies and questionnaires, photos and maps that will be used in field studies. The information required for this research was obtained through both documentary and field studies. After data collection through data collection tools, the raw data were analyzed by statistical methods (descriptive and inferential).SPSS software was used for data processing. The target population in this study is the elites and the activists in the field of tourism and diplomacy. Cochran’s formula was used to determine the sample size of the population. The sample size (questionnaire) was 344 persons. The statistical population of this study was divided into three groups according to age - 25-30 years, 30-35 years and 35 years. The second group is the most abundant in terms of frequency. Statistical analysis of the study in terms of education index shows that the respondents are divided into three categories: Bachelor, Master and PhD. In terms of occupation, the respondents were divided into four groups the highest number of civil servants among the respondents and the next rank are divided by tourism activists, diplomats and university professors.

About 60% of the respondents have a high tendency to exploit tourism diplomacy in Iranian-Eastern relations with the Makran region. This shows that Diplomacy planners and planners of regional countries need to consider Makran region tourism in the preparation of diplomatic plans that will facilitate and improve the relations between the countries of the region and the neighbors of the Makran region and regional integration. In addition to answering the research question, the effects of tourism diplomacy on the index of improvement of relations between countries around Makran region have been investigated using linear regression test. Accordingly, the results of regression test show that tourism diplomacy significantly predicts the index of relations between countries around the Makran region with beta coefficient of 0.47. The tourism diplomacy in Makran region is faced with the most important challenges:1- Management and planning of Makran region tourism infrastructure
In order to answer the research question, linear regression test was used to investigate the effects of tourism diplomacy quality on management index and planning of tourism infrastructure in Makran region. Accordingly, the results of regression test show that the beta coefficient of impact of tourism diplomacy quality on dimension of tourism infrastructure is 0.47.2- Neighboring cross-border political and security tensionsThe analytical findings of the paper show that 42.6% of the respondents evaluated the impact of the quality of tourism diplomacy on the indicator of decreasing the cross-border political and security tensions on the average level and 22.2% for the high level and 18.6% for the average. It is also very low.3. Lack of regionalism project among neighborsAnalysis of Statistical Relationship between Quality of Tourism Diplomacy and Regionalism Index among Makran Area Neighbors Through cluster analysis in three classes of weak, middle and high, based on chi-square homogeneity test based on consensus tables, It indicates a statistically significant relationship between the dependent variable of regionalism among the neighbors and the independent variable of the quality of tourism diplomacy.  Studies show that based on the quality of tourism diplomacy, there will be a significant change in the regionalism index among neighbors.  This relationship is also positively estimated to indicate a direct relationship, In fact, with the increase in the quality of tourism diplomacy, the index of regionalism among neighbors is also improving.

The goals of tourism diplomacy are divided into two levels: internal and external: Inside tourism diplomacy pursues several interrelated goals. The government seeks to support the people and various domestic institutions, including think tanks, universities, and other stakeholders, in the pursuit of foreign tourism diplomacy. This is especially important when negotiations are underway. At this time, the State Department is trying to prevent the country or countries from opposing domestic public opinion in their favor. That is both defensive and offensive. All foreign and formal agencies involved in foreign affairs should be seen as part of the tourism diplomacy system. In addition, it is very useful to seek the support of foreign diplomats of Line-2 and Line-3 of foreign countries, especially of neighboring countries. This effort usually increases the options available to the State Department.

In the today world, economic development is necessary for any country as a goal. Economic development It shows the efficiency of the national government in each country. On this base, economic development linked whit economic security. But, security have other dimensions, for example environment security. Modernity has been oblivious to the environment for three centuries in the process of development, and then, humans understand that economic development as before, can damage to environment. Therefore, development theories on the base of link economic development and environment, created sustainable development. Pay attention to link of economic development and environment in this context, and sustainable development in developing areas and countries is importance. The Persian Gulf region is a developing area and must attention to sustainable development, specially whit it’s the Petroleum Economy that is Rentier. Therefore, the question of article is “What is economic development effect on environment security of the Persian Gulf region?”. The method research of article is descriptive method. The goal of article, is survey about link of two important situations in this region, that is economic development and environment security. The overall result of the article shows that economic development in the non- sustainable development form cause damage to environment security Persian Gulf region.
Extended Abstract

  The Persian Gulf region, is an important and strategic region in the world. There are eight coastal countries in the Persian Gulf region, which are: Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arabs Emirate, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Oman. All of this countries, are developing countries, that their development, especially their economic development, are dependent to oil and gas income. In the Persian Gulf region, all of the countries have big source of oil and gas, and all of them are fossil energy producer. In this countries, oil and gas income caused their economy structure are rentier economy and this structure, it has made these governments irresponsible. Also, these unresponsive governments do not pay attention to sustainable development. So, in the Persian Gulf region, environment is damage and under threat. In the other hand, environment security in the Persian Gulf region by irresponsible governments whit their development policy, especially economic development policy is under threat. Therefore, the question of article is “What is economic development effect on environment security of the Persian Gulf region?     

Method research of this paper is descriptive method. The information collected in the paper was quantitative and qualitative. Its data were obtained from official international institutions such as the World Bank, etc., and the study area of the paper is the Persian Gulf region. The Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed sea and is one of the world's oldest waterways located in the Middle East.

The finding of paper shown that A large amount of gross domestic production (GDP) of Persian Gulf countries are depend to sales fossil energy source including gas and especially crude oil. So, economic development rate of this countries are depending to oil price in international markets and the amount of their oil and gas exports. In example decrease of oil price in markets caused Saudi Arabia has fifty billion dollars’ deficit in 2020 (Rashad, 2019: 1), and covid-19 caused increase this deficit for this country. Or in Iran case, United State sanctions caused decrease of oil and gas exports, and decrease income of Iran. The depending of economic development caused rentier petroleum state in the Persian Gulf are irresponsible, especially about environment and do not attention to sustainable development. The Persian Gulf is the world's most polluted body of water. Discharge of oil stains and industrial wastes have increased the fluctuations of temperature as well as salinity. The facts indicate that, in addition to such complications, particularly the marine ecosystems of western part of Persian Gulf such as coral reefs are severely disturbed and are being degraded. One of the reasons is built of artificial islands.The facts suggest that artificial islands of Dubai which are created as the result of developmental policies of Dubai, have threatened the environmental security of Persian Gulf and have caused alarming environmental consequences for other coastal states. although the Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), has given coastal states the rights to construct artificial islands, it has strictly limited such operations to the protection of marine environment as well as the rights of other coastal states. But the UAE has ignored the convention by building artificial islands and damage to Persian Gulf environment. Also, oil and gas extraction by Persian Gulf countries, without of attention to sustainable development are caused damaged to environment of this sea. One issue associated with the increased production is the extremely damaging effects due to the activities related to exploration, production and distribution of oil on the environment. Oil spills, damaged land, accidents and fires, and incidents of air and water pollution have all been recorded at various times and places.  Intentional 1991Gulf Oil Spill, the largest oil spill in history with an estimated release of 6–8 million barrels of Kuwait Crude oil, caused large–scale devastation to the marine environment of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. This Spill is very damage to environment of the Persian Gulf region for many years.

Therefore, the overall result of the article shows that:Gulf is located within the richest oil province in the world which hosts more than 67% of the world oil reserve. The challenge to the Gulf States is to meet world energy demands and the conventional solution for this challenge is to increase the production. But increase the production by region countries cause damage to environment of this sea.The states of the Persian Gulf region whit petroleum Incomes are irresponsible governments and do not attention to sustainable development, especially in economic development. This subject cause damage to environment of this region. The Persian Gulf region countries, product many greenhouse gas in their economic development, variety of transport including in road and sea transports, in industrial presses, in trending and etc., because these countries have many fossil energy and And at a cheap price that they also subsidize.  In the last decades, Gulf States have paid much attention in minimizing adverse impact on the environment by conforming to current best practice and by setting and enforcing regulations. But this has not been enough to create environmental security in the Persian Gulf. the countries of region must be attention to Kuwait Regional Convention for Co-operation on the Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution (ROPME) seriously for create environmental security in Persian Gulf Region.