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تاریخ اندیش - پیاپی 7 (تابستان 1399)

نشریه تاریخ اندیش
پیاپی 7 (تابستان 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/08/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • Lorenz Korn Translator: Arash Razavian Page 9

    Artistic exchange between different regions is an important theme for students of the cultural history of the Islamic world. In these terms, Iran and Syria play a special part in the development of Islamic art, from the Umayyad period onwards. In this article, I will try to assess how far the potential of artistic exchange reached, at a crucial moment in the common history of Iran and Syria, and whether this potential was actually realized in those monuments which we perceive nowadays as the masterpieces most characteristic for the architecture of the Islamic period in each of the two countries. The Saljuq sultan Malikshäh, during his campaign in Syria in 479/1086, was so impressed by the architecture of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, that he gave order to rebuild the Congregational Mosque of Isfahan. It was the dome of Damascus which inspired the ruler to build a dome chamber in Isfahan. The masterly Saljuq domes of Isfahan, built in 479/1086—87 and 481/1088— 89, have served as prototypes for numerous domes of the Saljuq period, and have coined the new type of the Iranian Friday mosque. They occupy a pivotal position for the history of mosque architecture in Iran and beyond, and have ultimately determined the shape of the Iranian mosque to the present day. It may justly be asked whether Damascus was involved in this story, and to which degree. However, in order to determine the weight of particular influences at a certain moment in cultural h between Iran and Syria in the late 5 th / 11 th century, or more general, during the Saljuq period. Further below, Malikshäh’s visit to Syria will be dealt with again.

    Keywords: Saljuqs, Iran, Syria, Malikshäh, art exchange, the chief mosqueof Isfahan, Umayyad Mosque of Damascus
  • Richard Nelson Frye Translator: Hamidreza Mazaheri Page 29

    BULLAE, the sealings, usually of clay or bitumen, on which were impressed the marks of seals showing ownership or witness to whatever was attached to the sealing. The earliest bullae date from the Seleucid period of the history of Iran and they were in the shape of a «napkin ring» around a document. Finally, under the Sasanians at least two methods of attaching clay to documents or wares, and then impressing seals upon it, have been found. The first was simply to attach a small lump of clay to a slit or to the corner of a roll of parchment or leather, while the second, and most common, was the placing of a larger lump of clay on top of a tied document or usually on some bale of merchandise. Bullae continued to be used into Islamic times until gradually paper and sealing wax replaced clay. We may assume a continuity in the use of bullae from the Seleucid into Islamic times. the importance of the bullae for onomastic, both personal and place names, as well as for the administrative divisions of the state and various offices is great.

    Keywords: Bullae, Sealing Wax, Document, Seleucid, Sasanian, Islamic
  • Willem Floor, Parisa Mohammadi Translator: Dr. Hossein Ali beigi. Page 33

    Jews are among the oldest inhabitants of the city of Kermanshah who have been coexist with followers of other religions such as Shiites, Sunnis and Yarsans (Ahl al-Haqq). They lived in the Faizabad quarter(Mahalleh .The Jews of Kermanshah and their cities have witnessed some hardships, in different historical periods, by local rulers and people, that caused some of them to emigrate, but nevertheless, they still maintained their social relations with the Muslims. They were active in the field of trade and business in market and especially in sale of medicinal plants (Herbalist). Also, they held their religious ceremony freely in their synagogues and had no restrictions in this regard.

    Keywords: Jews, Qajar, Kermanshah, trade, bazaar
  • Wolfram Kleiss Translator: Dr.Siavash Doroodian Page 57

    The city of Rayy is one of the places, the monuments of which have been destroying in recent decades. The city is rather the same as walled cities such as old Damghan and Kirman in the middle ages. Most part of the fort of Rayy and its wall belongs to the Saljuq period. In the middle ages, the Rayy borders as well as the big fort extended from the top of northern hill of the city to the middle ones, some parts of which including southern fortresses were called Gabri fort. Naqarah Khaneh is located in the eastern part of the old city and Yazid tower is situated on the top of Naqarah Khaneh. In the paper, first the ancient wall of the city of Rayy, then certain architectural buildings and what found in which is studied. Finally, having compared these monuments and other similar ones, some assumptions are put about their dating.

    Keywords: Rayy city, Saljuqs, Gabri fort, Buids
  • Assef Ashraf Translator: Farshid Noroozi Page 75

    This article uses gift-giving practices in early nineteenth-century Iran as a window onto statecraft, governance, and center-periphery relations in the early Qajar state (1785–1925). It first demonstrates that gifts have a long history in the administrative and political history of Iran, the Persianate world, and broader Eurasia, before highlighting specific features found in Iran. The article argues that the pīshkish, a tributary gift-giving ceremony, constituted a central role in the political culture and economy of Qajar Iran, and was part of the process of presenting Qajar rule as a continuation of previous Iranian royal dynasties. Nevertheless, pīshkish ceremonies also illustrated the challenges Qajar rulers faced in exerting power in the provinces and winning the loyalty of provincial elites. Qajar statesmen viewed gifts and bribes, at least at a discursive level, in different terms, with the former clearly understood as an acceptable practice. Gifts and honors, like the khil‘at, presented to society were part of Qajar rulers’ strategy of presenting themselves as just and legitimate. Finally, the article considers the use of gifts to influence diplomacy and ease relations between Iranians and foreign envoys, as well as the ways in which an inadequate gift could cause offense.

    Keywords: Gift exchange, governance, legitimacy, foreign relations, Qajar
  • Ghasem Gharib Page 105

    The history of people is the expression of the daily living conditions of the masses. Explanations of the daily living conditions are not reflected in the political accounts of official history books. However, we can understand people’s living conditions in different historical periods by using new methods. Accordingly, it is possible to reconstruct the history of the people of Iran in the early period and middle ages of Islam on the basis of political history books as well as legal and literary ones. The method of historiography of the people can be used independently based on historical data. This prevents the researcher from resorting to ideological theories. This article tries to introduce a methodology for writing people’s history. The history of people in Iran does not have an old background nor it is exemplified in numerous sources. The most overriding research in this field is The History of Iranian People by Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob, which is written his book based on political history. The history of people’s historiography in the West is much richer than that of Iran, and its outstanding works can be a good model for Iranian scholars.

    Keywords: People’s History, Iran, The Early Period, Middle Ages of Islam, Methodology
  • Zahra Haji esmaeili Page 117

    Shaykh Baha’i name is a title to glorify the Islamic- Shia civilization of the Safavids whose herald was Shah Abbas the great and whose legendary architect Shaykh Baha’i. The study of historical documents , the Safavid sources and the works left by Shaykh Baha’i show that in contrary to folk ideas, not only there is no name of Shaykh as an architect, but also there too much doubt about his fame as a scholar having all sciences and knowledges. contradiction between historical documents and folk view on Shaykh Baha’i resulted in advancing this problem that what reasons caused Shaykh Baha’i famous in all sciences and technics and brought for him a character of unity in sciences? It is seems that continuation of Shaykh Baha’i fame had proceeded through history as a result of lecturers on rostrums not of written sources and by continual citation, in order to magnify the Islamic- Shia civilization.

    Keywords: Shaykh Baha’i, Safavids, mathematics, architecture, Fiqh(jurisprudence
  • Sorena Firouzi Page 133

    So far, the Ctesias’s list of Assyrian and Median rulers has not been considered much optimistic among historical archaeologists and academic historians. So that sometimes these reports are interpreted as myths and exaggerations of the author or narrators. This article tries to identify the historical identity of these figures, Unknown cases are dealt with and then scientific chronology and timeline are found for all of them.

    Keywords: Medes, Assyria, Ctesias, Diodorus, Eusebius
  • Seyyed Mahmood Hosseini Page 145

    The connection between hunt hunting and early human’s life, first became apparent by reflecting animals’ images on the cave walls. The primary hunting tools founded by archaeologists approve this claim. The connection that had been established due to the first human need to feed from animals gradually changed, while he settled and domesticize animals. This changes reduced human reliance on hunting and predation, and made hunting as an entertainment and mainly done by kings. Meantime, Persian kings, through their hunting skills, tried to show their agility and physical strength to their enemies, and to display the imperial power of their territory in defensing their lands.Hunter’s images from Sassanid period which are drawn on golden and silver plates, carry out a great deal of meaning and mysteries. The role of the hunting field has been repeated in Iranian art for long times, and carries different meanings, time to time, until it is used in carpet weaving by carpet artists in the Safavid period. One of the most famous hunting rugs in the Safavid era is the hunting rug that is kept at the Vienna City museum. This carpet depicts hunting scenes of various animals in a lyrical manner that is very different from the depiction of Sassanid hunting period. Despite extensive studies on the art of the Sassanid and Safavid period, no specific research has been conducted on the role of hunting between these two periods yet. This study aims to explore the role of hunting in Sassanid and Safavid periods. Considering the semantic and visual differences between these two periods, the research wants to fill the gap through conducting a comparative study on a number of Sassanid works and Safavid hunting rug. This article follows a historical-descriptive-analytical approach and library methods in data collecting.

    Keywords: Hunting, Carpet, Safavid, Sassanid