پژوهشنامه عرفان
سال دوازدهم شماره 23 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Mystics believe in causality in some way. Despite the lack of distinction in the real being, if we compare it with other (appearances), we can attribute a kind of secondaryity and dependence in the possession of that being to the possibilities; But is this causation, in existence? In mysticism, after invoking the existence of the God to the possibilities, in a transverse and permissible manner, a kind of reality is considered for them, which necessitates a kind of real distinction between proportions (possibilities) and the existence of God. If the meaning of existence in the above question is a virtual or apparent existence, it must be said that the apparent existence of possibilities is the interface or dignity of the real existence of the God. Hence, there will be a kind of being effect from the existence of possibilities to the existence of God. Thus it can be said that the spirit of the idea of ​​causality, which means a kind of dependence of creation on the God, has been explicitly accepted in mysticism; but this idea has been developed and the existential distinction of God and creation has been denied and the Godchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s existence as it is existence, not described as cause so that the dependence of possibilities on God is acknowledged to the highest degree and the attribution of causality to God does not lead to a determination in the essence of God. The objectivity of the truth of cause and effect, while accepting the otherness of the two, is one of the cases on which mysticism emphasizes.

Human understanding and unity with God is one of  topics that is very important.in Hindu mysticism especially Vedanta school and Islamic mysticism particular Masnavi. In this paper, We investigated the expression of factors and obstacles to achieve unity.And the use of the Hindu scriptures and commentaries written on Masnavi of Rumi and after review the main elements of the unity in Vedanta school ;Atman and Brahman and man and God in Masnavi . Superior knowledge or intuition, self-knowledge and the benefit of the teachings of theGuru or old , are common ways to connect with the Absolute Truth between Two mysticism.In addition to these factors , Rumi expressed the factor of love that ,Shankara, particular main exponent of Vedanta school, less than attension to it.The factors such as, apparent knowledge or lower, Ignorance or Avydya, Maya or illusion, are Causes that Man stopped coming to God And seeker With the benefit of factors And pass from  Obstacles ,Can be achieved unity with God.present research is a descriptive comparative study and data are analyzed and  using a content analysis method in a library method

Free will and Determinism has always been one of the most important Anthropological issues among Muslim thinkers. This issue has also been considered in Ibn-Arabichr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s mystical school. Ibn-Arabi in the seventh century AH in the picture of the relationship between Previous Divine Knowledge and Human free will or the negation of determinism, has a different approach to the thought of theologians. His theory named as "secrecy destiny" or "following knowledge from the known". Leading research conducted with a descriptive approach and based on library studies, speaks of the relationship of the thoughts of one of the Shiite commentators of the Holy Quran, namely Abul-Futuh Razi, who died in the sixth century AH, with the thoughts of Ibn-Arabi. The findings of the research, based on the views of this commentator in the discussions of determinism and free will, especially his pictureing of infection and testing of human with the previous divine knowledge, shows that not only is there a comparison between his views on the negation of Determinism from human with the theories put forward in Ibn-Arabichr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s school Rather, it indicates that he preceded Ibn-Arabi in the mystical thought of following knowledge from the known.

The mandala is one of the most ancient human symbols and represents the origin of creation Which is based on the order between the unity of opposites (matter and spirituality). Since the footprint of the mandala symbol is evident in the structure and final conclusion of Manteq Al-Tair, This article intends to examine the similarities between the symbol in Attarchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s Manteq Al-Tair and Jungchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s psychology. According to the results, seekers in Manteq Al-Tair are looking for the previously forgotten order, ie the unity of spirituality and matter in the center of the universe (Mount Qaf). For Jung, the symbolism of mandalas is important in two ways; (1) Restoring the former order (comparable to the unity of matter and spirituality or the unity of thirty chickens and ostriches in the bird area) and (2) The purpose of its creator is to shape something new and unique that did not exist before(Creative and symbolic embodiment of thirty chickens with Simorgh to show the forgotten order, ie the unity of matter and spirituality in Manteq Al-Tair) both of which are interdependent. For Jung Mandala, it is a symbol of perfection, not perfection, and it occurs in only a few people; as in Manteq Al-Tair, only thirty of the thousands of chickens reached to Completeness, not perfection.

Like the miracles, the Kramat (Mystical Wonderworks) has hidden, unknown and supernatural causes that can not reach anyone for all those reasons. These unknown phenomena have been one of the most important appearances evidences for denial of Sufism. The mystics sometimes invited the people who accepted the haphazardly of Kramat, but they also argued that they were basing themselves on the proof of Krmat. In many of their works, we come up with titles such as "Proof of Kramat" or "Causes for Kramat". The greatest concern of the mystics was in the discussion of the Kramat of Olia in the context of proving this phenomenon. In this research, the foundations of the mystics is expressed in proof of Kramat in three groups of wisdom, quotation and unanimity. Despite these reasons, Kramat has also been the excuse for some doubts. Therefore, it has also been attempted to the most important doubts. If Kramat is accepted as a strange and unknown phenomenon essentially, this is a great achievement in order to achieve a kind of realism in which it recognizes both external reality and hyperreality, such as Kramats and miracles.

Sufis as other occultist sects have interpreted Quran. Their interpretations are based on the contemplation of the miracles according to truths (as they perceive). Sufis rely on their heart in interpretation and consider it as the place of inspiration and divine knowledge. In Asrare-Tohid, as one of the major categories of Sufism, the occultism vision on the miracles is dominated. Accordingly, this article tries to study the principles of Abu-Saeid in interpretation of Quran and explain his styles in interpretation of miracles and representing other intentions influenced in application of the Quran miracles in critical way. Citation of these miracles in this book including citation based on meaning (non-interpretative look) and citation based on interpretation is dramatically shown from beginning to end of the work. However, these citations do not follow a defined norm. Therefore, the manner of his approach to miracles has several main shapes including: presenting similar meanings with the words denoting implications based on the interpreters’ opinions and interpretation and achieving the meaning during denoting implication, presenting different interpretation contrasting and seemingly contradictory interpretation based on the traditions of Sufi mysticism, interpretation in justification of the charismatic acts of Sufis and rarely artificial interpretations. It seems that Abu-Saeid has tried to justify the Sufism teachings with Quran miracles than explaining Quran teachings.

The book "Jame chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))al-Asrar va manba ‘al-anvar " is the most important mystical book of Seyyed Haidar Amoli, a Shiite mystic and commentator of the eighth century AH. In this book, Seyyed Haidar applies and proves the most fundamental subject of Islamic mysticism, which is "monotheism and monotheistic" based on the original Shiite sources, that is revelation, narration and reason and  Ibn Arabichr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s discovery  on the issue of "guardianship" Considers it incomplete and the result of religious prejudice and by believing in the three levels of religion, he considers "canon (religious law), religious path, and Truth" as the only hierarchical truth  and he believes they are a single truth and are not separate and ultimately limit original mysticism to the right religion of Shiism. Therefore, one of the most important motives for writing this book was to explain the "truth of Shiism" and to defend the legitimacy of Shiite beliefs. In designing all mystical issues, he uses revelation and reason and discovery based on the original Shiite thought with the focus on the prophetic and Alavi " guardianship ", so it can be said that the ruling spirit of this book is the principles of Shiite ijtihad.The forthcoming research, in addition to the most important characteristics and principles of Shiite mysticism, emphasizes this valuable book such as "Belief in Existential Monotheism, Belief in the Equality and Objectivity of Twelver Shiites with True Sufism, Reliance of Shiite Mysticism on the Source of Revelation and Narration, Belief in rationality of Mysticism Shiism and the adaptation of taste to reason and…” In area, the principles of mystical epistemology have been extracted, analyzed and explained.

Masnavi is the main form of storytelling in the Persian poetic literature, and is often ignored by other forms of poetry such as Ghazal and Rubachr('39')i. By studying poems like Sanachr('39')a, Attar, Rumi Rubachr('39')i ... we find that about 10% of our Rubaiyat (Attar 302 and Rumichr('39')s 203 Rabbis-Tales) have been dedicated to storytelling. In this article, through descriptive-analytic method, we examined different types of stories in the narrative Rubachr('39')i of these mystical poets. We conclude that although they contain natural, and so on verbal stories, the vast majority of narratives of these immortality are related to representing mystical experiences and intuitions. Due to the unity and passage of these experiences and the coherent and short-lived structure, the unity of form and content in the quatrains-tales is maximized, and one of the reasons for the attention of Sofia to the quatrains is the occasion of the form and the content of the intuitive narratives. According to their expressions, the narratives use the mystic lesson of the experiential and present on the scene more than the first person; However, a significant number of these stories are narrated in the second way, which is unique in the traditional Persian stories. In spite of the abbreviation of these narratives, we have a change in the angle of vision (even though we have) and even internal stories.

The most important cause in appearance of philosophy and man’s tendency to meditation and thinking is death. If there were not death, the man never thinks to his existence. Therefore, the foundation of each person’s thought is summerized in his attitude to death. In poetry of mystic poets, death is one of the important elements that the main concepts of their thoughts are related to death and death-thinking. The concepts like “Secluding”, “World-quarreling”, “Seizing an opportunity”, “Transience of world”, “Transience of life” and “Exhortation and moral instructions” all are became meaningful in relation with death. These poets also have had the psychological and sociological approach to death-thinking. They also have mentioned the causes of human’s fear of death and psychic states that are result of death-thinking and also the influence of social circumstances in death-thinking has been illustrated in their thoughts.

Regarding the connection between the Islamic Mysticism and the Shite point of view, the question always was raised: “which one is the original and which one is a sub?”. This question prepared the ground for the Orientalists and a group of critics who, regardless of the historical evidences and the principles of both perspectives, charged an accusation that its roots are still seen among the Islamic thinkers. They believe that Shiite mystical scholars have taken some special matters from Islamic Mysticism and changed it in favor of their own views. This impersonation has been applied throughout history to prove and consolidate the Shia’s views, therefore, certain mystical terms such as: Wilāyah (Guardianship / authority), Quṭb (Pole / Main Axis), Wisāṭat Dar Feyḍ (Mediation in Emanation / effusion) are among the terms used by Shiite thinkers. But in our opinion, and based on historical documents and definitive evidences, it would be proved that this claim is wrong and must completely be seen vice-versa, for such terms have existed since the beginning and during the early Islamic centuries in the words of the Shiite Infallibles (PBUTH), and then the mystics and the Sufis have used them in their discussions and teachings throughout the time. Based on the study of the connection between Mysticism and Shiism with special regard to Henry Corban’s viewpoints, in the library method and analytically, the present paper aims to address the issue, affirm its claim and reject the aforementioned misconception.

Semantics is an approach which contribute to view the lexis precisely and analyze the meaning of the words. Tavern(kharabat) is a term with a peculiar position in mysticism by different meanings. Sanayi the mystic poet of sixth century, he was the first one to express the mystical issues seriously in the form poetry and to utilize the tavern term as a key words in his poets in term of mystic. Variant definitions and frequency of the tavern, make it as one of the key words in mystic literatures which conduce to study and analyze the concept and meaning of it. As Sanayi is the first poet who has described mystics concepts in verse and has defined it as a new term, it`s important to utilize the tavern in his poems semantically. He has used the tavern 100 items in his opuses. This research tries to express the view of Sanayi about tavern term by means of synchrony and diachrony in semantic. He not only has used this term as its basic meaning , but also has defined it a relative meaning and mystic concept.