نشریه جامعه شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه
سال نهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

This article seeks to study the negative consequences of different economic policies in the Kurdistan border regions, with emphasis on border markets. The central question of the paper is ,that are the negative economic, social and cultural consequences of economic policies in Baneh and Marivan border regions. Qualitative research method and interview and observation technique have been used for data collection and study of world population of this region.The Groiubded theory method has been used for data analysis. The data are analyzed in descriptive and explanatory sections. In the first section, the descriptive findings such as age, education, are described, and in the explanatory section, interviews based on the paradigmatic model of the main research outcomes are analyzed. border regions are not balanced in terms of proportionate employment and that most influential and powerful individuals have benefited. Earnings were much better in the early years than they were today, but today their incomes have fallen sharply. The smuggling of goods has declined sharply before the implementation of economic policies, But, again, because of policies such as closing markets, the smuggling has not disappeared, and it is more or less continuing. Small-scale manufacturing-industrial jobs have been severely affected and have seen negative growth. Another consequence of these policies is the question of the quantitative and qualitative decline in youth education, coinciding with the peak of the boom in cross-border trade and commerce. Another negative consequence of economic policies is the social debate of the monetary subjectivity of the people, in which areas of money and personal property have become one of the causes of social value and dignity and empowerment. The central category is also formulated with respect to other categories and their implications:"the growth of the rentier petty bourgeoisie and the fragility of the socio-economic life of the frontiers".

In today's modern societies, NGOs are regarded as the third pillar of society, the symbol of civil society and the primary means of people's participation in various social arenas. Since these organizations are formed on the basis of public participation and their continuity depends on the permanence of the members' activities and activities, identifying, investigating the causes and reasons for attracting and participating people in these organizations will be an important issue. The purpose of this study is to review and evaluate research (papers and theses) conducted in this field and to collect and integrate the results of the mentioned researches in two axes: 1- To provide a general overview of the researches carried out in the field of NGOs. The tendency has been to involve people in NGOs and to measure and evaluate the impact of each of the factors under discussion using the meta-analysis model. These surveys were conducted using survey method using questionnaire tools in different statistical societies and based on reliable metrics. The effect size coefficients of variables were evaluated using software, CMA2 and online meta-analysis site. The results show that the effect size alienation and material values in the order of 38/0 - 36 / -0 which according to Cohen's system, this impact is assessed as moderate. With the exception of the two variables mentioned above and the marital status variable, the other variables have weak influence intensity. And the variables of age, socioeconomic status, education and social trust are among the most frequent variables in research in this field, respectively.

With increasing grow of economic existence of societies, human being and living are unimaginable without exchange and we can see different kinds of bargain in every fields and actions. Because of extension and specialty of economic relationship, context of human relations have increased and marketers must use. Disciplines of relations to achieve the best result and success in selling and customers satisfaction. This kind of relation in context of profit-base which is common in every society, take an instrumental and commodity form. Network marketing obeys from this form. In this paper with the help of critical ethnography and five step Carspecken approach tries to extend social construction of unequal distribution of power and wealth. So one year hidden participation observation was taken place and also deep interviews was done with cancellation members. From its extracted themes can name: norms pressure for coercive dealing, maximization of profit, curiosity about products, popular selling strategies, chimerical selling, hegemonic normal buying and extreme self-blaming. The results show that network marketing companies follow. Their own maximization of profit and marketers not only do not get profit but also tolerate enormous social and economic losses.

Environmental Citizenship is a multidimensional concept of (individual and social) tasks and tasks that bring citizens to environmental issues in various dimensions (environmental awareness, environmental attitudes, environmental behavior, responsible and sustainable consumption, environmental concerns). (Environmental and environmental ethics) has become more sensitive and has led to the expansion of environmental citizenship demands and favorable environmental behaviors in the individual, social, cultural, political, material and transnational dimensions. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between consumerism and value orientation with environmental citizenship among Tabriz citizens. The method used in the present study is a survey. A researcher-made questionnaire was used. The population of the population aged between 15-64 years in Tabriz metropolis was 407 people based on Cochran sampling formula and selected by cluster sampling method. The results show that there is a significant and negative correlation between consumerism and environmental citizenship (-0.48) and a significant and negative correlation between value orientation and environmental citizenship.(-0.54).

The purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate the attitude of middle aged working and young working groups toward money. How people think about money is a contentious issue in the social sense of money. Studying the attitudes of young people and middle-aged people towards money can reveal the type of monetary behavior in society. In the present study, using the theories of Simmel, Zellizer, and other sociologists, the sociological analysis of money attitude has been analyzed. In this study, Qualitative Combined Method was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 young and 15 middle-aged people in Tehran, were analyzed by theme analysis method and then four communications, gender, socio-cultural and psychological dimensions were extracted. A total of 41 phrases, out of 103 words extracted from interviews, theoretical foundations, and research backgrounds, form the discourse of this research discourse. For the purpose of sorting Q-sample expressions, 30 employed youth and 30 middle-aged working people in Tehran were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Then, in quantitative part, the factor analysis of Q in SPSS software was used to identify, analyze and evaluate the mentality of individuals in each group. The results of this study show four mentalities of youth and three mentalities of middle-aged people in Tehran. By examining and comparing the aforementioned dimensions, the attitude of youth towards money in the gender dimension is different from that of middle-aged, and thus there is a generation gap in this area due to age, intellectual and cultural differences. Culture, education, and the media have given young people a different perspective on middle-aged gender. In other dimensions of research there is generational agreement.

One of the basic goals of the Islamic Revolution of Iran has been to achieve justice, but the governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran have shaped different discourses about the concept of justice and its practical realization. This means that any government that has come into action has created a special discourse on justice that is different from the discourse of justice in previous governments. In other words, with the change of governments, the discourse of justice has also undergone a change. But it must be kept in mind that the development of discourses of justice does not take place in a vacuum, but these developments are rooted in social contexts. Therefore, in this paper, the discourse of justice in the three governments of Mr. Khatami, Ahmadinejad and Rouhani has been examined and this important question is raised: Which social grounds have led to the development of the discourse of justice in the above-mentioned governments? In response to this question, a hypothesis is proposed that contains two main variables, the "structure of the mass society" and "relative inefficiency of governments in the establishment of justice policies". The two main variables are measured by sub-variables. So that the variable of mass society based on two sub-variables "exclusion and foregrounding" and "availability" and the inefficient variables of governments are also measured based on three sub-variables "inefficiency of justice in the three areas of economic, political and socio-cultural". To examine the hypothesis, the elements of justice discourse are firstly analyzed in each government using discourse analysis method. Then, the information about the hypothesis variables is analyzed using the method of historical deductive sociology in the case of each of these governments. The results indicate that the above hypothesis is valid.

Organizational entrepreneurship is one of the desirable mechanisms to respond the changes happening in the business environment. Entrepreneurial organizations create dynamism within the organization by institutionalizing the entrepreneurship. The construct are related to a number of factors from which the present study investigated the level of managers' strategic thinking among employees of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and trade and emphasizes on the mediating role of organizational emotional capability. The research method is a survey and the target population includes 1873 staff of the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, according to the Deputy Director of Human Resources Development in 2017. Sample size includes 320 people selected by a systematic sampling method. The validity of the measurement tool was tested by the content validity and Cronbach's alpha technique was used to estimate the reliability. Also, SPSS and Amos softwares were used for data analysis. The findings of the present study indicate that on the one hand, strategic thinking has a direct and significant impact on the organizational emotional capacity of staff in the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade and on the other hand, it has an indirect effect on entrepreneurship considering the mediating role of organizational emotional capacity.

Subsidies are one of the economic policies to promote economic and social justice in society, as well as to support producers and consumers in many countries. Since subsidizing targeting has been at the forefront of government economic transformation plans in recent years, it has affected society. This research is a descriptive-analytical research that has been done to evaluate the economic and social effects of targeted subsidies scheme on household welfare. The statistical population is 384 households residing in Tabriz. Multistage cluster sampling was used for sampling. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire whose face and content validity was verified by a group of experts. The collected data were processed and analyzed using SPSS software. khi 2 test and one sample T-test were also used to test the hypotheses. Finally, the results showed that in the economic aspect, the implementation of targeted subsidy legislation had a negative impact on households' purchasing power, and by implementing it, households were less able to provide better food for their family members and less able to provide for themselves and their families. Or provide family members with some goods they haven't bought. In addition to the social dimension, the scheme has had a positive impact on the cohesion of families and the disparity between family members with cash subsidies has increased slightly. The plan has also had a negative impact on reducing the feeling of social inequality, and cash subsidies have reduced the gap between the poor and the wealthy.

With the transition from first-generation (education-based) universities to third-generation universities (entrepreneurs), the importance of exploring entrepreneurship in order to foster creative and innovative power, strengthen industry linkages, and commercialize scientific findings and ensure the job safety of college graduates has attracted the attention of social scientists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the entrepreneurship potential of graduate students using the grounded theory approach. For data gathering used 20 semi-structured in-depth interviews among graduate students of Tabriz University And By focusing on the systematic procedures of Strauss and Corbin, the data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding, and semantic units, core categories, and core were identified. Its validity has also been provided through continuous comparative methods, member control and accurate parallel information acquisition. . The findings show that semantic units derived from the central coding of the main categories include discovering abilities and talents, building capacity for self and others, having supportive factors for idea creation, idea creation ability, and idea management were extracted and finally, by using selective central core coding, the ‘idea objectification” was identified. . Also, the central core of the emerging areas of entrepreneurial “demand” capability and the central core of the entrepreneurial capability implications of “feeling effective” were discovered. As a result, it can be stated that the objectification of the idea by the multiple demand can have a feeling of effectiveness among graduate students.

Entrepreneurship ecosystems are a mix of cultural, economic, political and social elements within an area that interact with each other as an environment conducive to entrepreneurial activity. The purpose of this research was to analyze the cultural nature of the society under study and the impact of cultural influences on the effects of the entrepreneurial process based on the Hofstede's Cultural Dimension in Sistan and Baluchistan province. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive method is correlational and in terms of collecting information by survey method. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire, distributed by simple random sampling method. The studied population was considered as the entire population of Sistan and Baluchestan province. The sample size was 384 according to the Cochran sampling formula. Based on the experience, 450 questionnaires were distribute to ensure that 390 cases that were correctly answered were finally used. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on factor analysis and its total reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (96%). The results showed that the society is Masculinity and is individualized and has a short-term vision of the future. The level of risk taking is high. The level of power distribution in society is fairly fair. The correlation between the other Hofstede cultural backgrounds was confirmed. Based on analyzes, the province culture supports entrepreneurial processes.

The aim of study was to design a suitable Iranian development model in order to achieve the Iranian-Islamic model of progress by using Delphi research method and completely indigenous theories of Iranian theorists. The informants of research include all those who were experts in the field of development and had books, articles or research works in this field, which were selected 15 person as participants by using the purposeful and information-driven sampling method. The results showed that factors like; the lack of knowledge of the rule of law, the lack of the rule of law, the existence of the rentier state in country have caused real development in Iran. Specifying the specific conditions and characteristics of the country: identifying the main agent of development in the country, de-ideologizing country's planning and policy-making, creating an independent and efficient judiciary system, broad public participation in state and the establishment of a developmental state with a good governance strategy that use the most important research initiatives to achieve Iran development model. The results of the research also showed that the Iranian development model has no particular legal dilemma and country development is possible with the current laws and lawsystem.

Giving voice to the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Approach, this article examines the relationship of poverty and chronic pain. Using qualitative research methods including narrative ethnography and conducting observations and interviews with patients with chronic pain. Multi-sources data obtained from prolonged engagement in the research filed (over nine months) were analyzed using thematic narrative analysis and Miles and Huberman's flow model. The findings show that the special geography positions of the Mukrian area with cultural belief systems that support subcultures in poverty force people to engage in hard-working and erosive activities that make them susceptible to chronic pain skeletal illness. In addition, the economic poverty caused by low-income jobs, being unemployed due to pain and illness and the lack of social support on the one hand, and the underdevelopment, lack of medical facilities and services on the other, has challenged life of chronic pain skeletal patients.