مجله علوم سیاسی
پیاپی 31 (تابستان 1394)

Interdisciplinary studies of international Relations have a high capacity to covering the different issues. In last decades this capacity has increased and scholars of International Relations can take attention to variety subject, so that nobody can see to International relations from predominant security and state centric view. Todays, sport and its relevant subjects are very new debates for IR scholars to researching and studying. Sports like football for decades have had strong political aspects and high rank political management take attention to it. Nowadays, scholars should theorizing the political, social, economic and cultural functions of it and studying the remarkable effects of sport on grand interactions between states and other international actors in world arena. So because of this necessity, this article tries to studying the some important aspects of connections between sport and International Relations and offering the new research subjects in this issue: Sport and International Relations, Why and How?

The philosophy of Scholastic dogmatism and the medieval ecclesiastical corruption in the West has caused impetuous reaction. Religion and metaphysics in all its forms had been left aside and the rapid pace of modernization started a process of transformation. Modernization commenced in Europe with scientific-empirical approach and has placed wisdom, knowledge, experience, and whatever that is provable as its base. The light path for the human being which was previously in the hand of religion was in fact taken out by modernity. One of the multiple processes of modernization which is inevitable is secularization. Intellectual and philosophical thought in the West through centuries have caused secularism not only to deepen its strong roots in this part of the world but to spread it to other parts of the world. The phenomenon of secularism in the East in general and among the Islamic thinkers in particular, has been under consideration and special attention. Secularism is faced often with a dual approach: On the one hand it was severely criticized by some of the Islamic intellectuals, and on the other hand has fascinated other intellectuals. Both sides of the spectrum were influenced by the process of modernization. One side believes that after dispelling superstition from Islam and its subsequent revival it can be expected that some of the principles of Islam is compatible with modernity, such as the equality of religions. This view also shares the belief that only those democratic reforms of modernity which violate the Islamic laws and traditions should not be applied. The other view is that the proper conditions for leaving backwardness and achieving progress are the secularization of all laws and management and a total separation between the state and religion. One can observe that secularism with the passage of time has not been accepted by the most of the Islamic states. Lack of Promoting secularism in the Islamic states in general and in the Middle East in particular is due to various reasons such as urbanization and industrialization which took place in the West, and not in the Muslim states. In addition, unlike the Christian Clergy, the Islamic scholars have agreed to accept only those values of secularism which can serve Islam. In the Western modernity, power and prestige was based on the centrality of man, but in Islam the power belongs to God and man cannot be considered as the center.

The researchers have been interested in studying the development gap and its causes between developed and developing countries. By emphasis on ideas of Gramsci’s followers, this article is to study the mentioned subject through theoretical perspective. Therefore, the focus of the study is on “how do the economic policies of developed countries, especially the hegemonic one, affect under-development of developing countries?” The fast answer to the question is that their supremacy in economic and fiscal system of world and also in international economic institutions is strong barrier against development process of developing countries. In addition to above mentioned question, the article is to explain economic and fiscal policies of developed countries, especially the hegemonic one, and also their effects on under-development of developed countries in international economic and fiscal institutions.

Iran’s adjacency with countries which are often dealing with internal conflicts or are affected by international crises has caused mostly undesirable consequences in the country itself. One of the most tangible of these consequences is the surge of refugees entering Iran whenever there is a violent conflict in the neighboring countries, especially in Afghanistan and Iraq, which in turn causes further undesirable effects in Iran. Among Iran’s neighbors, Afghanistan has always been one of the important birthplaces of crises in the region due to its involvement in decades of civil war and international conflicts, numerous ethnic and religious gaps, having a failed state, and lack of a genuine nation-state. Although, after the Taliban was removed from power by the international coalition in 2001, it was thought that Afghanistan would set off towards a future of peace and stability. However, after more than a decade of war, the prospect is dim, and the outlook is not promising. Since the fate and prosperity of neighboring countries have always been tied to each other, Iran has regarded the present and future of its neighbors important. Regarding the difficult and complicated situation in Afghanistan during the past decades and considering its prevalent, continual turmoil and instability, we can conclude that despite superficial changes in its government system and political arena, no significant change has occurred in its unstable and crumbling condition. This is an indication that until an uncertain point in the future, Iran will be affected by Afghanistan because of being neighbors with it.

Terrorism is one of the basic phenomena that effecting on the contemporary security. We are deponents of various formations of the terrorism in the terrestrial dimension; however, we are vis-à-vis to the limitations on the phenomenon of terrorism in the marine space. It is important to note that 80% of the world trade is performed through the maritime lines. Consequently, beyond doubt, there is a strong link between the world economy and freedom/liberty of navigation. Maritime Terrorism alongside with the Maritime Piracy Acts, are of most important factors, which are shaking maritime security. Based on the aforementioned issues, this article seeks to answer the following question: How does Maritime Terrorism effect global security and, specifically, maritime security and what is the responsibility of the states in this issue. In this article, the answer to be given has been shaped upon effects, which maritime terrorism and piracy and factors they generate, such as risk and threat, do have on the world security. The lack of states’ responsibility and holism in the fight against maritime terrorism and ambiguousness of the definition of terrorism are escalating the emergent risks and threats. The main idea of the article: to increase the international cooperation on the issue and to preserve the effective fight against the maritime terrorism through the triple approach (legal, political and operational), multi-dimensional initiatives and complementary processes.

Ibn-e-Khaldun generally considered being among the earliest Islamic visionaries that in the eighth century scientific method to the study of social and political phenomena spent and tried to reason, to discover the causes and laws governing them. He followed his interest in history, as the nascent science of "Omran science" which established the goal was to discuss human society and civilization. The important point here is that Ibn Khaldun generally never had a political science of trying to develop an independent book and based on his political views should be considered as part of his social theory and history, alternatively the name of the book "Moqaddima" written. Although Ibn-e Khaldun Islamic thought is moving along, but his understanding of the politics and government, according the knowledge that he was based Omran and natural approach. Political movements like the rest of his political thought, political philosophy, Policy Writing, and Law writing was made a distinct, pushing him any instruction or practical considerations, an objective way to evaluate the origin, evolution, and analyze the state (political power) relations with the payment of all social phenomena. He general study of Ibn-e Khaldun's ideas about roots, nature and the state ups and downs and how to interact with institutions such as: Human destiny, prejudice and omran (Community) humanity done.

Though European Union is established in order to promote cooperation and unity among European countries, the present fiscal crisis and unfavorable situation of some member states is threatening basic goals of the union. The present crisis is the most critical affair that the European integration process has been facing since outset. This research is to study different faces of fiscal crisis and its future perspective in European Union and to analyze possible consequences of the crisis on future of European integration, and also on its common foreign policy. Regarding the fiscal crisis, the question is that what may happen to European integration in the future? Descriptive-analytic method and deduction are utilized in order to achieve the goals of the research, and the methodology of the research is inferential. The findings of this research show that the main cause of the fiscal crisis is amalgamation of three factors including economic globalization, spread of U.S fiscal crisis into European union and lack of fiscal discipline among uneven and asymmetric economies of member states. Therefore, consequences of the fiscal problem not only affect institutions and fiscal market but also political and social environment of whole European Union.