نشریه تاریخ پزشکی
پیاپی 44 (پاییز 1399)

The right to health is one of the most important examples of human rights. This right is recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a general principle. Following the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was adopted, which was welcomed by the international community.

In this study, by analytical-descriptive method, first the starting point of identifying the right to health as a general principle will be examined and further this right and its examples in the Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Finally, developments regarding the conceptual and practical development of this right will be considered in some soft law conventions and instruments.

In the present study, it will be observed that the right to health has been identified with a very general and vague literature. This special feature of the Covenant has led states to resort to international practice to determine the precise scope of obligations arising from the right to health. In this regard, the mechanism of reports published under the heading "Public Opinions" on the provisions of the Covenant has played a very important role in creating convergence and unity of international practice among governmental and non-governmental actors. Ethical Considerations: In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

In the present study, it was observed that in the field of the right to health, there is no urgent need to create new human rights norms. The existing legal framework provides sufficient grounds for the evolutionary interpretation of Article 12 of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and enables commentators (international treaty bodies, Covenant States, NGOs and other stakeholders) to address areas that have received little attention in the past such as sexual rights, reproduction, sexual orientation, health issues in prisons and armed conflict, Pay more attention to them.

Malaria is a disease caused by single-celled microorganisms of Plasmodium group and is transmitted to humans by a female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria was a disease native to Iran and accounted for 30-40% of annual casualties. The disease had spread to Khorasan, Mazandaran, and Kerman in a dispersed manner. Fars region which is located in the southern Iran is an area that is not addressed well enough on this matter. Geographical spread of malaria began from Shiraz, as the weather in Shiraz was hot and infected in the summer, causing a variety of diseases such as malaria that used to be rampant in this city. Other parts of Fars where malaria was most prevalent included a vast area from lands in the northern Fars, where dates grew, to the shores of the Persian Gulf, and this disease was more prevalent in the southern parts, especially in Bandar Bushehr [Bushehr Port]. There were many disease-carrying insects in Lar and Larestan.

This historical research is carried out as a desk study and studies malaria in Fars during Qajar era with a histographic perspective through a narrative method, which is specific to natural sciences.

Malaria was one of the most common diseases in Fars province during the Qajar period and caused many casualties. In this article, various aspects of this disease are examined with the help of historical sources, newspapers and documents. Ethical Considerations: The Ethical Committee of Department of History, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Dr.Ali Shariati of Ferdowsi University approved the study.

This paper addresses malaria in Fars during Qajar era (1789-1925). It initially emphasizes on pathological importance of malaria history in Iran and then analyzes the role of malaria outbreak as a factor causing human casualties in the southern Iran and Fars.

The Nafisi family, which has a brilliant history of more than six hundred years in the history of Iran, has raised great scientists in various sciences and technologies who have played a significant role in the progress and excellence of this country. This study aims to review the life and works of the great physicians of this family.

This study was conducted by library study, face-to-face and telephone interviews and review of existing genealogy.

The head of this family, to whom the family name of Nafisi is attributed, Nafis bin Awad Kermani (Hakim Borhanuddin), was one of the most famous physicians of the ninth century AH lived in Kerman. Her most famous works are the book Sharh al-Asab and the book Sharh Mojz al-Qanun. Mirza Saeed Sharif Kermani )11th century AH(, who was special physician of Shah Abbas the Great )5th Safavid king), Mirza MohammadTaghi Tabib, nicknamed Muzaffar Alisha (12th and 13th centuries AH) and Haj Mirza Tabib Kermani (died 1300 AH), were other famous physicians of this family. Mirza AliAkbar Khan Nafisi, nicknamed Nazem al-Atab'a (1224-1303 AH), is one of the most famous physicians of this dynasty who has left two valuable works, the dictionary of Farhang e Nafisi and the Pezeshkinameh. Dr. Abutorab Nafisi (1293-1386 AH), head of the Isfahan School of Medicine and Pharmacy in the 1940s and author of several books and articles, was another prominent physician in the family. The physicians of this family, especially in the Safavid period and in the late Qajar period, played a very significant role in promoting health, treatment and medical education in Iran, as well as political and cultural relations. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustfulness were observed by referring texts and refrences used.

Natural talent, generational education and the provision of environmental conditions by the rulers of the time can be considered as the main reasons for the success of this family in various fields.

Superstition as a cultural cause had penetrated into all aspects of Safavid Iranian society. The field of health and medicine was also seriously involved with superstitions and had almost penetrated into various branches of medicine. The present study aims to investigate and explain the role of superstitions in Safavid medicine and based on the sources of that period. In this research, an attempt has been made to address a cultural damage to society in the field of medicine and in a historical context.

The main tool of this research is the data of historical sources of Safavid era, which include: travelogues of Farangians, works of Safavid historians, medical texts and religious texts of that period. Research Method In this research, historical-analytical and data collection has been done by library method.

It seems that all classes and social groups in the Safavid period were involved in the issue of superstitions and superstitions in the field of medicine. The upper classes (especially physicians and the court) played a greater role in promoting these beliefs because of their influence. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in reporting and publishing materials.

It seems that all social classes and groups in the Safavid period were involved in the issue of superstitions and superstitions in the field of medicine. The upper classes (especially physicians and the court) played a greater role in promoting these beliefs because of their influence. The extent to which the origin and treatment of a disease (eg infertility) was unknown, the more superstitious beliefs pervaded that area. Ignorance and low level of literacy in all aspects of Safavid Iranian society has been very effective in encouraging superstitions.

Study of Social developments of health system in Iran society, ever since the Islamic Revolution, could be the first step in analyzing people's reactions to the disease, treatment, hypochondriasis and process-oriented medicine and medicalization. Therefore, in this study, meanwhile description of each period, firstly, we explore the medical situation and then address patients’ reactions and public tendency to health and selection of the therapist and treatment approach.

In this social science research, library method was used to study and analyze texts. In addition, targeted search in the internal databases of Noormags, Irandoc, SID, as well as the google. Scholar was done.

According to the conditions of the treatment system and political development of the country, country's health-care process can be divided into four distinct periods: the lack of medical upscale, Luxury-oriented medicine, public health development and realization of divided identity of traditional medicine Ethical Considerations: Honesty and fidelity were observed in reporting and citing the texts.

Although the patriarchal tendencies of the health system in the Eleventh Government have diminished and the officials of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education have tried to Ministry of Health and Medical Education has tried to provide accountability, but it seems, this flow is being realized in the other way. The analysis of the general tendencies and reactions to these four periods can play a significant role in reforming the structure of the health system and health equity.

The liver is the largest organ in the body that plays a major role in metabolism and detoxification of various substances. Fatty liver is known to be the most common cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. People with fatty liver have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

This research is a review study with a library method that has been done by examining the documentary sources of traditional medicine, modern medicine, banks and various existing databases.

NAFLD refers to the presence of hepatic steatosis without the involvement of secondary causes of fat accumulation in the liver, (excessive alcohol consumption). The basis of fatty liver treatment is based on lifestyle modification, which includes proper nutrition and exercise. Patients are mostly asymptomatic. It is recommended to treat mild cases where the person is prone to developing fibrosis. From the perspective of traditional medicine, patients' symptoms range from asymptomatic to feeling tired, bored and upset on the right side of the abdomen. Although fatty liver is not specifically associated with a particular disease, the clinical symptoms and treatment are similar to several traditional diseases, including obstruction of intrahepatic ducts, liver dysfunction especially cold liver dysfunction and ascites. Liver intrahepatic ducts obstruction is caused by various factors and can occur in the convex or concave part of the liver. Ethical Considerations: In this research, honesty and trustworthiness, citation of the texts used avoidance of bias in inferring the texts or analyzes have been observed.

Some drugs used to treat fatty liver in modern medicine include metformin, thiazolidinediones. In traditional treatment of liver dyspepsia, hot tempered food is prescribed orally and sometimes topically. In relation to the hepatic duct obstruction, if the obstruction is in convex part, the diuretics are used. If the obstruction is in concave part, laxatives are prescribed. In the treatment of early stages of cirrhosis, enema and clearance with combination of aloe vera and other herbal medicines.

Inhalation of nebulized baking soda (NaHco3) has been effective for reducing from inflammation intensity in some respiratory disorders. COVID-19 infection may result in ARDS through activation of inflammatory factors and has no certain treatment. Some time in cyberspace, inhalation of baking soda vapor has been recommended in order to prevent the development of COVID-19. The present study intends to answer this question that may inhalation of baking soda vapor be effective to control respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 patients?

This is a review study. Searching key words in valid scientific databases and collecting contents related to the topic and finally qualitative analysis was the method of this study.

Through using nebulized drugs, aerosols enter to respiratory tract. According to particle size, some other physical characters and also respiratory tract factors, particles deposition in respiratory tract is different. In traditional (homemade) steam inhalation, aerosols are not produced and water vapor and vapor of other soluble substances, if they have the ability to evaporate in thus situation, enter to the respiratory tract. According to some studies, nebulized baking soda inhalation, not vapor of its solution in water, has reduced respiratory tract inflammation through elevating airway pH, increasing airway blood flow and reducing sputum viscosity, successfully. Evaporating of baking soda solution during traditional steam inhalation, result in producing carbon dioxide and water and there is no NaHco3 molecule in vapor.

No Sodium Bicarbonate molecule is produced from evaporating of NaHco3 solution through traditional (homemade) steam inhalation of baking soda; so, despite of nebulized baking soda which has NaHco3 molecule, evaporated baking soda solution could not show anti-inflammatory effects; so, theoretically, steam inhalation of baking soda could not be effective in COVID-19 infection. On the other hand, using inhaled drugs in COVID-19 infection may lead to further spread of the disease. So, using inhaled nebulized baking soda in COVID-19 patients should be studied for both its efficacy and its safety.

Historical considerations have always been open to doubts and have led to ambiguities for researchers. Recently, doubts have been raised concerning the name and sobriquet of the famous scientist and physician of the seventh "Hijrī" century ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Abī al-Ḥazm/ al-Ḥaram al-Qarashī, known as Ibn al-Nafīs. In this study, we investigated these uncertainties and attempted to arrive at his accurate name and sobriquet through data from codicology, as well as Islamic medicine manuscripts and his works in other scientific traditions.

Accordingly, we referred to various versions of his works, such as "al-Mūjaz", "Sharh al-Qānūn fī al-ṭibb" (Commentary on Avicenna's Canon of Medicine) etc., as well as citations by his contemporaries and posterities, and presented many doubts regarding attributing the sobriquet Ibn al-Nafīs to him.

Using several handwritten manuscripts attributed to him, and the writings of contemporary researchers, the study concludes by suggesting that the best form of mentioning his name in texts and articles are in short ‘Alā’ al-Dīn al-Qarashī or as a full name Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn Abī al-Ḥaram/ al-Ḥazm al-Qarashī. Ethical Considerations: In references to the texts, honesty and trustworthiness, citation of the texts used avoidance of bias in inferring the texts or analyzes have been observed.

Nevertheless, this does not bring about the conclusion that this attribution is incorrect; however, exercising caution in using the sobriquet Ibn al-Nafīs for this great physician appears sensible. Therefore, it is recommended that encyclopedias use al-Qarashī for the entry of his name. Also, we considered four possibilities in his lineage and showed that among Qarshi, Qurashi and Qarashi readings, the latter reading is supported by more evidence. Nonetheless, other readings are not generally rejected but citing Qarashi in studies appears more reasonable. With regard to the title (kunya) of his father mentioned along with Qarashi’s name as Ibn Abī Al-Ḥaram or Ibn Abī al-Ḥazm, we showed that contrary to the view of contemporary researchers none of the two possibilities should be excluded and preferably in contemporary citations the word should be written as Al-Ḥaram/ Al-Ḥazm.

The advent of the scientific revolution in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries changed people's attitudes toward the world, and they saw the world and nature as a great machine that operated according to causal and mechanical laws. Accordingly, the human body, which is part of this world, was considered a complex machine that is subject to the laws of nature. Descartes, a seventeenth-century French philosopher, compared the body of human to the machines of his time and concluded that the human body could, like other components of nature, be analyzed to its constituent parts, and thus examined the function of the components. Descartes' view had a profound effect on other sciences, especially medicine. In this article, with examining the worldview of modern medicine, we introduce "living body" to health managers that can help them to solve some of the problems of the health system

In this analytical library review study, the keywords including “mechanical body” and “lived body” is searched and studied in classics works of philosophers and contemporary researches so determined their exact meaning. After analyzing this information, the role of these meanings of the body that can have in medicine stated.

Modern medicine is based on a specific philosophical concept of the body, or more precisely, the Cartesian concept of the body. This Cartesian concept has led to many advances in medicine. But paying attention to the meaning of the Cartesian body has caused health workers to ignore the patient's lived experience of the disease. They need to consider another meaning of the body in order to pay attention to the patient's own experience; The lived body. This body represents all the states of human existence and paying attention to it can play a significant role in the patient's recovery. Ethical Considerations: In this research, honesty and trustworthiness, citation of the texts used avoidance of bias in inferring the texts or analyzes have been observed.

Attention to the meaning of the body from a phenomenological point of view can play a significant role in solving the problems of modern medicine. This concept provides another model of the body that allows medicine to once again focus on medical humanization and reminds us the focus of the disease as it is experience.