پژوهشنامه جریان شناسی شعر و داستان ادبیات معاصر ایران
سال دوم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

The socio-political developments of any society are a reflection of the thoughts, thoughts and works of artists and thinkers, as well as the profound effects on the works of artists and thinkers of that society. In other words, in each era we come across a specific literature that illustrates the religious, political, social, and economic functions of that period. Contemporary Arabic literature, influenced by recent socio-political developments and subsequent intellectual transformations, became dark and pessimistic to the point where no less literary genre could be found in which this pessimism did not waver. Telk al-Raheha, written by Son'ollah Ibrahim, a modern story that is told in a fluid way of mind, expresses the social concerns of the modern man. This story is full of ambiguity, nihilism, death thinking and other prominent features of these stories. In this article, we intend to analyze and analyze the plot, narrative spacetime and narrative style of this story, and to analyze and analyze this pessimism that is widespread in contemporary Arabic fiction literature and this story in a particular way.

Discourse Analysis is an interdisciplinary approach with linguistic routs. The main purpose of discourse analysis is to obtain a new method in studying texts, media, cultures, sciences, policy, society and other similar cases, thus discourse analysis is a kind of research methodology which is used in different fields such as policy and media. in order to distinguish the applied meaning of text or discourse. Within the variable methods devoted to critical analysis of discourses, the Norman Fairclough methodology emphasizing three methods of description, interpretation and explanation, is unique in its kind and functionally contains a high power of study in Persian literature discourses. In the description section, a set of nominal features such as words, grammar and textual structures are included, in Fairclough opinion, it is impossible to achieve the society foundation by only relying on nominal features of the taxt. About interpretation, study of the text are content and the interpreter basic knowledge accounted as the interpretation principles and in explanation of discourse, its description could be seen as a part of a social process. In the present article, regarding to lack of research background authors have worked on study and analysis of Bahar political nations in Damavandie poem lying on the above theory by descriptive-analytical methodology the results indicate that emphasizing on 2 types of positive and negative words, Bahar describe this contemporary people and institutions as follows: fighter man, autocratic dominant system, oppressed people, indifferent people to injustice and poet. In the field of interpretation the affirmed on five basis such as religious, party, constitutionalism, nationalism and anti colonial, besides in the field of explanation try to focus on liberalism and defiance Damavand characteristics as a symbol of brave and fighter man.

Abstract The quantity and quality of the use of postmodernism in Persian postmodernism differs depending on the depth of the writers' familiarity with the postmodern idea and how postmodernism's elements and components are applied in their works. The figure has fallen. The purpose of this study is to investigate the features and elements of postmodernism in Nahid's novel by Mohammad Qasem Kashkouli in order to quantify and quantify the use of this work from the postmodernism's rules and regulations and to highlight its weaknesses and strengths. Nahid, one of Kashkol's famous novels, is a fluid narrative of the main narrator Nahid. The whole narrative is in fact devoted to the two parts of Nahid's dream and awakening, the state that dominates the story space throughout the novel, though it is less than fifty thousand words in proportion to the volume and the number of words, and can somehow be The title of "The Long Story" is explored, but possessing the postmodernism components and the main elements of story, story, incident and personality as well as the depth and structural depth of form and content presentation is a complete and well-deserved novel chosen by the author as a premier novel. Contemporary has been adapted to the postmodern components.

Lacanian theory is one of the most important theories in the field of psychoanalysis, linguistics, and literary studies. Given the function of this theory in considering the language and its semantic application in literary texts, it seems that many contemporary literary texts can be based on the methods and techniques used in them. ‌Read and review the principles and criteria of Lacanian critique theory. One of the outstanding works of modernism that can be examined and evaluated according to this theory is the novel "Prince of Ehtejab" by Houshang Golshiri, which should be considered as a mental and psychological work. This analytical and descriptive article seeks to demonstrate, based on the approach of the post-salesman theory of the Frenchman Jacques Lacan and his poststructuralist ideas, his fundamental assumptions and the subject's mental developmental manifestations, including the imaginary and symbolic realm, in this work. Analyze the new terms used in this theory. The results show that throughout the story, the reader is confronted with several aspects of Obje's relocation, including: the replacement of the joy and pleasure of motherhood through the prince's relationship with Monira Khatun as a child, his relocation of Fakhr al-Nisa with Fakhri. Raid the mother's passionate breasts by sucking a finger by Fakhr al-Nisa, playing the role of the goddesses in the family instead of the father as a caregiver and counselor and so on. Based on the results obtained, it is understood that such shifts in the novel as a sample and the cases examined in the present article can be a reflection of the realities in people's lives. Be different. It is possible that human beings face mental development and personality development in all stages of life, and they go through these stages one after the other, and if they encounter problems along this path and do not follow the path well, They will not achieve a developed personality as a result of a unified soul. In the real-life scene, humans seek alternatives to eliminate the feelings of bitter experiences or to compensate for the failure to achieve desirable experiences, and if they are well guided in this direction. If they do not and do not follow the right path, they will face failure and failure.

Realism in Iran, as a literary school, has appeared more than one century after Europe and it found a special place among writers. “Bozorg e Alavy” is as the first group of Iranian writers that we can see a lot of qualities of realism school in his works. He has tried to show a part of social- political conditions of Iran with a pragmatic view. “Gutave Fluber” , one of the realistic eminent writers in 19th century in France with the same pragmatic view, has written about the society of France in that era as well as he has visualized the dominant relation of that society by writing of his novel named “ Madame Bovary”. This research has analyzed and compared the realism principles with regard to the narrative elements in the structure of both novels. It wants to show whether realism principles have considered in both novels or not, and if we can consider “Bozorg e Alavy” under the influence of “Madame Bovary” by “Flauber”. The result of this research shows that the qualities of realistic have been completely observed in both stories. These elements are observable in narratives well, but whit regard to Alavy’s romantic morale, we can’t exactly consider “Chashmhayash” under the influence of “Madame Bovary”.

Mehdi Akhavan-e- Sales is considered by many to be a continuation of Khorasanian poets in the time of modern poetry; However, when he established his place in the contemporary poetic society, he chose the Nimai language. A poet whose vocabulary and choice of words bring this idea to mind more than ever. The epic tone and the attempt to revive the ancient Iranian epics and the influence of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh are prominent features of the poetry of the Akhavan-e-sales; But with all these facts, he was never removed from the influence of the poetic currents of his time, and the kind of social thinking and political events of that time, especially the coup of August 19, 1943 and the defeat of one of the largest national movements in contemporary Iran, It places romanticism in the poetry of the Akhavan-e-Sales of Ceylon, which can be seen with a little research.  "Khan-e-hashtom and Adamak" is an epic poem in which the Akhavan-e-Sales recounts the story of Rostam's death at the hands of Sheghad, from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh; A poem that, although it has many components of epic poetry; However, traces of romanticism can be seen, especially in the discussion of illustration in this contemporary epic, and the purpose of writing this article is to examine this combination of epic and romantic thoughts in the poetic images of Kan-e-hashtom and Adamak of Mehdi Akhavan-e- Sales.

For understanding modernity issue and its consequences on different societies, not only sociology studies, but also the literature study, especially the novels, can have a significant role. Therefore, the main purpose of this research study is to investigate modernity in Iranian society and to explore the Iranian society’s response to its existence relying on three stories of ‘safineye talebi’, ‘ az rozegare rafte hekayat’ , and ‘samfooni mordegan’ based on citation method. These stories reflect on different modernity issues comprising of education, religion, entertainment, separation of powers, establishment of factories, and colonialism. Taalbot’s explained society was not modernized yet, and he believed that people should stick to the positive aspects of both modernity and tradition. According to Taalbot, the science and technology are the only beneficial aspects of western societies. He also criticized the people who turn to the consumerism. Ibrahim Golestan asserted that his explained society was on the way of becoming industrialized and the consequence of this industrialization was the people’s loss of identity. He has a pessimistic view towards the modernization of society. Maroufi indicated that unlike the old generation, the young generation accepted the underlying issues of modernity and this led to the opposition between these two generations. He believes that society should become modernized, like the society which he described in his story.

One way for humans to communicate is through nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication that can be called the language of behavior, present language, feelings and emotions; It includes all aspects of communication except words. The application of this method of message transmission in fiction involves the indirect processing of characters through their behaviors and reactions to each other; Are introduced. By describing the language of the characters' behavior, the author illustrates their inner personality. Drawing people's body language complicates personality and behavior. Fiction, although based largely on verbal communication, also uses nonverbal communication. Authors use non-verbal communication in addition to verbal communication to cultivate fictional elements such as character, scene, tone, etc. In the processing of fictional characters, this relationship plays a major role; Because body language reflects the emotions and mindset of the characters. Body language is not only effective in creating personality, but also in helping the reader understand and recognize his or her moods. The present study is an attempt to analyze the issues and messages related to it in the story of the eyes of the Bozorg Alavi by looking at the interrelationships of non-verbal communication, in order to determine how Bozorg Alavi was able to deal with. The use of non-verbal tools along with verbal communication describes the characters in this work. The method of data collection is library and the collected information is examined by content analysis method. By describing the nonverbal communication that the characters have with each other, the author can show their interaction with each other in different situations of the story. In this way, the author not only introduces the characters correctly, but also shows how each of them has an attitude towards the other and shows what emotional space is going on in the atmosphere of the story. Bozorg Alavi is one of the writers who has used all kinds of non-verbal communication to advance the narration of his stories.

War and related issues have been the source of many writers and artists in creating literary and artistic works.the hidden damage caused by the war and its various ( different) effects on human life and psychology is one of the major and important issues related to war. Among the various strata of the population, women and children are more likely to be mourned than others. According to kobler ras, mourning have some steps that the mourner goes through all or part of it during the mourning period.these steps include shock or denial,anger,chaos, depression and admission.the "Haras" novel by nasim marashi, with a feminist approach, shows and portrays the path of the main character of the novel during the mourning period. The research shows that the character of the story experiencing the mental problems due to the loss of loved ones in war and most of all,of her teenage child. And because of the cultural problems and misogyny in community and excessive reliance on the presence of men in society and the lack of empathy around them has failed to go through the most excellent step that is admission after mourning. Also,the study of the signs and symbols of the story in line with the feminist approach shows that the "Haras" novel mentions the removal of women from men as a way of better women's prosperity and better life.

The literary work creates themes without referential role and only by emphasizing the elements that are seen in the text's apparent structure. Hall's novel reflects the central theme of nihilism in the domain of verbal and visual networks. In the present study, using the library and documentary method, the concept of sociological, thematic and thematic criticism has been explained and explained, and then the social, political and cultural issues reflected in the textual structure have been discussed. The central theme of Nihilism has been received. Therefore, the absurdity is the source of Hormuz Shahdadi's mental thought that is indirectly nurtured by the imagination in the form of various words, objects, personalities, and events that occur in the novel. All of these events, personalities, and political, cultural, and social issues are considered as a network of sub-themes that ultimately lead to unity, and the critics and audiences are central to the theme of nihilism. It receives the verbal networks found in the textual structure.

Based on the models of cognitive sciences, Figurative schemas with emphasis on conceptual metaphors emerged in the literary studies an other sciences as philosophy and psychology. These schemas that disscusted, first time, by Lakoff and Johnson, determined figures in the source domain and are mapped into target domain. Schemas arethe mental images and the result of the objective expriences which creats normal or abnormal abstract concepts. The aims of this paper are 1)introduceing the conceptual mental models based on metaphorical concepts in Glchin Gilani’s poems; 2) explaining his thouth and cognitive bases from his invoierenment and world: 3) new reading from his poems. The results of this article indicates that Golchin Gilani employs various sensual expriences based on the concept of power. These exprences and concepts that were result of his interaction to the world, employed to metaphorical conceptualizing.

Lamentation" is a type of poetry written in mourning for relatives, friends, kings, ministers, elders of the people, religious scholars and the description of the Imams of the Infallibles (peace be upon them). In the mourning, they express and remember Manaqib, the virtues and virtues of the person in the past, respect his dignity and position, and make his loss appear as a great loss. The laments of contemporary poets are full of empathy and express the empathy of various social classes of properties and the common people in the occurrence of tragic events such as illness, imprisonment, death of religious leaders and the death of loved ones and relatives. The poets try to present poetic themes and images, mention religious beliefs, rituals and social customs and folk beliefs during mourning in order to express their outward and inward feelings and emotions and the people of the time. This article examines the element of "regret and sorrow" and its various aspects in the poems of several Nimai poets - Qaisar Aminpour, Fereydoun Moshiri and Hamid Mossadegh - and with the mention of examples, an analysis is made