نشریه علوم سبزی ها
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 7، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Due to the fact that Tuta absoluta is one of the most important pests of tomato and causes damage, therefore to use less risk insecticides for the environment, consumers and natural enemies, in the study, the effects of, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid, and flubendiamide were tested against T. brassicae and T. evanescens of natural enemies of T. absoluta in laboratory conditions of Arak Agricultural Research Center in 2018. Parasitoids were reared on the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) eggs in the laboratory under the controlled conditions of 25 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). The comparison test of the parasitism of the two species was performed by t-test and in 10 categories in a plastic glass. LC25 of pesticides in tests were used. The experiments on LC25 effect of each pesticide on wasps survival were performed by vial assay and completely randomized design in 5 replications and in each replications 10 female wasps. Wasps were exposed to this concentration for 24 hours. Control treatment was distilled water. In order to investigate parasitism rate of lived wasps, experiments were conducted in 3 replications in each replications were 5 wasps that for 48 hours were placed exposed to150 eggs of Tuta absoluta in cylindrical containers. Completely randomized design to factoriel method was conducted. The mortality rate was recorded daily and the rate of parasitism reduction was calculated. Corrected mortality rate for abamectin, emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid and flubendiamide with host of T. absoluta were 26.67, 20, 13.33 and 13.33% for T. brassicae, respectively, and for T. evanescens 20, 20, 13.33 and 6.67 percent. The rate of reduction of parasitism in the treatment of abamectin, emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid and flubendiamide for T. brassicae were 25.12, 18.71, 13.3 and 11.81% respectively, and for T. evanescens were 24.18, 19.2, 15 and 10.84% respectively. Based on our results, flubendiamide showed selectivity and it can be used as an effective tool for integrated pest management programs of tomato leaf miner.

Boron (B) is an essential microelement in higher plants, but excessive amount of B in the soil or in irrigation water create serious problems on plant growth, production and human health. Salicylic Acid (SA) plays a key role in establishing and signaling a defence response against various environmental stresses. Exogenous application of SA may alleviate adverse effects of B toxicity in lettuce )Lactuca sativa L.( In this experiment, in order to evaluate effect of B and SA on morphological and biochemical traits of lettuce, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in 2017. Experimental treatments included three levels of SA (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and three levels of B (0.05, 0.5 and 1 mM). The results revealed that with increasing B concentration in nutrient solution decreased leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf area, and chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoid contents. The highest contents of proline, soluble sugar, total phenol and electrolyte leakage were obtained in plants fed with concentration of 1 mM B and SA, and the lowest value in B and SA control treatments. The maximum of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) activity in the leaves was recorded at concentration of 0.5 and 1 mM B in solution, respectively. The increase in B concentration in the nutrient solution from 0.05 mM to 1 mM the leaf B content increased 9.3 times. The results this experiment showed that B excess significantly decreased growth and yield of lettuce and SA foliar application cannot alleviate B toxicity in lettuce.

Alkalinity has destructive effects on plant production. Due to increasing of soil and water alkalinity in the worldwide specially Iran, in this experiment, the effects of alkalinity stress on growth, physiological and photosynthetic parameters was investigated in two cultivars of spinach (‘Barg-Pahn-e-Varamin’ and ‘NARITA’ F1 hybrid). This experiment was carried out during the 2018 as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications on the Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan farm. Factors included alkalinity stress at four levels (0, 10, 20, 30 mM sodium bicarbonate) and cultivars at two levels. The results showed that alkalinity stress reduced growth parameters (Shoot and root dry weight, leaf number and leaf area) in both spinach cultivars, but reduced shoot dry weight and leaf area under 30 mM sodium bicarbonate stress in hybrid cultivar was greater than Iranian cultivar. Sodium bicarbonate also reduced pigments, total chlorophyll, SPAD, PI and Fv/Fm indexes and at the level of 30 mM bicarbonate, a 30 percent reduction in photosynthesis rate was observed compared to control plants. As the stress increased, the leaf relative water content decreased and the amount of ion leakage and proline content increased. In Iranian cultivar up to 20 mM level, no significant increase in leaf sodium was observed. The results also showed that in both cultivars, with increasing stress levels, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of plants were reduced, but it seems that the Iranian cultivar (‘Barg-Pahn-e-Varamin’) is more tolerant than hybrid cultivars according to the evaluated parameters in low concentrations of bicarbonate (10 and 20 mM). In general, this cultivar is more suitable for cultivation in alkaline conditions than hybrid cultivar according growth, physiological and photosynthetic parameters.

Vermicompost is produced by earthworms via processing organic wastes such as manure, plant residues, etc., and contains nutrients, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics, growth enhancers, and humic substances which can increase plant growth and yield. Nano fertilizers are also results of a new technology that help the plants optimal use of nutrients with the properties of slow release of nutrients. This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate effect of vermicompost values (0, 3, 6 and 9 tons per hectare) and different methods of complete nano fertilizer (Super fertilizer) application (control (with no nanofertilizer application), fertigation (5 kilograms per hectare), foliar application (in a ratio of 2 per thousand), fertigation and foliar application together) on quality and yield of potato at research field of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2018 crop year as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that application of 9 tons per hectare vermicompost had the most starch, calcium, iron, phosphorus and tuber yield and the least tuber nitrate content. Additionally, complete nano fertilizer fertigation and foliar application together had the highest effect on these traits. Furthermore, the interaction of vermicompost and complete nano fertilizer was significant on lysine and methionine percentage of protein, tuber protein percentage and potassium content. By increasing the amount of vermicompost, the values of these traits increased and in all vermicompost application levels, fertigation and foliar application of complete nano fertilizer together indicated the best effect.

Nanotechnology is effective in the rapid detection of plant diseases, identifying and removing pesticide residues, increasing the shelf life, packaging and transporting in crops. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of pectin- tagged nano silver nanocomposite and triacontanol on in vitro contamination, micropropagation and microtuberization of potato under in vitro condition. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications on potato explants of mentioned cultivar. In first experiment, the number of healthy explant without any bacterial and fungal symptoms were calculated after 1 week. In second experiment, four weeks after cultivation of explants, micropropagarion in microtuber number, microtuber length and weight, diameter of the tubers, the length of bud, the percentage of non-dormancy microtubers, the germination percentage and the rate of microtuberization were measured. Our result showed that application of 50 mg/L for 30 min pectin-tagged nano silver increased healthy explants more than 50%. Among the different concentration of triacontanol, using 0.5 mg/L was the best response for traits such as microtuber number, microtuber length and weight. Also, using 0.5 mg/L triocontanol was the best protection for all microtuber traits except microtuber weight. Although the experiment was performed without the use of growth regulators, the addition of graphene oxide nanoparticles to the medium improved the micropropagation and microtuberization performance. In general, the results showed that 0.5 mg/L was the best concentration for microtuberization. Microtubers production technology is used as a tool to reduce the time needed to produce plant biomass, increase seed tuber quality (reduce pathogens), and microtubers production throughout the year.

To investigate the effect of different drying methods on some quantitative and qualitative properties of mint, an experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatments included drying in shadow, drying in the sun and drying in the oven at 45 °C, 55 °C and 65 °C. Results showed that the drying method had significant effects on the drying time, essential oil content, microbial level and the colour of dried plant samples, however, it did not have any significant impact on the content of phenolic compounds, mineral elements and components of essential oil. The highest content of oil and the best colour were belonged to the methods of drying in shadow and in the oven at 45 °C; while the best results for the drying time and the microbial levels were obtained from treatments at high temperatures in the oven. Also, the results of the essential oil analysis by gas chromatography indicated that the major components of the mint essential oil are limonene and carvone, which comprise more than 80 percent of the total essential oil in mint.

The experiment was performed as a factorial based on a completely randomized block design with 3 replications in the research farm of Ilam University in cropping year of 2016-2017. The irrigation levels including 80, 100, 120 and 140 percentages of the plant water requirement were assigned to the main plots and the two plant training systems including uprighting trunk and layering were assigned to the subplots. The results showed that increasing the amount of irrigation water (140%) lead to increase in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield and its important components. In addition, the highest yield, fruit size and number of plant in the each experimental unit were recorded in uprighting trunk method. Generally, using uprighting trunk method in combination with irrigation treatment including 120% plant water requirement was found best to improving yield and quality of tomato Marmande cultivar. Therefore, these treatments are suggested for increasing the yield and improving the quality of Marmande cultivar of tomato in climatic conditions of Ilam area.

Asparagus officinalis L. widely distributed in most climates in Iran. The aim of the present study is to use multivariate analysis to understand the relationships between environmental conditions and phytochemical composition of asparagus. For this purpose, plant samples were collected from nine different habitats in Iran, and phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activities were measured. Their relationship with environmental factors was analyzed using canonical correlation and stepwise regression. Based on the results, first to fourth canonical variables were significant according to Wilks' lambda test (P>0.01). The first canonical variable showed an increase in catalase activity in relation to an increase in mean environment temperature. By decreasing the mean, minimum and maximum temperatures in the second canonical variable, total phenol and DPPH increased and flavonoids decreased. According to the results of stepwise regression, EC, relative humidity and altitude justified the highest changes related to the antioxidant parameters. According to the results of both tests, average temperature, relative humidity and total rainfall have the greatest effect on the antioxidant properties of asparagus. In general, in order to maintain the antioxidant properties of asparagus, cultivation in areas with a total annual rainfall of 500 to 900 mm, an average temperature of 11.5 to 17.5°C and an average relative humidity of 50 to 70% is recommended.

Pea plant (Pisum Sativum) is very diverse and rich in nutrients and Tarom region of Iran is a suitable area for growing this crop due to its relatively cold climate. In order to identify the best cultivars in the area, the present study carried out using six new cultivars, Golsom, WolfItaly, Stardust, Utrillo, Gs-10, GreenArrow, and a local cultivar (Landrace) with three replications in Tarom region in cropping seasons of 2017-18 and and 2018-19. The plant height, number of main branches, number of lateral branches, mean green seed weight, pod length, green seed yield per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 green seeds, number of pods per plant and green pod yield per plant were measured. The analysis of variance showed that the difference among the cultivars for all the studied traits was significant except for the plant height, indicating a significant diversity among the cultivars in term of the studied traits. According to the mean comparison, Golsom and WolfItaly, which had no significant difference in most of the traits, were superior to other cultivars. The yields of green seed in these cultivars were 70.55 and 66.60 g plant-1, in average over two years, respectively. In order to evaluate the stability of cultivars for two years and also to identify the best cultivars in terms of total traits, graphical analysis was conducted. The results showed stability in Golsom and WolfItaly whichwere superior to other cultivars for total traits. Therefore, these two cultivars can be proposed for cultivation in Tarom area.

Economics is the science of selecting and allocating limited resources to meet unlimited human needs. This allocation will be efficient and optimal when it is based on principles. In the country, some greenhouses have been made without studying the climatology and topography of the regions, so high production costs, lack of sales markets and processing industries are among the main problems that these greenhouses are faced to. Therefore, in this study, the climatic suitability of the region for greenhouse complex development in Alborz province of Iran was studied. The geographical areas under study were Zahirabad, Chupanabad and Mahdasht in Alborz province. For the study, the variables including mean monthly temperature, maximum monthly temperature, minimum monthly temperature, monthly relative humidity and monthly solar radiation were collected from meteorological stations in a 20-year time period (1999-2019). The results showed that greenhouses located in Alborz province need active heating systems for at least five months per year, while this is comparatively one month in Almeria and three months in Antalya in Turkey. Moreover, the greenhouses need four months per year an efficient cooling systems. This may increase the costs. In addition, the study area was found within the allowable limit in terms of solar radiation. The results show that the suitability of constructing greenhouses in Alborz province is very low in terms of global indicators. Managing and constructing a greenhouse traditionally (using physical five senses) is a costly task. Therefore the use of automatic climate control systems is essential to reduce greenhouse costs.

An study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of poultry and chemical fertilizers on vegetative and reproductive traits and the total yield in field cucumbers in Hamedan province of Iran. The research project was conducted in a strip factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were Haiek and Royal cultivars, poultry manure including 0, 6 and 12 tons per hectare and chemical fertilizer including 1- 50 kg urea without micronutrient fertilizer (regional custom), 2- 109 kg ammonium sulfate without micronutrient fertilizer, 3- combination of urea, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrient fertilizers according to the soil test and 4- combination of ammonium, phosphorus, potassium sulfate and micronutrient fertilizers according to soil test. Analysis of variance of the data showed that the interaction effect of different levels of poultry manure with different levels of chemical fertilizer and cultivar was significant on male to female flower ratio, number of pickling cucumber yield, fresh cucumber yield and length of fruiting period. The mean comparison of the data showed that the use of six tons poultry manure cause a significant increase in total yield by 4.68 tons per hectare in both cultivars only when urea, phosphorus, potassium and complete micronutrient fertilizers were applied according to the soil test. However, with the use of poultry manure at the rate of 12 tons per hectare in all levels of chemical fertilizers, there was a significant increase in the yield with average of 4.29 tons per hectare in both cultivars. Totally, the use of poultry manure at two levels of 6 and 12 tons per hectare increased the production of cucumber fruit by 3.09 and 4.13 tons per hectare, respectively. Chemical fertilizer application based on soil test and in combination with micronutrient-complete fertilizer by spraying solution enhanced the growth traits as well as cucumber yield (at the rate of 2.02 tons per hectare) as compared to consumption of 50 kg urea without micronutrient fertilizer.

The purpose of this study was to determine the energy consumption, production costs and greenhouse gas emissions in white radish production in Ilam province, Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face questionnaires from 63 farmers in the studied region in 2018. The results showed that the input energy was 12105 MJ ha-1, of which the highest share was related to gasoline, nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel with 34.5, 29.7 and 13.75 percentages, respectively. The lowest input was belong to seed with 0.01%. The total greenhouse gas emissions in white radish production was 520.88 kg carbon dioxide per hectare, of which gasoline, manure, nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel constitute the highest input with 39.78, 33.11, 13.12 and 10.23 percent, respectively. The result of analysis using Cobb–Douglas production function showed that the effect of labor work, irrigation water, machineries, chemical fertilizers, manure and seed on yield was positive and the effect of pesticides, diesel fuel and gasoline was negative. The economic analysis revealed that the profit-to-cost ratio was 2.93.