فصلنامه بررسی های حسابداری و حسابرسی
پیاپی 101 (پاییز 1399)

The purpose of this research is to expand Total interpretative and structural of the underlying causes that create the professional maturity of auditors by grounded theory and Total interpretive/structural Model (TISM).

The research methodology is a result of developmental research, a goal of exploratory-applied research and Mix method. The statistical population of the qualitative study included 14 accounting professionals selected through theoretical sampling, interviewer selection criteria, professional experience in auditing, both from the perspective of academic education and from the perspective of financial statements, and qualitative research and familiarity with The interviewing process was conducted, however, with a small number of 17 independent auditors based on experience and technical knowledge in the sampling method available to fill out the matrix questionnaires. The method of data collection was based on qualitative methodology through the analysis of the grounded theory (data analysis of the foundation) which was collected by conducting the necessary data interviews and after coding the research model was designed based on the theoretical framework. Then, in order to evaluate the reliability level, Delphi analysis was used to achieve the theoretical adequacy of the main components of the research. Finally, in the quantitative part based on comprehensive interpretive/structural analysis, the research components were ranked from most effective to least effective.

The research results in the qualitative section identified the existence of contextual causes that create auditors' professional maturity, in which professional maturity is a coherent process based on cognitive traits including 3 types of psychological maturity, cognitive maturity and skill maturity, multidimensional attribute including 2 types of maturity. Structural and occupational status, and ultimately the extra-occupational characteristic of cultural maturity and social maturity, can help the auditor to be more effective in their professional career.

Finally, the results in Total Interpretive/Structural Analysis section showed that perceptual and social maturity are the most important and most influential factors in promoting professional maturity in auditors.

Earnings quality represents a very important aspect of accounting profits, because low-quality profits may increase capital costs, reduce investor confidence by making the wrong decisions, mislead creditors, and inappropriate allocation of resources to unrealistic return schemes. In the meantime, the role of the independent auditor in unbiased assessing the quality of the financial statements and reassuring investors about the validity of the financial statements prepared by management is significant. But the quality of audit services provided by auditors is heterogeneous and affected by factors such as audit fee discount. The purpose of this study is to test the relationship between audit fee discount and audit errors and earnings quality, especially in times of economic recession.

In this regard, a sample of 135 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2017 was selected and the hypotheses were tested by using regression models.

The results show that the audit fee discount has a positive relationship with audit type II error. However, there is no significant relationship between audit fee discount and audit type I error. Also, the recession does not affect the relationship between audit fee discounts and audit errors. Also, the audit fee discount reduces the quality of earnings and the economic recession exacerbates the negative relationship between audit fee discount and earnings quality.

Deductions from auditors reduce their effort and increase audit error. Also, the quality of profit is lower in companies that pay less, and this relationship is exacerbated in times of recession.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the level of firm growth rate on the relationship between voluntary and mandatory disclosure of information and firm stock risk premium.

The sample of research includes 130 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2018. The research results have been separately analyzed at in the period of boom and bust of the capital market. In order to determine the capital market cycle Hudrick-Prieskat filter was used and multivariate regression model and generalized least squares method was used in order to test the main research models and the hypothesis.

The results of the study showed that the level of firm growth rate is effective on the relationship between voluntary disclosure of information and firm stock risk premium, when for information voluntary disclosure from the criteria of management forecast timeliness of midterm earnings (3 months, 6 months and 9 months) and management forecast bias of midterm (3 months, 6 months, 9 months) and annual earnings and for firm stock risk premium from criteria of implied risk premium is used. The results of the study also show that the level of firm growth rate affects relationship between voluntary disclosure of information and firm stock risk premium only in the period of boom and bust of the capital market, when for information voluntary disclosure from the criteria of management forecast bias and accuracy of midterm (3 months, 6 months, 9 months) and annual earnings and for stock risk premium from criteria of risk premium based on the firm characteristics. Regarding the mandatory disclosure of information, the research results indicate the effect of the firm growth rate level on the relationship between mandatory disclosure of information and stock risk premium based firm characteristics at the general level of the sample and the period of boom and bust of the capital market.

Firm growth is an important and influential factor on the relationship between information voluntary and mandatory disclosure and different criteria of stock risk premium. Also, the relationship between information voluntary and mandatory disclosure and different criteria of stock risk premium in the period of boom and bust of the capital market is different. Also, the effect of information voluntary disclosure, compared to mandatory disclosure, on risk premium is different, so that in relation to voluntary disclosure this effect is significant and to mandatory disclosure this effect is less.

Investors myopic means to overstate the short-term earnings and understate the long-term earnings by active investors in the capital market. As myopic investors have a short-term horizon of vision in the capital market, they focus on the short-term performance of the company and this behavior of investors may motivate managers to better report than reality the company's short-term performance through profit management and investment reduction. Therefore, the purpose of the present research is to investigate the effect of investors' myopia on the profit and investment management of the listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange.

The data required to test the research hypotheses were gathered from financial statements of 150 companies during the six-year period from 2011 to 2017. In order to test research hypotheses, fixed effects multivariate regression model for panel data was used. In this research, Del Rio and Santa Maria model (2016) was used to measure the investors' myopia. Additionally, the modified Jones model (1991) and the expenses paid for investment were used to measure the profit management and company's investment, respectively.

Findings from testing the research hypotheses revealed that the investors' myopia has a significant positive effect on the profit management in companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. Moreover, the investors' myopia has a significant negative effect on the companies' investment.

The results of this research show that by increasing the investors' myopia in Tehran Stock Exchange, the companies' managers focus on short-term performance in meeting the myopic investors' expectations to improve profitability and the current stock price for companies. Instead of focusing on the long-term objectives and planning, the managers thus focus on the short-term objectives. Therefore, by profit manipulation through discretionary accruals and future investment reduction, they make attempts to meet the myopic investors' expectations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of behavioral interventions on knowledge sharing behavior using the theory of planned behavior among independent auditors. Attitudes, abstract norms and inclinations are important aspects of this theory and their mediating role in the relationship between behavioral interventions and knowledge sharing behavior has also been investigated.

The present study is applied and falls into the category of experimental research. The method of execution is multi-group post-test design. The statistical population of this study is the auditors working in the auditing organization and auditing institutes in Tehran. The sample is selected from the available sampling method and eliminated (screening). The of structural equations technique and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests have been used to test the research hypotheses.

The results show that behavioral interventions affect the knowledge-sharing behavior of independent auditors by influencing abstract attitudes and norms. In other words, abstract attitudes and norms play a mediating role in the relationship between behavioral interventions and knowledge sharing behavior. There is also a significant difference between the amounts of information shared by each group; Participants who received targeted messages about both behavioral and normative beliefs shared more information.

Independent auditors have a positive attitude about knowledge sharing in their institutions and their mental norms are also influenced by a positive attitude towards knowledge sharing behavior. On the other hand, abstract attitudes and norms are reinforced by purposeful messages (behavioral interventions). These two factors have intensified their desire to share knowledge; But knowledge sharing behavior has not increased in line with this desire.

As prior studies consequences, accruals quality and corporate governance are two important factors that can affect on firms performance significantly. Establishing corporate governance and increasing the quality of that, as one of the benchmarks to measure the performance of the firms, will lead to decrease of agency expenses and so can improve the performance of the firm and subsequently can reduce its volatility. On the other hand, investigating the quality of accruals as one of the main factors affecting the quality of accounting profit that is considered by investors, can also lead to better company performance as well as enhancing investor satisfaction and maintaining the reliability and credibility of the companies. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between accruals quality and corporate governance quality with performance variability of the firm and the impact of corporate governance quality on the relationship between accruals quality and performance variability of the firm. Thus, in this study, three hypothesis are tested.

In this research, two key elements in corporate governance, namely, institutional investors, which enhance information transparency and thus reduce information asymmetry, as well as the characteristics of board members that can help reduce the conflict of interest between shareholders and management, have been studied. For this purpose, the model of Francis et al (2005) was used to measure the accruals quality and the quality of corporate governance and measured by assessing the institutional shareholder ownership, board independence, and the use of financial and accounting experts in the board of directors. In order to calculate the volatility of firm performance, the standard deviation of return on assets was used. Thus, Three hyposeses have been designed and tested using the data of a sample from listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2011 to 2019.

According to the findings of this study, accruals quality and corporate governance quality have a significant negative relationship with corporate performance variability. Also, the quality of corporate governance exacerbates the negative relationship between accruals quality and corporateperformance variability.

Due to the abnormal fluctuations in corporate performance which can reflect the unfavorable status of the company in different aspects, and since enhancing corporate governance and accruals quality helps to improve corporate performance, it can generally be concluded that increase in the quality of corporate governance and the quality of accruals will reduce the variability of the firm's performance as one of the determinants of investor risk.

According to the theoretical concepts of financial reporting, financial statement comparability is one of the qualitative characteristics of information which increases the decision usefulness of relevant accounting information. Comparability affects the usefulness of accounting information through two characteristics of investors, namely their sophistication and information asymmetry. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of financial statement comparability on the relevance of accounting information with emphasis on the role of sophisticated investors and information asymmetry.

The statistical population of this study is all companies listed in the Tehran Stock Market, among them 80 companies in the period 2010 to 2018 have been selected by systematic elimination method.For data analysis and hypothesis testing, multivariate regression model based on compound data is used.

The results of the research model estimation indicate that financial statement comparability has a positive and significant effect on relevance. The findings also show that when sophisticated investors are high, the impact of financial statement comparability on the relevance of accounting information increases. In addition, when information asymmetry is low the impact of financial statement comparability on the relevance of accounting information increases.

The results of this study showed that when there are more sophisticated investors and less private information, the financial statement comparability improves the information users’ ability to identify similarities and differences across economic phenomena. As a result, investors choose the best investment option that leads to efficient resource allocation.