نشریه حقوق اساسی
پیاپی 31 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

The Constitution as criteria for governance has two modes: formal mode and informal one. The latter appears subordinately in era s evolutions. Therefore, in governance course, alteration in form and function of government is probable. Leader Governmental Orders is a consequence of governance experiment. Although they have not introduced in the Constitution definitely, these orders take into account as means of problems resolve and protection of public interest. Therefore, this research seeks to study about entity of this legal subject which has an implied existence in the Constitution. In addition, probes into find a better pattern for the governance by envisaging its impacts. It seems that there is no formal independent framework for enforcing governmental orders in present circumstances; however they have been existed on the strength of leader’s personal authority. Besides, the expanse s of these orders and their validity duration must have regarded.

National Inspection Agency as one of the supervisory arms in national legal system can have importance role in optimal management and ensure proper and efficient execution rules, regulations and objectives of the country's administrative organizations. This organization takes action the exercise of his powers to monitor the country's administrative apparatus in all three branches. Therefore, the characteristic of this organization is monitoring, identity and essential dimension. Hence, examining this essential dimension of the organization and exploring its meaning and concept it plays an important role in better and more efficient performance of the organization's competencies. With the research that was done in the dimensions of organizational supervision, It can be said that the nature of the supervision of the National Inspection Agency is an administrative-judicial nature. In this research, an attempt has been made that the organization and oversight be examined together. Of course, the main focus of the research is to examine the dimensions of supervision and how to implement it. So in two parts: descriptive and analytical, we will address this issue.

In the current era of communication between developed societies, the place of support for peers in the international humanitarian law system is of great importance. The manifestation of this position is evident in the formulation of legal provisions in support of refugees and refugees. The United Nations has adopted several conventions in support of the aforementioned individuals, which are often accepted by most countries. Islamic regulations also include humanitarian orders for all human beings in all circumstances, including warfare, dealing with fighters, captives and war refugees. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to answer the question of how governments' obligations to accept refugees from the perspective of Islam and international humanitarian law are assessed? The results of this study show that, despite the emphasis on international documents and regulations, as well as the teachings and orders of Islam in accepting and supporting refugees and refugees, the teachings and regulations are not fully implemented in practice.

The future of human life depends upon preserving a healthy environment free of any pollution (contaminants) and the environmental destruction could eventually bring about the destruction of humanity. Therefore, the environmental degradation and pollution is not only despicable, but hazardous and costly as well and the public has a duty to protect it. In this regard, to have the environment protected from pollution and degradation due to reasons such as urban high population growth and the necessity to devise a settlement, urban and industrial wastes, destruction of forests and other natural resources, air pollution in large cities, many countries have enacted environmental laws and regulations in their legal systems and have established organizations, institutions and agencies devoted to the environmental protection. On the other hand, as the right to a healthy environment is one of citizenship rights linked integrally to the sustainable development, the enactment of legislation should, at a minimum, be in relation to the principles of sustainable development. The present research is an analytic and descriptive study using library resources including articles, books and other materials about the subject area. This study indicated that many laws have been approved in order to protect the environment, but they didn’t fully respect the foundations and principles of sustainable environmental development; so that some of these principles are considered at the standard-level by legislator, some have not been mentioned, and some others remained implicit by the legislator.

The Guardian Council of the Constitution is one of the most important institutions in the Iranian legal system. The Guardian Council has two basic functions: the interpretation of the Constitution and Supervise the rules in order not to contradict the SHARIAT and the Constitution. On the other hand in contemporary societies, the media is one of the most important elements of a society that is both influenced by governments and has a profound effect on the sustainability and behavior of governments. Therefore, the Guardian Council's opinion on the media is very important. In this study, we will get acquainted with the concept of media and the position of the media in the views of the Guardian Council and the evolution of this position during different periods