Multidisciplinary Cancer Investigation
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Jan 2021

The early diagnosis of breast cancer as prevalent cancer among women, is a necessity in the research on cancers since it could simplify the clinical management of other patients. The importance of the classification of breast cancer patients into high- or low-risk groups has led research groups in the biomedical and informatics departments to evaluate and use computer techniques such as data mining. To date, various methods have been used for breast cancer diagnosis which has shown unfavorable accuracy due to issues such as computational complexities and prolonged implementation.

The present study aimed to apply the feature selection method based on the binary bat algorithm (BBA) to increase the accuracy of the breast cancer diagnosis. Feature selection is carried out to select the most important features from a dataset. We applied the naïve bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), and J48 algorithms in MATLAB software; based on the dataset obtained from Wisconsin to evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity, and diagnostic criteria of the proposed model.

The BBA had 99.28%, 96.43%, and 92.86% accuracy in SVM, NB and J48 algorithms, respectively.

According to the results, the feature selection technique, along with the BBA and SVM, yielded the most accurate results regarding breast cancer detection.

Conventionally, in specific diseases, patients receive similar therapies; relying on a "one size fits all" approach. The discovery of P5 (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory, and psycho-cognitive) improves personalized diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Considering the high prevalence, mortality rate, and complexity of cancers, there is a critical necessity to choose specific and individualized therapies in each case. In this point of view, immunology has a vital role in the biological variability of the patient-to-patient system and tumor microenvironment heterogeneity. Thus, it is required to improve personalized immunology in various diseases and cancers as well. Notably, personalized immunology will develop personalized cancer treatments and improve clinical outcomes. In this study, we proposed to review the essential roles of personalized immunology in cancer personalized therapies. Also, we can suggest the transformation of P5 medicine into P6 medicine, with the sixth P standing for personalized immunology.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancers in the world and early-screening is still the best method of cancer patient survival. However, colonoscopy as the current gold standard is not without flaws and an emerging technique called surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with machine learning is a possible candidate that could be applied in parallel with colonoscopy. This paper looks into the principles of SERS along with one of the most used machine learning algorithms: principal component analysis (PCA), and linear discriminate analysis (LDA). Case studies will be presented in the SERS application towards early screening, targeted imaging, and alternative diagnosis. The paper will conclude with the authors’ analysis of the current landscape of SERS  implementation into  clinical applications. This review article highlights the promising technology of SERS as a potentially useful tool for clinicians and calls their attention toward this emerging technology.

The present study aimed at determining the effect of social media on breast cancer knowledge and health behaviors of the women.

The data were collected from 476 women who had willing to participate in the study, using Google forms on social media from February to May 2018.

The results indicated that the time spent on social media decreased, and self- efficacy and health motivation increased by age. The total scores of health beliefs in the subjects believing that social media raised their awareness of breast cancer were higher compared to the ones who did not. The results also showed that the perceived benefit and self-efficacy levels of the subjects increased, and their perceived barrier levels decreased as their breast cancer knowledge increased.

It was concluded that the total scores of health belief of the subjects believing in the role of social media in raising awareness about breast cancer were high, and as their knowledge of breast cancer increased, their perceived benefit and self- efficacy levels increased, and their perceived barrier levels decreased.

 Majority of asymptomatic women in rural areas refuse Pap smear examination on the pretext that they have no gynecological problems. After intense persuasion and motivation, few of such individuals underwent a cytological examination. Some of these women also revealed healthy cervices on clinical examination. Cytological findings obtained from healthy women with no gynecological symptoms and clinical lesions were presented in the current paper.

 In the present study, the normal women were selected from the Rural Cervical Cancer Screening Program which is in progress in the villages of three blocks of West Lucknow. During seven years (from May to February 2020), a total of 2949 women were cytologically examined of which 848 were normal with no gynecological symptoms and had healthy cervices.

 Cytology results of 848 normal women revealed squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of the cervix in 123 (14.5%), while the squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) rate was 17.1% in 2015 symptomatic subjects; however, the difference was statically insignificant. The SIL rate in the normal women showed rise with increase in age and parity but the difference in the SIL rate in the different age and parity groups was statically insignificant. A high SIL rate was also observed with illiteracy (15.8%) which may be due to poor personal genital hygiene.

 A high SIL rate in the 848 normal women emphasizes the need for cytological screening even in the absence of gynecological symptoms and clinical lesions of the cervix to rule out any advent of pre-malignancy. Adequate treatment in time prevents any progression of the lesion to malignancy.

 Lymphedema is one of the most disturbing complications of breast cancer treatment and some routine medical procedures such as blood pressure (BP) monitoring or injections have been reported to be the major risk factors for lymphedema. This systematic review aimed to shed light on the safety of some medical procedures among breast cancer survivors with and without lymphedema.

 An electronic systematic search in Pubmed and Scopus was undertaken from 1 January 1992 to 12 May 2020 and all relevant studies were summarized in a table based on the PRISMA guideline.

 Twenty-three articles were included from which 11 and 8 articles were prospective and retrospective original studies, respectively. The remaining 4 articles were case reports. BP measurement, injections, blood draw, and hand surgeries were the medical procedures of interest. Most of the included studies have reported that these medical procedures did not result in lymphedema initiation or worsening in breast cancer survivors; however, case reports of the harmful effects of these procedures were also included in this systematic search.

 Although recent well-designed prospective studies did not show any significant side effects from medical procedures in breast cancer survivors, concerns exist for both healthcare staff and patients. Additionally, it seems that there are specific aspects that have not been investigated properly in previous studies and should be considered in future studies.