فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 57 (تابستان 1399)

Economical evolution is too important in the era of AqQoyunlu despite of the importance of the cultural and political evolutions of Iran in second half of century 9. Economical policies had been based on landed property and breeding system ozoun Hasan, the founder of this dynasty, has been provided a legislation which was great. Most parts of the legislation was about the rate and kinds of Taxes which farmers and paul terers must obey and pay it to the government. He made equalities all arounnd the country about land taxes. He wrote a legislation about determining of people complaint , punishment , and fine. Then sent it to all around the country for obeying. He wanted them to obey, revise, and reform it dueto decreasing of the taxes pressure on people. Some of the other kings decided to follow him and made equalities among their government to prevent of taxes increasing and removing non slamic taxes and its anarchy. Especially king Yaaghoub tried his best about suyurgal, But Roustam Beig destroyed it and increased suyurgal trans fering and allotting.

The study of the role of woman in textile production cycle , which includes economic activities , in safavid period provides a more complete picture of how islamic civilization flourished in this era . the research question is how islamic - shiite approach of safavid era in preparing the essential Religioussubstrates , social and economic contexts for women economic activities in the field of textile production . the results obtained in this study showed that women in light of conditions emerged from islamic - shia laws could benefit from religious backgrounds like women 's separation from men in society in women related professions such as raw silk , Wool spinning and participation in producing textiles and handicrafts such as textiles , carpets and Embroidered gold. in addition , women by means of teaching such as endowment were able to create inns and roads to economic prosperity for commerce in safavid era

The present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical data collection method in this research is a library. The findings of the research indicate that the markets and guilds, due to foreign influence, the expansion and publication of newspapers, their role and function has gone beyond the purely economic and commercial spheres has taken on a political and social aspect.This issue has fundamentally changed the structure and nature of guilds and bazaars and has taken them out of the status of a class and turned it into a class for itself. This issue has affected the bazaars and guilds on developments formation of the tobacco movement, the Chamber of Commerce, the Constitutional Revolution, the National Assembly and the formation of the National Bank so that the bazaars have a positive impact on the course of events and developments up to this time. But after the constitution until 1320, due the lack of unity within the group, the weakness of trade union and class consciousness and the coming to power of Reza Shah and the formation of government and class imbalance and tendency to land ownership, bazaars and guilds became inefficient and could not cope with political developments. Have positive social and economic effects.

Persepolis is one of the most valuable historical monuments in Iran and the world, which is very important because of its political position, sovereignty, geographical location, architecture and its role in the developments of ancient Iranian history.It was started by Darius and continued during the reign of Ardashir I. Therefore, the present article seeks to examine the kingdom of Darius the Great and Ardashir I and their role in the development of Persepolis. After expanding the conceptual space of the research topic, he will examine the role of Dariush the Great and Ardeshir I in the development of Persepolis. According to the thematic documents presented in this study, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection in this research is library. The findings of this study indicate that the land of Iran has long been the origin of great and ancient civilizations, the Achaemenid kingdom is one of them that is aware of the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome and of course from These civilizations have inspired and influenced them, this has influenced the formation and construction of Persepolis.Secondly, many consider the construction of Persepolis to be from the time of Darius the Great, which was later restored by the kings, and during the reign of Ardashir I, its construction and development were added.

Water has always played an important and decisive role in the formation of the human civilizations, including the Elamite civilization. Since the early human had defined god symbols for every phenomenon important to him, he also defined the gods of water in all civilizations. It is also known that in the Elamite civilization, since its earliest civilization, water gods and their creatures have always had a special place, including creatures. Those who were associated with the gods of water and the creatures of the gods Ea/Enki waters' deities have been seen among the Elamite motifs and works since ancient Elam. Of course, given the limited resources available to Elamite civilization, as well as the interplay between the two Elamite and Mesopotamian civilizations, and the greater diversity of interpersonal resources, the role, and status of fish-women should be examined in light of their background in Mesopotamian civilization. This is not, of course, due to the complete conformity of these concepts in these two civilizations, but, due to the lack of Elamite resources in this respect, the closest concepts to Elamite concepts can be found among the sources available among the interpersonal concepts. This article is based on the library study method on the existing evidence and it seeks to study the role of the fish-women in the Elam civilization.

Hassan Taghizade is a leader of Iran constitutional Revolution and also he is a political cultural and scientific person , he is so controversial and the most unknown political actor in Iran contemporary history. He was a person who had a lot of fan and also a lot of against and both of these groups had their reasons and their opinions . Fereydoon Adamiyat was one of the person who had a lot of criticism and insult about him in his writings . He not only criticized Taghizade severally in his writings but also he criticized and insulted everyone who protected and complimented and made him the most important person in constitutional Revolution . As far as Iraj Afshar and Mojtaba Minavi to Mrs . Lambton and Niki Kedi. In this research we follow the investigations of Adamiyat's opinions about Taghizade and understand its reasons sif they're true or false. Printed sources in libraries, documents and magazines archives, books written by Admit and Taghizadeh , different Iranian and foreign articles and the parliament’s minutes of meeting have been used to conduct the present research.

Scenes of hunting and drawing human domination over animals are engraved on Elamite seals; those are among the popular motifs of ancient ear. The analysis and interpretation of these images reflect the symbolic messages that reveal the thoughts and beliefs of the people of this period. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the patterns of hunting scenes in the impress of Elamite seals from 3000 to 700 BC according to the sacred. Iconography method is used to analyze and interpret the impress of seals. A total of 34 the impress of seals were selected among hunting scenes which was examined by statistical method and recording information in many diagrams. This result was obtained after analyzing the information: The motifs of hunting scenes by Elamite seals have the following meanings: Hunting for food and clothing, bravery on the battlefield, human defense of herd ownership, recounting the constellation, dominating that animal in the real world, receiving the animal's powers and transmitting it to humans, symbols of the gods and animals belonging to them. These scenes show scenes of the sacred. Because the act of hunting is sacred, and the hunting ground is a divine battlefield.

Intellectuals are among the social classes that create new forms of social, political, and cultural patterns and there is no denying the power of their transformation in society. The most important of an intellectual is their critical and questioning spirit and they also show a tendency to fight against the established powers. Its constituent forces can be clerics, journalists, teachers, professors, party activists, and artists. The main demand of these intellectuals was the establishment of a new European-style law system, the re-identification and national traditions of Iran, prohibiting clerics from interfering in politics and establishing new political institutions based on national sovereignty, and creating a modern national government. In examining the position of these forces in the era of Reza Shah, mostly the forces critical of the government and outside Reza Khani's political apparatus have intended to comment. Reza Shah's period is one in which important developments in the public and higher education, as well as movements in the modernization of the education system and higher education occurred in Iran. As a result, the enlightenment phenomenon manifests itself on a larger scale. The government's critical behavior eventually led to Reza Shah's strong reaction to them till the intellectuals were either imprisoned or attracted to Reza Shah's apparatus and due to the lack of public base, they were unable to make a significant impact on developments. In addition, Reza Shah was not optimistic about intellectual activities and that got the intellectuals out of the way individually, either organizationally or in groups

Salafis are people who have tried to make other Muslims look down on the Shiites by slandering the Shiites.Not only do they consider the Shiites outside the religion of Islam, but they also accuse the Shiites of distorting the Holy Quran and the Book of God. Muslim historians, scholars, and Islamic thinkers have left many books, articles, and works in the words of the Salafis, especially Ibn Taymiyyah and his students.This article tries to expose the accusations of Salafis against Shiism and also examines the views of historians, thinkers, Islamic scholars and Muslim scholars (Shia and Sunni) in the Salafi approach to the three principles of religion, monotheism, prophecy and imamate.The main issue is what are the opinions and thoughts of Muslim scholars and thinkers on the principles of monotheism, prophethood and Imamate with a Salafi approach? This research is a descriptive-analytical method.But what the author intends is to rely on the views and ideas of Shiite and Sunni Muslim historians in the Salafi approach to monotheism, prophecy and Imamate.

Rebellion is one of the most important topics of political and governmental jurisprudence in the history of Islam, the origin of which is verse 9 of surah hojorut. If two groups of Muslims fight and fight against each other, peace and reconciliation must be established between them, and if one group overcomes and oppresses the other, they must rise up against the oppressor to fight the cause of God. But most jurists refer to this verse as the exclusion of obedience from the righteous Imam. According to the arguments and evidences in the era of rebellion absenteeism, there are also exiles against the Imam's successor, who is also the universal supreme leader, in other words a rebellion and an uprising and uprising, etc. Confrontation with the insurgents and the rebels is carried out by the Supreme Leader and the Islamic ruler. Based on the Alawite Book and Sire, and the Islamic state due to its importance and position from the beginning, especially during the reign of Imam Ali and the Prophet. Islam is confronted with such behaviors with the axis of the jurisdiction. Therefore, for any kind of treatment with the Outlaws, one should turn to the Prophet's function and, before taking any violent action against the Outlaws, give them guidance and guidance and answer any possible doubts. The main purpose of this article is to study the subject of rhetoric in historical and jurisprudential manner, using descriptive analytical method and library study tools.

The expansion of Islamic lands and the needs of Muslims provided the conditions for these lands to come together. Certainly the road and the caravanserai were one of the issues that could fulfill some of this. In the Islamic lands, the Silk Road was a vital part of the highway between East and West. There were numerous subways along this highway, and the important cities on the roads were definitely one of these Neyshabur. Called the east of the metropolis. The geographical and climatic conditions of Neyshabur helped to extend these routes east to Neyshabur, and from there to other areas, until the Mongol invasion and somehow after the Mongol invasion until the Qajar era. The purpose of this article is to describe the ways and ligaments of Neyshabur in a descriptive-analytical way based on library studies. The results show that roads were used for trade and human trade before Neyshabur, both before and during the Islamic period, but population centers such as Neyshabur also emphasized the prosperity and importance of these roads, especially Silk way has added.

In 1315 AD, an association was formed with the aim of establishing new schools and developing education in Tehran, which became known as the Education Association. This association helped the process of building schools by collecting donations and donations from the people, and within six months, it established schools such as opening, elementary, religious, and mozaffariyya, and gathered three thousand students in these schools. In addition to that, the association took action in the field of book printing, translation and publication of Maarif newspaper and formation of classes for adults. But the personal interest of some members and the differences between them did not allow this association to achieve its cultural goals. With the dismissal of Amin-doleh, the association faced many problems. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, this issue will be discussed and the causes and factors of its failure will be investigated.