نشریه گلجام
پیاپی 35 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Handmade carpet as one of the most important employment industries in nomadic and rural areas of Iran has experienced many ups and downs in recent decades. A proper and sustainable planning for the preservation and development of this art-industry is to provide a clear and comprehensive picture of the status of carpet weaving and its ups and downs in each of these areas. The main question in this article is also based on this issue. In other words, the study was aimed at providing a clear and complete picture of the carpet condition of Qashqai tribes inhabited in the Firouzabad region of Fars in the past decade and seeks to answer the question of how the process of production and what product have been during the mentioned period. This paper presents the results of research conducted in 10 villages of Firoozabad district in the period from 2007 to 2017, the majority of villages’ population is from different tribes of Qashqai. These villages including Jaidasht, Moushgan, Jahad Abad, Mord Shahrak, Baygan, Deh Bram, Nouderan, Najaf Abad, Atashkadeh and Ruzbedan, also, the carpets in this study have a maximum 40 years old. The carpets of this region in last decades have enjoyed a special boom because of the settlement of various tribes of Qashqai, the proximity of villages to Firoozabad, and the close association between buyers and producers with weavers. Among these villages, Jaidasht and Baygan produce the most quality carpets and they are the highest in terms of quantity. The common designs of this region are Botte, Herati, stripe design, medallion, prayer design. In the mentioned villages, weaver use cartoon to weave carpets but used cartons are different from urban workshops. In this type of cartoon, the composition of the design and color is the responsibility of the weaver.

After the arrival of Islam and the prohibition of the use of animals and human figures, the Islamic artists invented new and different manners to decorate various art forms; one of this way was applying different calligraphy styles in their pieces. The carpet was one those which got influenced by calligraphyThis investigation will study the importance of writing and calligraphy; and the factors, which influence on the quality and execution of rules and geometry of writing in carpet through analyzing the collected samples and a descriptive-analytical manner. It is well known that the carpet, in comparison with the other branches of art, has a limitation in execution and techniques especially in design. This investigation has analyzed the samples up to Qajar period while considering the technical limitations as the main obstacle for the lack of executing the letters in calligraphy although with utmost beauty and maturity, and also taking into consideration that the use of writing as a subsidiary factor, leads to less attention to its execution. Eventually, it is concluded that the technical limitation, in some cases human mistakes, neglect and imprecision were factors, which had influence on execution of the carpet.  Between different types of writing, Nastaliq was the only script, which has received most infliction in both execution form and technical points.

Handmade Carpet education at the university was based on the requirements for bachelor in 1996 and was approved the master course in 2010. One of the Carpet supporters concerns about creating and development this course, was curriculum, faculty, students and resources science. This research is aimed at studying the inputs of the carpet master according to the CIPP model, quantitative and qualitative method with researcher and interview. Also, statistical society in quantitative section is students, graduations and professors at universities. This section possible sampling method was 264 selected. Also quantitative section statistical experience carpet 46 sampling. Incremental analysis the result of qualitative used by thematic analysis and results of qualitative used by descriptive, inferential and statistical. This results show this inputs master if the carpet is low level and needs are review this fields in the meantime, the variable is in four the ranking. Evaluation and review curriculum on based with changes in society and students. Also, attraction of a specialist carpet expert is on of the research propose.

The role of human resources and its effective management in the development and development of countries is known. In handmade carpet industry, attention to human tissue is not considered as the most dynamic element of the cycle of production of handmade carpet booms. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of pathology of factors influencing the preservation and increase of manpower of handmade carpet weavers in three levels of environmental factors, micro-environment and internal factors in Shiraz. In total, after reviewing the research background, 83 variables were identified in 3 dimensions of environmental factors, micro, or industry and in-organization environment. The method of data collection was using library and field resources. Questionnaire data collection tool. Data analysis was done descriptively and inferential using Testifodent and Friedman test. The results of the research indicate that out of a total of 83 variables, 60 positive, 4 negative and 19 variables have been negatively affected. Of these 19 negative variables, 11 variables are related to macro environment factors, 3 variables related to the industrial environment, and 5 variables related to the internal dimension of the organization. Therefore, it can be said that these factors are the environments that have the most negative effect on the stagnation or flourishing of the carpet industry and, consequently, the increase or decrease of weavers in Shiraz.

Carpet weaving constituted the most important industry of Kerman province in the end of Qajars period. This industry attracted a large number of manpower and allotted itself the highest digit of export. There were many factories in flourishing carpet weaving of Kerman. The most effective factor in the prosperous of the industry was outer investing and foreign demand. In this investigation, the author on the bases of historical documents, texts and using descriptive-analytical method set out to discuss about weaving of carpet in Kerman and want to response to the question; What was the association between the capitalist system and the global market with carpet industry of Kerman during the Qajar period? Findings of the study shows growth of carpet weaving ensued by a type of global division of labor and on the bases of it, Iran had placed on the edge of international business system. Concentration in carpet weaving declined partly the other industries and attracted manpower of other manufacturing. Therefore carpet weaving was placed in the pinnacle industries of Kerman and even Iran. Rate of carpet trade between years of 1906-1907/1324-1325 embraced 53/21 percent of the whole of Kerman’s export. This digit in the years 1909-1910 increased to over 99/5 percent and on the eve of WWI, in 1913-1914 export of Iranian carpet and shawl to Europe and America by Bander Abbas outlet elevated to 97/78 percent of Kerman’s trade.

in defining and recognizing the originality of the carpet, it is necessary to adhere to the features of the appearance, including the color, design and function of the texture, such as the type of knot and tufts, and ... neglecting the intangible features such as the traditions of the tissue community and  The historical, social and economic status of that society leads to a complete lack of comprehension of the carpet and its characteristics.In this study, in order to find a more complete definition of the originality indices in the carpet, in addition to its physical features, it also embraces the carpet forming concept, the notion of authenticity in the protection of cultural heritage and history, which is also characteristic  Tangible and intangible effects of the work have been considered. Based on the qualitative research method and the content analysis strategy and logical deduction, the analysis of the concepts of authenticity in the cultural heritage has been studied in accordance with the international conventions, and then by expanding it to the characteristic  In the end, the carpet has been extracted the features of carpet authenticity in two intangible and intangible forms.Finally, it is concluded that the carpet can be analyzed in search of its authenticity, such as the cultural and historical heritage, according to the opinions of the International Cultural Heritage Conservation Convention in its formation platform, and its intangible features  Also to be investigated.

One of the important rural and nomadic occupations in Iran, from ancient times, is the hand of tissues such as Glimm, Jajim and Varni weaving, which has very little information about them due to their raw materials. Meanwhile, there are very few ancient data that can provide information about Iranchr('39')s hand-woven items. The village of Ace, with its cemetery full of gravestones, is one of the most valuable findings in this area. This cemetery plays an essential role in completing researcherschr('39') information about the warp weaving history and its related equipment during the Safavid period. Now, this paper intends to study the instruments of the wool weaving in the graveyard of Ace Kalibar using descriptive-analytical studies and based on field and library studies. This research seeks to answer the following long-term: Aucanian stone fields can provide evidence of rural walnut in the Safavid period and its related equipment? According to this research, it was found that the creation of motifs related to the deceasedchr('39')s occupation was commonplace in the cemetery, and handicrafts such as worn-out professions related to the occupations of this village were found in stone fields, and knitting tools such as Carpet equipment, Duffin, scissors, shoulder and knife on the deceased grave.

Bijar Rug (Iron Rug) or Garous Rug is one of the most famous Iranian rugs in the world. Its world-wide reputation raises the question that to which historical period, does this artwork of Bijar belong? In the present study, to answer this question, the researcher has endeavored to investigate the position of mythical images and patterns in Bijar rug art, and then the mentioned images and concepts were studied in rugs with Kurdistan Baghi and Charbagh Patterns; finally codified rugs and carpets woven in Bijar were taken into consideration. The purpose of the present study was to estimate how old rug-weaving art in Garous Province is. The methodology of the research consisted of interviews, studying books, journals, and articles, and visiting the museums in order to investigate the images of Bijar Baghi, Charbagh and codified rugs. According to the researcher’s investigations, it can be stated that mythical images drawn on Bijar rug are influenced by the western civilizations of Iran Plateau appearing in the form of mythical symbols such as animals and plants; thus this rug-weaving art dates back to millenniums B.C. Also the existence of rugs woven in Safavieh, Qajar, and Pahlavi periods is the indication of prevalence and fame of this art in Iran and all over the world.

Nowadays, the status of e-commerce in the exchange of art works is the subject of study experts in the field of art economics. Considering the importance of this issue, identifying the effective factors in accepting e-commerce in this sector of the economy is essential.  Hence, using this technology in the art sector, especially the handmade carpet exchanges, we can overcome the problems in the handmade carpet economy and achieve the positive outcomes in the field of economy with the support of handmade carpets, owing to its effective role in the Iranchr('39')s economy.The present research aims to find an answer for the following questions: 1. How can e-commerce contribute in development of the economy based on handmade carpets and related factors? 2. What infrastructures are needed to use e-commerce for the development of the economy based on handmade carpets?Thus, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the benefits of using e-commerce to develop the handmade carpet economy in Iran and identify the effective infrastructures in accepting e-commerce and exploiting it in the development of the economy based on handmade carpets. The research method in this study is descriptive-survey. Library resources, valid internet websites and questionnaires were used to collect the data. This research investigates e-commerce, art economics and handmade carpets. Then, research results are presented by analyzing the data. Finally, some recommendations are presented to achieve the research goals and future research.  Based on the results of this study, creating a cultural and educational context for handmade carpet authorities and creating the necessary infrastructure for accepting e-commerce would be of great contribution in the development of handmade carpet exchanges.

New ways of marketing in world trade led to a position that customers are the market drivers. So it is necessary that new ways of marketing to be used in the trade of traditional and valuable Iranian goods. In the world of handmade carpet business, the word sale should not be used. Handmade carpets should be marketed, meaning a permanent relationship in the interest of customers. In this regard, due to the importance of customer relationship management (CRM) and brand extension (BE) for handmade carpet export, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of CRM on BE with an emphasis on the mediating role of brand equity in the handmade carpet industry of Iran (studied in Tehran and Isfahan provinces). This study is practical in term of purpose and based on the nature and method is descriptive-causal from the survey branch. Statistical population of the survey are all consumers and buyers of handmade carpets; given the unlimited size of the population, non-random in access sampling method was used. The number of questionnaires distributed was 215, of which 204 responded to the questionnaires.The data collecting tool is a combination of three questionnaires: customer relationship management (Leo et al., 2005), brand equity (Baily et al., 2013) and brand development (Pena & Garcia, 2017). Data analysis was done by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS2 software. The results showed that most of the paths and hypotheses were confirmed, but the effect of brand awareness, brand perceived quality and brand loyalty on BE were rejected; the highest effect was the effect of CRM on brand equity (47%) as well as brand equity on BE (89%). Among other paths, CRM has the most effect on the brand perceived quality (brand equity dimension) with an effect level of 60%.On the other hand, the brand association brand has a positive and significant effect on BE among brand equity components with a coefficient of 0.73 and t-value of 7.931. Brand equity also has a mediating role in the effect of CRM on BE, which explains brand development by as much as 47%. On the other hand, among the components of brand equity, only brand association with 66 percent has a mediating role between CRM and BE. According to research findings, CRM, along with brand equity, has played an important role in enhancing the BE of the handmade carpet industry; Therefore, the results of this research can be useful for companies and brands of handmade carpets in order to be able to communicate effectively with customers and ultimately brand development.

Although carpet has a very long history in Iran, the purpose of this article is to study one of the most important periods of Persian art history before the Safavid, Turkomani Period; and one of the most important ways to know these period carpets is the reports of European tourists, especially the Venetian merchantschr('39') from Tabriz, pointing to the beautiful rugs of the Blue Mosque and the silk-woven rugs of the Uzun Hasan courts. In addition to these reports, the pictures of carpets can be seen in the paintings of that period, a typical examples of which are Big Head Shahname, Khamse Nizami and Khavaran Neme belonging to the Turkomani period. And since the Turkmen era, is a prelude to one of the most important periods of the Iranian regime, the Safavids. Therefore, the emphasis on conducting research on Turkmen carpet can be the source of many ambiguities in the carpet of the later period. Therefore, one of the reasons for this research was the lack of special attention to the Turkish carpets by the researchers. Although the study of pre Safavid carpets has its own problems, the lack of carpet documentation and the lack of attention of experts in the field to Turkmen carpets are among the research problems of this section. Despite these problems, the present article can lead to the recognition of the carpets of this period of transition and important. Other goal of this research is extraction of roles and drawings that have the essence of Turkomani carpet and are considered to be the starting of Safavid carpets. In this regard, there have been some research questions, including: What are the characteristic of Turkomani carpetschr('39') motifs? and what effects do it have on Safavid carpets? Research method is historical- analytical-descriptive in the search for fact; the collection of information is a library.

The greatest reputation of Iranian handmade carpets is after the beauty of its design, its brightness, its durability and its longevity. Some of these carpets, which are a valuable treasure of the art of this border, are kept in museums and collections that are surrounded by conditions Non-normative acts cause serious damage, and sometimes even damage to them.Air pollutants are very numerous in terms of their origin and health effects, and it is virtually impossible to check all of them. Therefore, a group of air pollutants, called carbon monoxide, ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, are commonly studied. Therefore, considering the importance and necessity of controlling pollutants and their essential role in managing environmental conditions, it is necessary to identify major pollutants in the museum and how their effective control in the environment is the main objective of this research. . Important factors such as dust, carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides should be analyzed instantaneously and permanently in order to control compliance with standard standards in the carpet museum environment.This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out with environmental studies, statistical and sampling methods as well as library and laboratory studies. To identify and introduce atmospheric contaminants and to study, measure and monitor these factors in the museum to identify the most practical And the most appropriate carpet and carpet maintenance method. Therefore, the carpet museum in Tehran has been selected to implement these methods. Finally, it was determined that the pollutants in the Persian carpet museum were in the year 1395; in the summer, it was more than the winter season. Which was the most infected months of the year in the summer of August (due to the highest occurrence of dust phenomena) and January-December (due to the most invasive phenomenon). March was the most desirable month of the year due to the increasing volatility of atmospheric conditions and the reduction of urban traffic volumes.