فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 39 (خریف 2020)

In this article text creation mechanisms and aesthetics of language structure in the novel Firdaws al-yabāb (the barren paradise) are investigated. This novel is full of poetic language is concise and inspiring. The novel is characterized by the use of compact language and other texts as if it benefits from other experiences in order to show the inner world and disagree with whatever exists. Laylā Juhanī used other texts to create and develop the text and combined different texts to complete her literary invention. Hence, the critique and discovery of the broad meaning of this novel begins from its beginning. The beginning of a story as its plot is very important to guide to the meaning of the text. Various research methods such as structuralism, semiotics and stylistics have been used in this research, all of which lie under the umbrella term of structuralism. This study does not deal with the theoretical issues related to structuralism that are found in abundance in various sources and references, and has attempted to show these theories in practice in the novel. This article emphasizes the importance of the beginning of the story to discover the hidden meaning in the text and addresses issues such as to make poetic the language and the internal and external relations of the text as mechanisms for text development. The results show that Firdaws al-yabāb has linguistic poetic potentials and numerous textual possibilities. In this article, it is shown that Firdaws al-yabāb is a large metaphor around which small metaphors have been formed.

Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, a Palestinian skilful story writer in the second half of twenty century, deals with Palestinian social, political and cultural situations in those days through writing novels. Fully aware of turbulent situation of Palestine, he is in search of creating a savior to save Palestine from oppressions of oppressors and injustice of mental backwardness. Jabra Ibrahim Jabra exhibited a generation who bore the burden of responsibility to make changes and revolution against mental backwardness. Jabra technically influenced from Bakhtin's polyphony. In the 'In search of  Valid Masoud' he draws a collection of voices participated in a narrative system by applying polysemy method, and proceeds the story by analyzing these voices according to their relation to the voice of protagonist. One of the most important devices used in the story is the stream of consciousness. The protagonist of the story rereads his career in the method of the stream of consciousness in a recorded tape remained from him. This study shows that Jabra used a new technique in reflecting characters voices. Finally, when all characters encounter Valid Masoud's photograph and his face becomes known, reveals their similarities and all other voices removed in order to reveal one voice and one dominant view which is the voice of Valid Masoud that can be said to be the symbol of Palestine.

The vast field of fictional literature covers points and themes, each of which, due to its eloquence relations, has a wide range of various elements and themes. In the meantime, the study of these stories according to ideas of theorists, is a firm step in the way of criticizing and analyzing texts in terms of discovering the internal elements of the text. Eileen Baldeshwiler is one of the theorists who has been able to present various relationships in the stories by emphasis on five principles of revelation of lyric stories. Therefore, in the present study, we decided to explain Bijan Najdi's story of Wet Tuesday according to the ideas of this theorist. The result of research in this field was that the Wet Tuesday that benefits of appropriate elements and themes, paves a good way for critique and analysis of lyrical principles. Hence, in the process of explaining this story according to the ideas of Eileen Baldeshwiler we can observe deep subjectivism on the basis of widespread anachronism and intersection of the emotional curve with the symbols and the intellectual challenges of the characters in the dreamy and mental images, The story is open ended and the author does not inform the reader of the fate and final of the hero.

In this article, the method of conclude-composing in the lyrical poem of Zāl and Rudābeh by Ferdawsi, the famous Iranian poet, has been scrutinized: by asking why the poet chose Visāl (attainment) for the end his love story? and what factors influenced this choice? To achieve this goal, contemplation in several issues such as the author's personal beliefs, dominant beliefs of the society, environment and tradition, the influence of old myths and beliefs on the minds of the previous, present and future people from the time of the poet as well as the reasons for visāl from various social, political, cultural, religious and moral aspects have been studied. From among the findings of this research we can mention the bravery and courage of the lover in reaching the beloved, the beauty of the lover and the beloved, enduring hardships, pure and mutual love, the peace-loving spirit of Iranians, the continuous use of rational and spiritual sources by the characters, exogamy, disappearance of contradictions, and other factors that finally lead to the outcome of these actions and reactions to overcome rivals and remove barriers to visāl. In this study prior to study reasons of visāl, a brief biography of the poet and a summary and background of the story is mentioned. This study is done in library and descriptive-analytic method and by use of authentic articles.

The Imagology (Fr. Imagologie) is one of the new important branches of the Comparative literature or Comparative criticism in French school that deals with the image of "I" and "Other" in literary texts. The image of "Other" is like a mirror that on the one hand, I sees in it his/her view, and on the other hand the "Other" can see I's viewpoint of his/her view in it. Don Giovanni is a Spanish legendary character who is famous as a philander or gallant or flirt-man. The same character is European cultures. This character is fond of relations to many women and is continuously in search of new cases and leave the old ones. Samīh al-Qāsim and Abullah Pashew, two great poets of the Resistance literature in Arabic and Kurdish literature, has each one an ode for Don Giovanni in order to use it to enrich their resistance literature through its image reflection and to create more fruitful poetic concepts. This essay in the light of comparative literature and by use of descriptive-analytic approach tries to disclose the Arab and kurd "I" outlook in  imaging "Spanish mythical other" and employing it in their poems. Samih al-Qāsim's imaging of Don Giovanni is tolerant and compromising, but Abullah Pashew's is in the beginning tolerance and then changes to negative and ugly one. I in these two odes are of the real kind (human being) and "other" is of the mythical type.

According to the semiotic theory of Riffaterre that is built upon the reader’s literary competence, reading a poem takes place in two levels of heuristic and retroactive. In this theory, in addition to attention to the various aspects of the poem structure, namely accumulations, descriptive systems, hypograms, and key topics and structural matrix, some hidden layers of poems disclose and coherence, mental plan and implications behind the surface meaning of the poem explained. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical method in reread the poem 'Passage to Exile' and tries to understand hidden layers of that poem in the proposed framework of Riffaterre. The results of the present study show that in the poem some accumulations of "power and domination', "pain and sadness", 'colonialism", "fighting and protest" and descriptive poems of 'train", "woman", "homeland" and "accused" and the origins of "the chaotic and awful past" in the poem leads to a mood of anxiety and sad, despair of better situations in the future. Dominant ungrammaticality of the poem includes metaphor, simile, allegory and part- whole metonymy. This poem by three rule of determining multiple factors of conversion and expansion transformed to "The Passage to the Exile". Disclose of the poem matrix proves that though poetic signs are superficially different, they are in fact variables of a fix factor.