فصلنامه راهبرد
پیاپی 95 (تابستان 1399)

Effective leadership is one of the major determinant factors of organizational success in military organizations.  In this research, using the qualitative research methods of grounded theory, the main components of effective leadership have been outlined. The data gathered through in-depth interviews with 18 commanders of a rapid-response unit of the Islamic Republic of Iran's army. The participants that commanded the military units during the Holy Defense were selected through a purposeful and theoretical sampling method. The findings reveal that efficient military leaders had a spiritual, intellectual, and mature character. The military leaders were affected by personal, organizational, and social factors and believed in the ideology of self-sacrifice. Next, they adopted appropriate behavioral strategies like acting according to principles, building trust, creating constructive interactive space, comprehensively empowering subordinates, and effective persuasion and functional influence. The outcomes of effective leaders’ behavioral strategies were the fulfillment of personal and organizational goals like the job and organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and ultimately military victory. The findings of this study can be used by military and private organizations to recruit, train, and develop leadership plans.

In the early years of the popular revolution in Iran, the revolutionaries organized the struggles by maintaining and emphasizing the elements of the illegitimacy of the Pahlavi dynasty. Accordingly, the revolutionary elites in the Muslim spectrum, following the combatant clergy, with the axis of Velayat-e Faqih, joined the political sphere of the country. The pace and strength of the process of the collapse of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's regime raised several questions in identifying the components of the political system sought by the leaders of the Islamic Revolution, which answering them to characterize the actual and final outcome of the popular movement. Shahid Motahari, as one of the most notable students of Imam Khomeini and the most prominent intellectual leaders of the Islamic Revolution, by developing a clear paradigm and utilizing the basic principles of Islam along with the local and national conditions of Iran, tried to provide an alternative governance and order to solve problems and address the obstacles ahead. The peculiar situation of the Islamic Republic of Iran to engage and deal with dissidents in domestic crises and foreign interferences has always exposed the government to contradictory views that remained one of the significant problems of the government since its foundation. Considering the unique role of the thought and scientific and practical life of Shahid Motahari in the development of the struggle movement and the continuity of its influence in the years following the victory of the Islamic Revolution, this paper seeks to address the following question: "From Shahid Motahari's perspective, in the governing paradigm of the Islamic Republic of Iran, how and why should political tolerance be exercised?" Then, by using the data method of foundation and conceptualization, while defining tolerance in Western and Islamic thought and explaining the position of political tolerance in the Shaheed Motahari's intellectual system, the application of political tolerance in the Islamic Republic of Iran from his point of view in the three areas of insight, inclination, and action has been reviewed and revised. Consequently, strategic recommendations have been presented in the face of the challenges in this area.

This research seeks to provide a conceptual and indigenous model for the technological post-catch up, drawing on the experiences of developing or developed countries and using the views of academic, industrial, and policy experts. The statistical population of the research in the first stage is studies and analysis in the field of catch up and post catch up. The sample collected in the qualitative section includes 11 articles published in the leading international journals. In the second stage, the sample that was required to complete the in-deep interviews obtained based on a targeted judgment sampling of 6 experts. The grounded theory and meta-analysis methods have been used to evaluate qualitative evidence. A total of 95 primary codes were extracted from the meta-analysis of articles, which comprised 21 core concepts for the technological transition model. Consequently, two dimensions of internal and external factors for causal conditions; three factors including organizational, managerial skills, and technological capabilities for interventional conditions; six factors including political, economic, social, technical, environmental, and legal factors for the context conditions; patterns for phenomena; six strategies including technology, marketing, production, innovation, development, knowledge management, and research for strategies, and finally, two internal and external implications for the outcomes were identified.

Transparency in how leaders make decisions in the sphere of power considered as a measure of political efficiency, the main foundations of democracy, and one of the variables involved in the social appraisal of the development of good governance. Transparency is assumed to be one of the instruments of popular oversight on parliament, affects the decision-making process in countries, and paved the way for enhancement of legislation, and offers an opportunity to initiate structural reforms in various sections of society. As one of the central elements of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Islamic Consultative Assembly plays a vital role in the country's decision- making process. which, is laid out in all of the principles of section six of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since the transparency of the votes of the delegates is one of the determining factors in the decision-making process of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, this study explores the various dimensions of transparency and its function, through the votes of representatives in the context of good governance to address the efficacy of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. The main research question of this article is: what role does the transparency of the representatives' votes play in the Islamic Republic of Iran Consultative Assembly effectiveness from the good-governance perspective? In order to answer this question we raise the following hypothesis: It seems, in addition to the realization of the constitutional right of voters to supervise their representatives, the transparency of the votes of Members of Parliament makes it easier for all people to be aware of a parliamentary mechanism that guarantees the health and effectiveness of the Parliament. This research utilizes a descriptive-analytic approach.

In terms of education, the population of Iranian immigrants abroad has created one of the highest quality communities far from home. Many of these people pursue postgraduate studies after migrating to developed countries. The return of these people to Iran will increase the country's human capital and pave the way for development.  The aim of this research is a future-oriented analysis of the reverse migration of academic elites. The reverse migration of academic elites observes the phenomenon of the return of individuals after obtaining a Ph.D. abroad. In this study, the Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) method and semi-structured interview tools employed to examine metaphors/myths, discourse/worldview, and macro-social causes of reverse migration of academic elites in the minds of university faculty members of universities affiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology who have studied abroad. Due to the relatively low salaries of university faculty members compared to other countries, the impossibility of employment in universities, the duality between personal and social life of individuals in Iran, concerns about the future of children, complexity and lack of transparency, economic and political instability of the country, the bureaucracy of the university employment process and the impossibility of working in the country's industrial sector, the process of reverse migration of academic elites to the country, do not have a clear vision in the minds of the interviewees. At the same time, in an attempt to present alternative futures, factors such as economic prosperity, political stability, restoring lost confidence in social, cultural, economic, and political factors, engagement with other countries, recognition and adaptation to new realities of society, improving and strengthening the relationship between universities and industry, and modernizing the conditions of employment and recruitment of faculty members have been emphasized.

Despite the relative advantages, Iran's metropolises have significant vulnerabilities in the process of internationalization that are due to the absence of a strategic approach and potential direction in the field of urban management and, at the same time, the disregard for the role of local governments in enhancing the competitiveness of these cities. Although the existence of metropolises in the international arena depends on the economic and institutional structure on the one hand and the geopolitical situation on the other, however, the main factors of success depend primarily on the form, the degree of independence and power, and the competitiveness of local government. The goal of this study is to establish the appropriate strategies for the internationalization of Iran's metropolises. This research utilized applied type and case-field research method with a mixed approach. In the content analysis phase, 217 basic themes, 62 interpretive themes (organizers), and 4 central themes were identified. Then the strengths and weaknesses of local governance of Iranian metropolises in administrative, economic, and geopolitical spheres; and strategies of local governments to boost their competitive performance and develop geopolitical influence at the international level were presented. The research findings indicate that the weaknesses of local governments outweigh their strengths.  At the same time, the dominance of environmental opportunities over the challenges in this area. Thus, to a certain degree, taking advantage of the available potentials could reduce the shortcomings of the local governments.