نشریه نقد، تحلیل و زیبایی شناسی متون
پیاپی 8 (پاییز 1399)

The attribution of a poem to two or more poets has been common in the history of literature. To ‎determine the authenticity of the attribution of such poems to a poet, our litterateurs have long adopted ‎methods mainly based on personal taste criteria. Nowadays, the advances in stylistics and linguistic ‎knowledge provides resources and new tools capable of evaluating past texts to clearly recognize the true ‎composer of a poem. An example of such double attribution of a poem would be a lyric attributed to ‎both Khāqānī Sharvani and Mirza Jalaluddin Asir Shahrestani books of poem. The current paper has ‎examined the lyric poetry from the perspective of manuscripts and stylistics and has shown the ‎authenticity of its attribution to Mirza Jalaluddin Asir.‎ In the end, one of the verses of the lyric was ‎corrected and presented in a new form, taking into account the Allusion construct.

Whereas love is one of story topics, its expression in epic stories is a combination of epical and lyric type in the view of literary types. Affected by native culture, Almas Khan Kandooleei while composing Kurdish Shahnameh has composed some of lyric concepts such as its love, quality, modes and motivations, in accordance with his personal essence and cultural conditions of his regional people culture. The current paper carried out through descriptive-analytical method, explores circumstance of love, motivation, quality and its expression language in a comparative form in five common stories of Firdausi’s Shahnameh and Almas Khan Kandooleei’s Kurdish Shahnameh, especially three stories (Bijan and Manijeh, Rostam and Sohrab, Siavash) with the aim of identifying frequency of romantic samples, love motivation, love and enamoredness modes, and language of courtship. Of the most important conclusions of the current paper is: frequency of lyric samples in Kurdish Shahnameh is more and Almas Khan Kandooleei’s expression language is more definite and more fearless than Firdausi’s language in expressing modes and quality of love.

This study was conducted aimed at analyzing the Anvari's ode on invasion of Khorasan by Oghuz Turks in three linguistic, rhetorical and ideological axes. For this purpose, the following questions were raised: What codes did Anwari use in this political ode? What are Anvari's rhetorical techniques to report the Khorasan situation and convince his audience, Kilij Arslan? And what ideology dominates the context of this complaint and protest poem? To answer the above questions, the linguistic, rhetorical and intellectual data were extracted inductively from the text of the ode and analyzed using the descriptive-analytical method in the framework of poetry stylistics in the three linguistic, rhetorical and ideological axes. The results indicated that Anvari doubled the music of his words in the linguistic layer with repetition, balance, and a variety of alliterations and spoke to the audience using religious and governmental codes. In the rhetorical axis, while using the spiritual rhetorical figures, he used the polite order and the rhetorical question for punishment, remembrance and prolixity. In the ideological axis, the poet asked the audience for help by presenting extrovertive images, depicting the catastrophic atmosphere of the Khorasan community and displaying the oppression of the Oghuz Turks by resorting to the religious beliefs and customs of the court of Seljuk Turks.

The adjective is introduced as a category of Persian language (and essentially all languages) in grammar books and its varieties are specified. But its role in speech and writing, and especially in literary texts - as a part of the Speech - has not received much attention. The present study investigates the role of adjectives in shaping and understanding metaphors in Hafez's poems and it employs cognitive metaphor theory as one of the newest theories in metaphorical studies. The recent theory in Iran has been welcomed by linguists, and each has explored it to some extent. Including Afrashi (2011) supplemented it with implicational markedness theory in semantics and added a few points that have been used in this article. The research method was descriptive-analytical and data were collected through library studies. In the end, it is concluded that Hafez utilized the attributes in the stand what has been called the implicational markedness in this study. And in order to advance its goals - which in this study are merely two goals recognized - That is to say, the emphasis on a particular concept has benefited from the correspondences between the two concepts, and also used them in order to prefer tenor to vehicle in similes and metaphores.

Every writer in his real life encounters people whose minds are drawn to the creation of his story characters; the author subverts the intelligence he encounters with various personalities and builds the characters of his story; this foreshadows the formation The characters in a story are called a prototype. The present study intends to determine the prototypes of the story "Zani ke Mardash ra Gom kard " by "Sadegh Hedayat" and the novel "Kuli Kenare Atash " by " ". Therefore, the structure of the main and sub-characters of each work and its prototypes are determined first, then the existing prototypes are compared. The result of the research shows that Monirou Rani poor in the creation of the characters of the novel "Kuli Kenare Atash " paid attention to the characters in the story "Zani ke Mardash ra Gom kard ". Both authors have also used "class prototypes", except that the two authors have considered different social groups; the social, political, economic, and psychological characteristics of the characters of both classes are
found in one or more characters in the story.

Thes article examines one of the forms of poetic imagination namery the simile of detail in lyric poems it first deals with the place and value of simile in literalure and literary criticism then you introduce methods of modrnizing simile and it examies the analogy of etail in theconcludes the poems of this poet.fainaly it speech by expressing the connection beetween the content of the lyrice and simulating the delails and its aesthetic functions.

are influenced by conditions such as repression and domestic tyranny, the absence of individual and social freedoms, the usurpation of power and land, and national, legal, and legal assets, and so on. The language of this literary, explicit form and manner of appearance is diverse and different according to the circumstances of each historical period. Sustainability is not specific to a particular land, and during the battle, poets who have more powerful feelings, to compose poems With these themes, some Yazdi, poets of the constitutional era of Persia and Pablo Neruda of Chile, as two poets in the field of Sustainability Literature And resistance. They, together with other people, have taken the pen weapon against the enemy, expressed their deepest feelings and emotions in the context of the independence of the nation and the plight of the people and their constituencies. Each of them, the tongue of their time, shouted with their poems, freedom and love to the homeland. What is covered in this essay is the study of the effects of the themes of resistance, autocracy and, in general, the categories of perseverance literature in poetry Farrokhi Yazdi and Neruda.

Mutual intelligibility occurs when a listener of language variety (A) understands a speaker of another language variety (B) without any training or previous contact or any intentional decision or vice versa. This level of understanding, often, is not complete or symmetric, but it is different for each pair of varieties. The closely related languages and dialects of a same language are the ones that are expected to have mutual intelligibility. If two speakers from two language varieties understand each other while each of them use their own languages, they are in receptive multilingualism condition. Non-Iranian studies have measured the level of intelligibility between dialects and closely related languages by means of some tests and questionnaires. In this writing, we review common methods for measuring mutual intelligibility mentioned in Mirmokri’s research under title “mutual intelligibility between Kurdish Southern and Central dialects in Iran”. Then we introduce different aspects of these kinds of researches, advantages and disadvantages of the methods used by reviewed research. Reviewing the methods and principles show that the research is methodologically complete and the tests used by authors have reliable. The results of the research are consistent with previous studies and they confirmed findings on topic around.