فصلنامه سیاست علم و فناوری
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 47، پاییز 1399)

Many investments in research and development have been made to stimulate the formation of cooperative relations and have significantly improved economic growth and the performance of the national innovation system. Numerous studies have already been conducted on relationships between members of the networks; however, there are gaps such as insufficient attention to government actors in these studies. The present study seeks to develop a model for strengthening relationships between the members of social capital theory-oriented collaborative networks of science and technology in Iran so that the nature of members of the network also considered in terms of their being public or private. It is a case study, and the members of the nanotechnology laboratory network are the statistical population. In the first step, factors that influence the strengthening of relationships between the members of the network were identified through a literature review (Related to social capital theory) and adjusted by the experts’ consensus. Then using the interpretive structural modeling, those factors were compared and prioritized within ternary compositions of private-private, private-public, and public-public. The results show that the factors of programs and policies of network management, the experience of previous relationships, and the duration of membership are three radical factors in different compositions of public-public, private-public, and private-private. Also, the factor of programs and policies of network members is a radical and influential one in the public-public composition.

Survey results indicate that the majority of studies on entrepreneurship have merely focused on industrial entrepreneurship. Studying and distinguishing the cultural entrepreneurial processes, particularly entrepreneurship that concerns cultural goods is necessary to establish a developed country in various industrial, social, political, and cultural aspects. These conditions are deemed essential for the fulfillment of any other end as well as providing the fundamental grounds for the growth of cultural entrepreneurship, distinguishing the contexts that impact the entrepreneurship of cultural goods renders the feasibility of development for the involved individuals and cultural entrepreneurs, alongside implementing the necessary considerations for government policies. Accordingly, the present study strives to distinguish the effective contexts for entrepreneurship of cultural goods in Iran and further presents a qualitative method of content analysis. Data were gathered through semi-structured and in-depth interviews conducted with thirteen individuals that were included within the three respective areas of cultural goods entrepreneurs, culture and art professors, and policymakers, by employing the snowball sampling technique. Accordingly, the gathered data were further analyzed via open and axial coding at three levels. Conclusively, the obtained results were classified into five separate axes, which are listed as the mental pattern of independent cultural consumption and production in society, establishing a shared vision for the advancement of cultural federalism in society, cultural systems providing services in society, cultivating the personal capabilities of cultural entrepreneurs in society, and productive culture learning process in society. Each of these designated axes includes subcategories that have been addressed in this study.

Despite the fact that Iran is one of the biggest owners of the oil and gas reserves of the world, but in terms of upstream oil technologies have always had problems and Iranian exploration and production companies do not have a significant position in terms of technological capability, especially in the important field of enhanced oil recovery. Along with various factors at the micro and industrial levels, appropriate policy-making and government support at the macro level are of particular importance in developing the technological capabilities of domestic companies. To this end, the present study has extracted and evaluated the most important macro policies for the technological development of exploration and production companies. First, using the content analysis method, the applied policies and successful experiences of other countries were extracted by a comprehensive review of the literature. Then, using the interpretive structural modeling method and based on the opinions of Iranian exploration and production experts, the extracted policies were classified and the relationships between them were identified. Strengthening the relationship between industry and university, financial incentives for firms’ R&D activities, establishing government-sponsored R&D institutions, linkages with international companies and absorbing their technological knowledge, local content and import substitution policy and protection of the domestic market, and commercializing firms’ innovations And supporting them are the most important macro policies extracted from the results of this study.

Despite existing studies mostly analyzing successful cases of catching-up, this paper examines a fairly unsuccessful case of catching-up by a latecomer automobile firm. To this end, using the strategy of case study and thematic analysis, themes and concepts related to the conceptual framework are elicited and categorized as well. The results of this study are operationalized conceptual framework, as the key contribution of the paper, introduces new elements attributed to the regimes of technology and market of automobile industry. The elements include technology transfer, diversity of technological areas, tacit knowledge, backward linkages, economy of scale, local supply chain, capital-goods attitude towards a consumer goods, oligopolistic market, and homogeneous market. In addition, this paper adds two new factors (i.e. industrial strategy and structural issues) to the existing catch-up models. And finally, adopting coherent policies aligned with industry’s regimes and industrial strategy could provide appropriate environment for indigenous firms to catch-up with forerunners.

The deployment of innovation districts as a key driver for the design and implementation of regional development are widening, the university at its best structural, behavioral and functional form that could respond to the needs of innovation district to enhance regional development requires a comprehensive insight about elements, interactions, and behavioral design in the form of the fourth-generation university. This type of university interacts widely with all role players inside and outside of the area. This paper aims to provide an insight into the shaping process of the fourth-generation university in the innovation district. Based on reviewing 680 articles in the first step and finally 162 articles in the fourth step in a four-step screening approach, the methodological approach of the study utilizes a systematic review of the related literature and considers different global looks, dimensions, and multidisciplinary visions to make final results. The results reveal that in order to enhance regional development through innovation districts, the innovation district under anchor approach with the fourth-generation university must have five layers: (1) Institutional layer - fourth-generation anchorage aura (facilitation and acceleration)- (2) Social layer - based on the culture of innovation, media and open data – (3) Infrastructure and urban layer – (4) Geographical boundary layer of innovation district (5) Anchor Institute (University in Fourth Generation). This study also expands our information about the requirements, shaping process, and interaction of elements in the innovation ecosystem. This study finding prepare an overall insight for Business, Urban, HEIs, and Economy policymakers.

Maintaining and improving the position of companies in competitive equations depends on their technological resources. There are several ways to reach new generations of technology. Therefore, choosing the right method to acquire technology that optimizes time, cost and outcome is very important. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the optimal methods of technology acquisition in different conditions and situations using a three-dimensional model resulting from the interaction of factors related to owner, receiver and the nature of technology. The proposed model for selecting the appropriate method of technology acquisition includes several situations that are created by the interaction of 6 factors in 3 dimensions. These factors have been obtained from reviewing the literature and studying the existing technology acquisition models and standardizing a large number of family factors. The proposed methods are presented based on the status of the factors in two limit modes and in two categories: "optimal methods" and "possible but non-optimal methods". "Optimal" methods are methods that are fully compatible with the factors and are certainly the most appropriate method for technology acquisition. But "feasible but non-optimal" methods have been proposed in cases where there is no complete agreement with the factors of the situation, but the limiting factors do not violate that situation. In this way, each firm can extract and use "optimal methods" and "possible but non-optimal methods" appropriate to their specific situation by identifying the adaptation of their situation in relation to the factors of the model.