مجله زیست فناوری گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 31 (پاییز 1399)

Chickpea is the second most important pulses in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This product is often cultivated as rainfed crop, so drought stress causing 50% yield loss. In this research, 11 SSR and 6 CAPS primer pairs were used to evaluate genetic variation among 9 chickpea candidate genotypes for drought tolerant and 2 common sensitive cultivars. Ten effective SSRs were again evaluated in a population containing random genotypes for cold-tolerance. SRR band analysis in final experiment generated 40 alleles, of which 37 were polymorphic. The average number of polymorphic alleles for each gene site was 3.9 with the range of 2-9 alleles. The polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.21 to 0.85. The cluster analysis, based on the UPGMA algorithm and Jaccard's similarity coefficient, splited the genotypes into nine distinct groups including four groups of drought tolerant genotypes, two relatively drought tolerant groups and other three groups belonging to the random population. The polymorphism results of the SSR and CAPS markers indicated that the two genotypes MCC544 and MCC392 were more distinctive from other drought tolerant genotypes. MCC537 and MCC696 were also highly related in a separate group, and the MCC80 was allocated in average position among tolerant genotypes. MCC427 and a common cultivar MCC358 were classified into one group as well as the international cultivar MCC252 with MCC302 genotypes. The results indicated the lack of a genetic similarity between selected population of drought tolerant candidates and cold tolerant candidates. This could indicate that there might be no pleiotropic effect among the genes involved in these stresses, which can be important for breeding purposes of this crop.

Plant flavonoids show positive responses to geographical changes, especially altitude, and considering that the medicinal plant of capper (Capparis spinosa) is ecologically distributed in different habitats, so in this research the effect of altitude on the content of anti-cancer flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin were studied in capper which sampled in summer from three mountainous areas of Amol (Nemarestaq, Delarestaq and Behrestaq) at four altitudes with difference heights of 150 meters from each other (minimum 850 and maximum 1650 meters) and with three replications in a completely randomized design. Total flavonoids, rutin and quercetin were measured and analyzed by spectrophotometry and HPLC. The results showed a significant difference between measured traits in different regions (p≤0.01 and p≤0.05), so that the highest amount of flavonoids, rutin and quercetin were obtained at an altitude of 1650 m in the third region (Behrestaq) with 4.51±17 μmol, 24.62±0.28 and 4.91±0.18 mg/g fresh weight, respectively. Therefore, zone and altitude had a positive effect on the amount of medicinal metabolites of capper. Also, the equation of regression lines and explanatory coefficients (r² = 0.91, r² = 0.74 and r² = 0.78) showed that the amount of flavonoids, rutin and quercetin at different altitudes in Nemarestaq, Delarestaq and Behrestaq increased with increasing altitude and the slope of the regression line for all traits was positive. Therefore, nature is the best model for obtaining more concentrated and desirable anti-cancer flavonoids in plants.

Valeriana officinalis from the valerianaceae is a precious medicinal plant has been employed for the treatment of mental ailments. The study was a factorial experiment in a CRD including bacterial strains (R1000, LBA9402, C58, A4, GM, and ATTCC15834), age of explants for inoculation (10, 20 and 30 days) and different explants of valerian (leaves and roots) in three replications. Solid Manitol Yest exteract Agar (MYA) medium was used for bacterial culture and MYA medium containing rifampicin antibiotic (50 mg/l) was used to prepare the bacterial suspension for inoculation. Two inoculation methods (floating and injection method) were evaluated on the percentage of rooting and the injection method was not effective in hairy root induction on explants. After determining the best strain and the best explants of the clones were cultured in MS, 1/2 MS and MS+0.2 mg/L NAA solid culture medium it was observed that the roots placed in MD medium were the most they had biomass. Strains of ATCC15834 and A4 on the MYA medium on 30 days old leaf explants was the best strain than others. The optimized root length and the top hairy root number were induced by A4 strain. The newly produced hairy root showed the highest growth on MS medium enriched with 3% sucrose at 25°C. Our results showed that the application of ATTCC15834, R1000, LBA9402 and A4 strains induced hairy roots in valerian and the other two strains were ineffective.

Growth regulating factors (Growth Regulatory Factors) are plant-specific transcription factors which contain two conserved domains, QLQ and WRC. Members of this family are involved in diverse biological and physiological processes, such as growth, development and stress and hormone responses. In this study, wheat GRF genes were identified and analysis by bioinformatics methods. GRF genes identification was performed by blastP. Then evolutionary relationships, gene structure, promoter, miRNA, gene ontology and expression of identified genes were analyzed. 30 TaGRFs (TaGRF1–30) distributed on 12 chromosomes were identified by searching wheat genome database and were clustered into six subgroups according to their phylogenetic relationships. TaGRFs belonging to the same subgroup shared a similar motif composition and gene structure. They all contain two conserved motifs (QLQ and WRC) and have 2–5 exons. Due to the identification of stresses, hormones and tissue specific cis elements in the TaGRFs promoter, these genes are involved in many biological processes of wheat. MiR396 target analysis indicated that 26 GRFs mRNA contained miRNA396 target position in wheat. RNA-seq data from the expVip database showed that TaGRF1, TaGRF4 and TaGRF7 were strongly expressed in root, shoot, leave, spike and grain in vegetative and reproductive stages. This data also indicated that all TaGRF genes except TaGRF16 were expressed in vegetative stage of spike. The results of this study provide the evolutionary and functional information needed for Design of functional studies of this gene family.

Nanoparticles are one of the most applicable materials in, science such as biotechnology, and medicine due to their distinguished characters. The previous studies indicated that over the half of total production of nanoparticles is dedicated to the conventional and bio inspired synthesis of silver nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have antimicrobial characteristics and widespread applications in medicine and industry. Conventional chemical methods for synthesis of silver nanoparticles usually use the reducing agents that they are not compatible to environment and sometimes toxic and the resulting nanoparticles cannot be involved in biological applications. So, green synthesis of nanoparticles is the process that based on green chemistry for the synthesis of bio-nanoparticle is very important. In this study, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus obliqua) and mint (Mentha spicatae) extracts of medicinal plants for biological production of silver nanoparticles was used as a reducing agent. By adding the extract to the solution of silver nitrate at different temperatures and incubation times silver nanoparticles were produced. Changing the color from pale yellow to dark brown was showed the production of silver nanoparticles. There is also the strong peak absorption (SPR) at wavelengths between 420 and 460 with using spectroscopy UV/Vis which indicate the production of silver nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles was determined by electron microscopy analysis (SEM and TEM). The average sizes of nanoparticles in both plants were between 10 and 20 nm. The produced nanoparticles by the mint plant at the same condition was more stable than eucalyptus that confirmed that mint has more ability to produce silver nanoparticles.

In order to breeding phosphorus-efficient genotypes, 100 sunflower genotypes coming from different parts of the glob were evaluated based on agro-morphological traits under optimal and phosphorus deficient (7.2 mg/kg) conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications in potted conditions in Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Urmia University in 2017 cropping season. In molecular experiments, the molecular profile of genotypes was prepared with 30 pairs microsatellite (SSR) primers. The results showed that the mean of most studied traits such as stem diameter, leaf wide, leaf surface, chlorophyll rate and 1000 grain weight was reduced significantly in phosphorus deficient conditions compared to optimal ones, which shows that phosphorus deficiency has a negative effect on the studied traits. The polymorphic information content (PIC) in the studied genotypes ranged from 0.055 for ORS718 primer to 0.687 for HA3040 primer. In population structure analysis, based on 30 SSR loci, potentially 2 sub-populations (K=2) were identified in the association panel. About 1.15% of possible SSR locus pairs showed significant level of linkage disequilibrium (P

In order to evaluate variation and reaction of 40 wheat genotypes to salinity tolerance and assess the association of 27 microsatellite markers with salinity tolerance and morpho-physiological traits measured under normal and salt stress conditions, the present study was conducted. The results of analysis of variance in two environments showed significant difference among genotypes for all traits, indicating genetic variation among them. Based on the results of combined analysis of variance, the effect of the environment for all traits and the effect of Genotype × environment on most of the traits was significant and it was determined that the response of the evaluated genotypes to salinity stress was different In two environment, the highest variation was belonged to grain yield and its component and biological yield. Cluster analysis in salinity stress based on traits with significant genotype × environment, classified the genotypes into 3 groups i.e. tolerant moderate and sensitive. Association analysis using 27 microsatellite markers, SSR markers with 11 traits measured in two normal conditions and salinity stress for all genotypes was conducted through a mixed linear model (MLM) The study of population structure as a precondition for communication analysis showed that there are 2 probable subgroups (K = 2) in the population studied, which was confirmed by the results of the plot formula. The decomposition of the association analysis using 27 SSR markers with 11 traits measured in two conditions based on mixed linear model (MLM) was carried out using the population structure matrix. Based on the results, 29 locations had a significant relationship with the evaluated traits in the normal environment, while in the salinity stress environment, this number increased to 40 locations. The existence of common markers among some of the studied traits such as the significant associate between S16-1 and 3 traits in normal conditions and with 5 traits in the salinity medium can be due to the polytrophic effects of these markers and possibly the connectivity of genomic locations controlling these traits. S6-3 and S12-1 markers were identified as markers that associated with grain yield in salinity condition and S11-4 marker was identified as marker that related with biological yield in both environmental Conditions. Finally, given the results obtained, if the results are confirmed in other genetic fields, these markers can be used in corrective programs.

Dehydrins (DNHs) belong to group II of LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) protein family which are expressed in late embryogenesis and accumulate in vegetative tissues in response to multiple abiotic stresses such as salt, drought and cold stress These proteins could be classified to five subgroups (YnSKn, Kn, SKn, KnS, and YnKn) based on the sequence and number of K, S, and Y segments. In this study, 5 genes encoding dehydrin protein (DHN) were identified in Aeluropus littoralis, genome as a halophyte grass, belonging to the Poaceae family and physicochemical characteristics, cell localization, conserved motifs and gene structure were determined and evolutionary relationships among different species were considered. AlDHN proteins were classified in the YnSKn subgroup based on highly conserved domains. The expression pattern of AlDHN.5 gene as a homologue of RAB18 (AT5G66400) gene was examined in both leaf and root tissues under salinity, drought, cold stresses and abscisic acid treatment. Analysis of the expression pattern of this gene in both leaf and root tissues showed that this gene is more expressed in leaf tissue compared to root under drought, cold stresses and ABA treatment. Current study lays the foundation for further studies into the regulation of their expression under various environmental conditions.