International Journal of Political Science
Volume:10 Issue: 2, Spring 2020

The present study systematically examines Afghanistan war economy and its impact on the achievement of peace by using the New Wars theory. Several levels of war commercialization in Afghanistan are identified that are at Governmental, non-Governmental, and global levels, each, contributes to the war commercialization in their own ways based on their interests. These levels are interdependent and that disrupting in one level can lead to disruption of the others. Besides, there are two types of commercialization regarding the security situation identified as Business of Security and Business of Insecurity in which the level is introduced. It turned out that such complexity and entanglement could be a serious obstacle for achieving peace in Afghanistan because all the parties have defined their realization of their interest in maintaining the status quo and spreading lawlessness and unrest in Afghanistan, in a way that even influenced their strategic decisions.

In recent years, the rise of China as an emerging great power has been widely perceived across the world. China adhered to a new strategy which focuses on improvement of its image in the world. China‘s soft power strategy in the Islamic world is little researched. However, the Islamic world is of paramount global importance as Muslim-majority countries provide nearly 45 percent of the world‘s supply. The purpose of this paper is to explain China‘s soft power strategy in the Islamic world through focusing on economic, cultural, political and military soft power initiatives. This paper examines the elements which characterize China‘s interest in the Islamic world and China‘s strategies for promotion of its interests in the area. The paper argues that China‘s pivot towards the Islamic world is primarily driven from its perception of securing energy sources, as well as other economic interests. Although China‘s soft power strategy is mainly focused on economic and cultural soft power creativities, but political and military soft power initiatives have taken a larger focus in recent years.

The Middle East region, especially the oil-rich Iran, is regarded as one of Malaysia’s important economic and trading partners. Economic and political changes at the global and regional level have simultaneously shifted Malaysia’s interests in the region. At the same time, there has also been rising interest from countries in the region to expand their economic relationships with Malaysia. Given that the determination of the elite and the government, mobilizing resources and facilities and providing a safe and peaceful environment is needed to achieve development, the political structure and the government play a significant role in this regard, because the political structure of the government has a significant effect on attracting both foreign and domestic funds or the flight of financial and human capital, prioritizing development and various economic, political and military dimensions, etc. The comparative study of government and economic development programs in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Malaysia is the most important innovation in the present research, which has so far been less studied as a comparative study. This study was carried out aimed to conduct a comparative study of the common and different aspects in the political structure and government and their role in the economic development of Iran and Malaysia, which discussions have been written using historical adaptive methods and reference to library resources.

The present study aims to investigate political development in resolving ethnic conflicts arisen from individual and collective interests and its determinant role in strengthening the sustainable security of Sistan and Baluchestan province. The present research has an applied objective. The research method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population consists of experts in specialized fields such as governors-general, governors, deputies, mayors, imam of Friday prayer, scholars, etc. The data collection tool is a questionnaire that consists of 4 social, 7 political participations, 6 ethnic convergences, and 10 foreign actor questions. SPSS software is used to analyze the data. The results indicated that political development in resolving ethnic conflicts arisen from individual and collective interests can play a determinant role in strengthening the sustainable security of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Social issues, including poverty and unemployment, are the basis of the ethnic gap in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Sustainable security in Sistan and Baluchestan province is possible through the political participation of citizens – which strengthens political legitimacy – and identity convergence in the production of ethnic convergence.

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is at the forefront of the Council of Europe's development of fundamental human rights, and its practice of developing human rights has been outside Europe's borders as it now plays a key role in the conceptual development of human rights. The mission of the system set up by the Convention is thus to determine, in the general interest, issues of public policy, thereby raising the standards of protection of human rights and extending human rights jurisprudence. Although there is no specific right to protect labor rights, in particular the fundamental rights of labor, in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Additional Protocols but, the Court has developed an important method of referring to and interpreting the rights of the Convention in interpreting the rights of the ECHR to a lot of international sources. One of the most important international sources is the International Labor Organization (ILO) Fundamental Conventions in The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW), adopted in 1998, which identified four fundamental principles as fundamental labor rights. In this respect, this study investigates the ECtHR procedures, to examine the hypothesis that “The Court has played a role in the conceptual development of Fundamental Labor Rights.” The present study is a descriptive-analytical study with a qualitative strategy

Cultural diversity, multinationalism and human rights are important issues in the field of human rights, fundamental, public and international law. This area can be divided into two discourses: universalism and human rights relativism. And on this basis, it is possible to understand from which point of view governments and human society interpret and implement human rights, which, by the nature of each approach, will have different results. What are the challenges and opportunities of cultural diversity and human rights? On the one hand, cultural diversity can pose a threat (lack of equitable distribution of power, wealth, ethnic, cultural, or religious discrimination, leading to internal conflicts and, consequently, to challenges in the international community). On the other hand, it is an opportunity for countries dealing with cultural diversity and multinationalism. (Development, political, economic, social and cultural prosperity through attracting tourists, the cohesive role and creating a spirit of unity in critical situations and the protection of borders, security, independence and territorial integrity). The aim is to formulate comprehensive and complete laws while respecting the rights of minorities and different cultures while preserving their rights in the distribution of power, position and position in the government. Comprehensive political, economic, cultural and social development, peace and internal security, and, consequently, international peace and security must also be ensured. The necessity and importance of respect for cultural diversity, nationality and ethnicities within the government of states, and distributive justice are among the rules of international law. Ethnicity has always been an important component in social and political studies and research arising from racial differences. Ethnic inequality and ethnic diversity is not in itself a threat, and if it is considered normal in a society and is considered the constituent basis of that society, it can also provide an opportunity for social prosperity. National security and political participation in com- munities and its relationship with ethnicities are considered very important. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is library resources. And the research findings show that cultural diversity and multinationalism have positive and negative consequences on human rights. That has a direct impact on maintaining security, independence, unity and integrity, and all-round growth and development of the country, or disintegration and ethnic and religious tensions and lack of growth and development, and even leads to separatism and autonomy. This requires a state and a military in the form of cultural federalism of a multinational nation-state or a multi-ethnic nationstate in order to be able to meet the demands of all groups and ethnicities.