مجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 110، فروردین 1400)

Hyssopus officinalis is a belongs to Lamiaceae family and a herb widely growing in Iran .The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of Hyssopus officinalis extract in 4 ways: disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) on some microorganism pathogen “in vitro”. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of Hyssopus officinalis extract, the inhibition zone diameter increased. The highest inhibition zone with a diameter of 19.70 mm was observed at a concentration of 80 mg/ml for Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. At a concentration of 80 mg/ml, the ethanolic extract of Hyssopus officinalis showed the lowest inhibition zone observed with a diameter of 13.30 for Escherichia coli. The results showed that the MIC of Hyssopus officinalis extract for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua was 64, 64, 8 and 16mg/ml respectively. The MBC for 128, 128, 32 and 64 mg/ml respectively. The data obtained in this study confirmed that Hyssopus officinalis extract inhibit growth some microorganism pathogen “in vitro”.

In this study, the effect of gelatin coating and clove extract for increasing the shelf life of chilled rainbow trout fillets was examined at refrigerator temperature. Samples were prepared on the basis of three treatments: control (without any coating), coating with 2% clove extract and coating with 4% gelatin plus 2% clove extract, then were kept in the refrigerator. Chemical analyses (containing: free fatty acids, pH, total volatile bases and thiobarbituric acid), microbial (containing: total viable, psychrophilic bacteria and enterobacter bacteria counts) and sensory analyses periodically were studied. Results showed that in the control treatment, the counts of total viable, psychrophilic bacteria and enterobacter bacteria were significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.05). According to the total microbial count at the end of the storage period (12th day), the sample of coating 4% gelatin plus 2% clove extract were allowed for eating, but the control sample was not allowed. Treated gelatin and clove extract was a good barrier to change pH. Amount of free fatty acids in treated samples in comparison with control were increased less and the data was significant since third day (P<0.05). In all samples, TBA and TVB-N were increased, but increasing in treated samples was slower. Sensory characteristics in the samples containing gelatin and using gelatin coat with clove extract is able to maintain quality and improve the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets during storage time at refrigerator temperature.

There are limited studies on dairy products containing millet seeds or millet milk. Considering nutritional value of millet, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production of yogurt containing millet milk and to investigate its physicochemical and sensory properties. The replacement of 0, 10, 15 and 20% (V/V) of millet milk (2.5%) with low-fat milk was performed and its effect on physicochemical (pH, synersis and contents of dry matter, fat, protein, total phenol, minerals and fiber) and sensory characteristics of yogurt during 21 days of storage (days 1, 7, 14 and 21), were evaluated. Results showed that replacement of 10% millet milk with low-fat milk, increased pH and decreased syneresis and protein content. With increasing millet milk to 15 and 20%, pH, dry matter and fat content were decreased and syneresis, protein and phenolic compounds content were increased significantly (P<0.05). With adding 20% millet milk, fiber content was increased to 0.09% and calcium content was decreased to 40.5 mg/kg in yogurt. Sensory evaluation results showed that yogurt containing 10% and 20% millet milk had the highest and lowest acceptability, respectively. According to the results of sensory evaluation and due to the results of pH, acidity, dry matter, fat content and syneresis during the storage period, yogurt sample containing 10% millet milk is introduced as the best formulation.

Sangak bread is made from whole meal flour and has high digestibility due to its high fiber levels. However, the inappropriate quality of most breads produced in the traditional way, and, on the other hand, the short period of storage of these products as a result of microbial and bacterial degradation, reveals the importance of examining the methods of production and preservation of these products. Thus, various methods have been used to reduce bread waste by improving its quality. In this regard, the use of sourdough can be mentioned. Accordingly, in the present study, the effect of different concentrations of sourdough (5, 10, 15 and 20% of flour weight) was investigated on the qualitative and microbial properties of Sangak bread. In this regard, different tests including chemical, sensory and microbial were performed on Sangak bread samples and control. According to the results, increasing levels of sourdough in bread samples reduced pH, staling, mold and yeast amounts and total bacterial count, as well as increased acidity, moisture, ash, volume and fiber content compared to the control sample (sample without sourdough). Also, according to the results, with increasing levels of sourdough, the score for most of sensory properties such as aroma, color and chewiness increased. Taken together with all properties, the treatment containing 20% of sourdough was introduced as the best treatment.

Medicinal plants have been used for its medicinal attributes from several thousand years ago. Eucalyptus is one of these plants which the antimicrobial effects has long been used to treat a cold and influenza in most parts of the world. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EGEO) in 4 ways: disc diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, microdilution broth and minimum bactericidal concentration on a number of strains pathogens and the cause of food spoilage in vitro. The sensitivity profile of microorganisms against the EGEO (disc diffusion agar) is as follows form the most resistant to the most sensitive: Salmonella typhi > Escherichia coli > Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Bacillus subtilis > Streptococcus pyogenes > Staphylococcus aureus. The mean inhibition zone in well diffusion agar was equal to 18.62 mm against Gram-positive bacteria. The mean inhibition zone in well diffusion agar was equal to 11.93 mm against Gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of EGEO for Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was 128, 64, 64, 32, 16 and 8 mg/ml respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration for microorganisms was 512, 256, 128, 128, 32 and 16 mg/ml respectively. It is recommended that additional tests be performed to use EGEO for use as a natural preservative in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

The use of natural substances could reduce consumption of synthetic agents in food industry. Plants attract the main concentration on this topic, Iran with special conditions has a good potential for growing the plants that have medical application. Zataria multiflora is growing in different part of Iran has antibacterial activity that could be used in food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Zataria multiflora on Aeromonas hydrophila and the use of essence as a coat to improve the shelf life of perca filet. Fresh Zataria multiflora harvested essence was prepared by using the Clevenger apparatus. Then antibacterial property of Zataria multiflora was determined by mirobroth dilution method for measuring the minimal inhibition and bactericidal concentration at laboratory scale. Chemical composition of essence was assayed, also five different levels of essence were used as a food coat in filet. Results showed that MIC and MBC were 250 and 125 µg/ml against Aeromonas hydrophila, respectively. Also results showed that the efficacy of essence extraction was 1.84 percent, and the higher compound in Zataria multiflora essence was thymol (40.5 %). Also, results documented that the use of two level of essence (0.1 and 0.5 percent) of essence in perca filet could statistically increase the shelf life than the control, as well as improve the organoleptic properties. It’s should be concluded that the use of Zataria multiflora essence as food coat by inhibition the bacteria increase shelf life of perca filet at refrigerator storage.

Because of the sensitivity of probiotic bacteria to storage conditions as well as to the specific digestive system, protection of the bacteria against these conditions seems necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of encapsulation by soy protein isolate, whey protein isolate and inulin on the viability of Lactobacillus reuteri in gastrointestinal condition and during storage. As can be seen from the results, the soy protein isolate-coated samples had higher moisture content than the whey protein-coated samples, and the addition of inulin reduced the moisture content of the samples. The results of water activity were also similar with the results of moisture content. The microscopic structure results show that the samples containing whey protein are more uniform. Survival results in the simulated gastric system indicate that the number of bacteria in the simulated gastric system decreases over time and the largest decrease occurred in the control sample. Between the microencapsulated samples, whey protein-encapsulated had the highest viability (86.3 %). Also, survival results in the simulated intestinal system show that the number of bacteria in the simulated intestinal system decreases during storage and the largest decrease occurred in the control sample, (un-coated sample). Among the encapsulated samples, the sample containing whey protein and inulin had the highest viability (88.75 %). As can be seen from the viability of the probiotic bacteria during the shelf life, the bacterial count decreased over time and the highest decrease occurred in the soybean protein isolate sample. Among the samples, the whey protein-coated sample with inulin had the highest viability.

Mycotoxins have been reported to be carcinogenic, teratogenic, genotoxic, hepato- and nephrotoxic. Based on the literature review, there is a need for more studies on the mycotoxin contamination in all types of foods. In this study, 20 samples of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. powder were purchased randomly and clustered based on the distribution of sales areas from different districts in Ardabil city. The determination of aflatoxin contamination was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography and immunoaffinity column clean-up.According to the results, seventeen of 20 samples (85%) were found contaminated with aflatoxins in the range of 30.40-2360.0 µg/kg. Both AFB1 and AFB2 were detected in 85% of samples. 80% and 70% samples had AFG1 and AFG2, respectively. The contamination levels were exceeded the maximum limit of Iran and European Union. These findings suggest an urgent need to monitor contamination of aflatoxin and consuming population of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. powder in Iran.

Nowadays the nutritional specifications of wheat bread have been more considered, this purpose would have done by mixing different materials with wheat flour. The bran is one of the materials that had more been considered by researchers, due to its nutritional and technological properties. Therefore, in current research, the effects of adding different percentages of bran (10 and 20 percent) with different particle sizes (tiny and coarse) on the sangak bread was evaluated. The rheological properties of dough investigated by the farinograph and extensograph and textural properties of bread analyzed using texture analyzer. The results revealed that adding wheat bran resulted a decrease in weight loss and an increase in moisture content of sangak bread. Adding wheat bran increased the water absorption capacity up to 11.35%. The elasticity of dough in samples containing wheat bran varied from 74.87 to 112.62. Dough samples made from whole flour had the highest amount of consistency with 337.5 BE in 50mm. Hardness of bread with 20 percent of tiny bran was 4132g that was the highest comparing with other sangak bread samples. Sensory scores showed that sangak bread made from flour formulated with wheat bran have not been taken into consideration by the panelists group, although adding wheat bran due to better technological properties.

Allium stipitatum is one of the most important plants native to Iran, which has a special position in food basket of people because of its many healing properties. In this study, effect of a proposed combined microwave-hot air method on kinetics and physical properties of Allium stipitatum was investigated. In the proposed method, after applying microwaves (600, 750 and 900W), samples were subjected to combined microwave-hot air drying process. Results showed that Logarithmic model with values of R2 =0.996 and RMSE=0.002 was the best one to model drying kinetics of Allium stipitatum slices under the proposed method. In addition, drying curves analysis showed that the more microwave power, the less drying time and the more process rate. Moreover, in the combined section, effect of microwave power will be dominant due to higher energy. The optimum operating point to achieve the lowest moisture content and drying time ocuured at primary power of 900W and combined conditions of 450W at 80°C. Increasing microwave power increased effective moisture diffusivity from 0.167×10-8 to 0.283×10-8 m2/s and decreased average activation energy from 17.429 to 2.074 kJ/mol. The optimum operating conditions in terms of appearance quality (colorimetry) were related to drying at microwave power of 900W and combined conditions of 450W and 80°C, which was introduced as proposed optimum point. In general, the proposed combined method compared to microwave method alone, was an efficient method in ordrt to keep the product quality characteristics and its use in drying Allium stipitatum is recommended.

Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural produce is used both in dry and fresh form. The fresh pistachio is very perishable due to its high respiration, heat production and moisture resulting to short shelf life. Therefore, in order to maintain quality and improve the shelf life of this produce, a factorial experiment with two treatment factors (control, 2 g activated carbon sachets, 4 g activated carbon, 2 g activated carbon impregnated with potassium permanganate saturation, 4 g activated carbon impregnated with potassium permanganate Saturation) and storage time (0, 20 and 45 days) was designed in a complete block with four replications on pistachio cultivar Ahmad Ahaghei. The results showed that different indices of evaluated fruit quality included weight loss, hull firmness, total chlorophyll, lightness, total color changes, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin, hull and kernel phenolic compounds and PPO activity was affected by the treatments. hull firmness, total chlorophyll, lightness, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds decreased during storage time but weight loss, total color changes, and PPO activity increased then control and treatments maintained these traits. Among the treatments 4 g activated carbon impregnated with potassium permanganate had the most effective on maintaining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this pistachio cultivar.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction of anthocyanin from red cabbage and its application in low calorie gummi candy with replacement of stevioside as a natural sweetener instead of sucrose.

In this study, the extraction of anthocyanin from red cabbage powder was performed by maceration method. Extraction variables include solvent type (acidic water, acid ethanol, acid water- acid ethanol, 50:50 ratio), solvent / solids ratio (1.20, 1.30, 1.40) ml/g, extraction temperature (40-60-80 °C), extraction time (1-2-3 h). The anthocyanin extracted in the production of functional low-free calorie gummi candy was used as a food model system.
The variables in this section included three levels of Stevioside (0.5-0.1-0.15,w/w) g and three levels of anthocyanin extracted from red cabbage (0.035-0.9-1.4, v/w) ml. Statistical analysis was performed using RSM method and a Central composite design in anthocyanin extraction stage and completely randomized design based on factorial test at 95% confidence level in gummi candy production.

According to the results, Maximum extraction efficiency was predicted under the conditions of Temperature and time, 40 °C and 1 hour and the solvent / solids ratio of 20 ml/g, with acidic solvent. The results of analysis of variance showed that the FI2 model was significant for the anthocyanin yield. The R2 was 0.835, and the lack of fit was not significant. The total anthocyanin concentration predicted was 300.53 (mg/100 g of dry matter). Based on the results of the tissue profile, gummi candies containing 0.9% anthocyanins and 0.1% stevia were selected and with appropriate characteristics

Based on the results, red cabbage anthocyanins can be used as natural dye in the production of functional foods such as gummi candy and by substituting sugar (using stevioside and inulin), healthier, more nutritious products with optimal quality characteristics produced.

The bioactive compounds of Cornus mas are known as powerful antioxidants. The stability of polyphenols extract is very important and encapsulating is a good technique to increase their stability by increasing the use of bioactive compounds in food and medicine. In this research the antioxidant activity of encapsulated bioactive compounds of cornus mas extract with enteric coated nanocubosomes and their release under semi-digestion conditions were evaluated. In order to determine the effect of encapsulation on the stability of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity, encapsulated extract into enteric coated nano-cubosoms and free extract were investigated. Characterization analysis of the mean particle size and zeta potential value of the nanocobosomes were reported to be 49.3 nm and -16 mV, respectively. The results of release studies showed that after 30 hours the secretion of Cornus mas extract at pH 1.2 (simulated gastric media) and pH 7.4 (simulated intestinal media) were about 38% and 61%, respectively. The FTIR results showed no interaction between the extract and cubosomes. Therefore Cornus mas extract retained its antioxidant activity.

In 2018, the effect of combined treatments of gamma aminobutyric acid with carnuba wax on storage of fresh pistachio cultivar Ahmad Aghaie was investigated using a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three repeats. Factors were edible coatings in five levels including control (distilled water), 10 mM gamma aminobutyric acid (G10), 1% carnoba with 10 mM gamma aminobutyric acid (C1G10), 2% carnoba with 10 mM gamma aminobutyric acid (C2G10) and 3% carnoba with 10 mM gamma aminobutyric acid (C3G10) and the storage time at two levels (25 and 50 days). The results showed that most of the qualitative and quantitative traits such as hull and kernel firmness (4-8% for hull firmness and 7-19% for kernel firmness in different treatments), hull moisture percent (1-2%), total kernel chlorophyll (11-34% in different treatments), aroma (3-30%) and taste (7% decrease in 50th day) showed a descending trend during storage. Kernel carotenoids (5-22%), kernel phenolic compounds (35-44%), kernel flavonoids (8-32%), kernel lipids (31-65%), and antioxidant activity (2-4%) showed an increasing trend. Among the applied treatments, C1G10 seemed to be able to retain most of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fresh Ahmad Aghaie pistachio up to 50 days of storage.

Discovering new strains with useful industrial and pharmaceutical capabilities and avoiding the import of microbial strains from three economic perspectives, passive defense and conservation of the countrychr('39')s microbial genetic resources are of great importance. The presence and activity of appropriate microbes is an essential factor in the success of fermentation processes. Fermented foods and beverages are among the most important and best natural sources for discovering useful strains. In this study, samples of traditional date vinegar were obtained from Kerman market and their physicochemical (pH, acidity, total soluble solid, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity) and rheological properties (consistency coefficient and flow behavior index) were investigated, also their microbial population were assessed by molecular methods (ARDRA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing) for the presence of acetic acid bacteria. The result of this study was to identify two species of acetic acid bacteria, namely Acetobacter pasteurianus and Komagataeibacter europaeus. In addition, Lactobacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp. and Staphylococcus epidermidis were detected in vinegar samples. On the other hand, vinegar sample were different in terms of microbial load and the type of available microbes. Date cultivar, production method and vinegar age are the possible causes of this variations. Finally, the application of acetic acid bacteria identified in this study as starter culture for fruit vinegar production is suggested. These bacteria were stored with FCC-10971 and FCC-10973 codes in the Food Culture Collection of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman and can be ordered by other researchers.