نشریه آب و توسعه پایدار
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 17، پاییز 1399)

The supply chain of a product to a user is a temporal and spatial process. This chain has a local to global scope, in which water is consumed and eventually polluted. Water footprint is a multidimensional indicator. Water footprint describes the direct and indirect consumption of water by a consumer or a production process and describes contaminated water in the production chain. The complete assessment of water footprint is done in four stages: setting goals, calculation stage, water footprint sustainability assessment and codification of policy making rules. In the framework of "water footprint assessment", the comprehensive and final objectives of the study (creating awareness, improving consumption pattern, achieving sustainability or policy decisions) must be specified first. The spatial / temporal scale and studied (person, product, or geographic area) should also be specified. In the next step, the study approach (calculation of direct or indirect consumption, blue, green or gray footprint) is specified. This paper explains the basic principles of this framework and possibility of its implementation in Iran. Because without these structures in water footprint studies and virtual water calculations, the results obtained for policy decisions are not reliable. As a result, it will not be possible to accurately estimate the water footprint of an area in order to plan to reduce water consumption. Therefore, the need to be familiar with such a framework is important.

One of the most important inputs in all economic sectors of Iran is water. The solution to the shortage of water resources in Iran is not more water supply, but an effective solution to adopt policies and measures that change the economic structure and pattern of water consumption. In this study, the income elasticity and price elasticity of Kermanshah urban water demand and the estimation of daily consumption of each person during the period 1392-1397 have been estimated. For this purpose, at first, the general form of water demand function was calculated by maximizing an Aston Gray utility function and was estimated using the VAR model, based on the Johansen method of Kermanshah urban water demand function. According to the results, urban water demand is inversely related to water prices and directly related to income. Price elasticity indicates a negative relationship between price changes and water demand. If the price of water increases by 10%, the demand for it will decrease by 4.3%. On the other hand, the absolute value of price elasticity and revenue elasticity of water is less than one. Also in this research, ARDL model has been used to investigate the long-term, short-term relationship, error correction test and tensile tests as a complementary and comparative method with VAR model of ARDL model. In both models, the price elasticity is less than one, ie with a 10% increase in price, consumption decreases by less than 10%. The non-zero price elasticity of water indicates that increasing tariffs can be used as a way to reduce water consumption, at least in the short term. The results showed that according to the criterion of the usefulness function of acetone, the minimum water consumption for each subscriber in Kermanshah is about 8.21 cubic meters (8210 liters) per month. According to the model, this amount is about 273 liters per day. That's about 273 liters a day, according to model estimates.

In this study, the effect of water consumption behavior training on environmental citizen behavior and relationship with nature of adult education has been investigated. Also, quasi-experimental method, pre-test and post-test were performed with two experimental and control groups. The study population of all literate students of Bojnourd Literacy Movement was 1978 and among those whose pre-test score was less than the average in the questionnaires, 30 people were placed in the experimental group and 30 people in the group by random placement and the training course was conducted with the experimental group in 15 1-hour sessions. Before and after training, pre- and post-test were taken from both control and experimental groups. The face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was estimated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83, 0.87 and 0.72, respectively. Data analysis was performed using Kolmogorov test, Levene’s Test (homogeneity of variances), covariance and factor analysis using SPSS software version 24. The findings showed that water consumption behavior training had a direct and significant effect on environmental citizen behavior and communication with adult education nature. Sub-findings also showed that water consumption behavior training has a direct and significant effect on environmental citizen behavior and communication with adult education nature.

During the last two decades, there have been numerous challenges in the field of urban water supply in Yazd province, such as lack of supply resources on the one hand and increased per capita consumption, as well as high migration rates on the other hand, which analyze the current and future status of supply and demand. Therefore, in this study, we first use linear expenditure models to account for factors such as household income, weather conditions, population and non-price controls such as building materials type and seasonal variation using generalized least squares method and integrated data. 3081 urban households in Yazd province were estimated per capita water consumption. Then, in three ideal scenarios, desirable and available, in both migration and non-migration, the urban water demand of Yazd province for the 25-year horizon (1400-1425) was predicted and the supply shortage was calculated compared to the current situation. The results showed that water supply in the five demand scenarios will face a deficit, which is the case in four critical and severe scenarios. According to the three patterns, this deficit will reach between 3 to 72 million cubic meters in the 25-year horizon in no migration mode and between 14 and 112 million cubic meters in migration mode. According to the results obtained, in order to overcome the main challenge of supply deficit, demand-side policies such as migration control, consumption pattern and quota reform, and supply-side policies such as water transfer should be adopted.

Nonylphenol (NP) is important as a toxic xenobiotic compound, carcinogenic and endocrine disrupter by interfering with the hormonal system of organisms. It originates from the degradation of Nonylphenol ethoxylates (nonionic surfactants). Due to its physicochemical characteristics, such as low solubility and high hydrophobicity, nonylphenol accumulates in sewage sludge, effluents from sewage treatment, river water sediments, soil and surface water. Since NP is the most toxic and abundant alkylphenols, the use and production of such compounds have been banned in EU member countries and strictly monitored in many other countries such as Canada and Japan. Due to its toxicity and bioaccumulation effects on organism especially aquatic life, making rules and regulations along with analysis and measurement of NP are important. Consequently, there is a concern within some industries about the possibility of future regulations that may impose the removal or reduction of micro pollutants by providing alternatives with lower toxicity and stability, cost and suitable efficiency. The significance of upgrading sewage treatment processes with advanced treatment technologies for removal of these contaminants in range of the standards is considered. In this regard, several methods with high efficiency have been proposed for treatment wastewater with NP compounds such as adsorption by Nano-adsorbents and Nano-particles, biosorption, advanced oxidation, photodegradation, etc., as well as the methods for reduction of NP from sludge such as composting and aerobic stabilization.

Reducing water resources and increasing demand for safe drinking water requires attention to water resources that can be returned to nature or can be used in industry or agriculture. In this regard, the use of optimal and effective methods for wastewater treatment and development is very important. In order to increase the efficiency of the wastewater treatment system and in order to reduce the pollution load of the effluent, it is very important to predict the quality of the treated effluent. In this research work, using genetic algorithm and neural network method, the effluent treatment system of Azerbaijan Pegah factory has been modeled in order to optimize the results using genetic algorithm and neural network method. The effluent treatment process should be carried out in order to anticipate the removal and disinfection of the remaining carbon materials and microbial contaminants according to the BOD5 and COD data that determine the quality of the effluent. The results show that the combination of the above two algorithms has been successful in predicting the output data compared to the actual data and there is an 87% matching of the data.

Climate change and inappropriate management activities have put pressure on limited freshwater resources. Water scarcity has led to better allocation of irrigation and it is expected that the allocation of water to the plant is planned according to the environmental conditions and growth stage of the plant. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation interval on morphological characteristics, yield components, yield and oil content on Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) plant, an experimental was carried out in randomized complete block design with five replications at Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Research and Education Center in 2019. Treatments included: irrigation intervals at three levels of 7, 10 and 14 days. The results showed the highest number of canopy (2833 cm2), dry weight of areal part (98 g/plant) and yield components, highest number of capsules per plant (427), seed weight per plant (5.33 g), grain yield per hectare (1921 kg), oil percentage (0.73%) and oil yield per hectare (275 kg) resulted from 10 days irrigation interval. With increasing irrigation interval from 7 days to 10 days was increased values in aforementioned traits and all studied traits was decreased by incremental irrigation interval from 10 days to 14 days. It seems that cultivated media containing fine textured soil due to the increase in surface area of soil constituents to their unit of weight has improved the favorable growth conditions in 10-day irrigation compared to 7-day irrigation. Therefore, application of irrigation treatment in 10 days increased water productivity efficiency in evening Primrose Flower in Mashhad weather condition.

Global warming is one of the most important issues in the world today, in which various variables are involved. Temperature increase, evapotranspiration increase along with significant decrease in precipitation and will greatly affect water resources. In this research, from the statistical exponential microscale model using the SDSM model, the output of the CanESM2 climate change model of Bam synoptic station is based on the models of the fifth report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change and under new release scenarios and future forecasts in three time periods of 2010- 2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 were used in comparison with the base period of 1961-2005. Daily observations of precipitation, mean temperature, minimum and maximum for the period 1961-2005 were entered into the model as input. Considering the climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), the desired climate change was evaluated for future periods. The output results of the microscale model showed that in future periods, the temperature in Bam station will increase based on the three scenarios. Precipitation will increase under some scenarios and will decrease under some scenarios. The results of CROPWAT 8.0 software for future periods showed that the water required for palm trees in the future years in the three time periods 2010-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 compared to the base period 2001-2005 for all scenarios and all time periods except RCP8.5 scenario have increased in the period 2011-2040.