Sustainable Earth Review
Volume:1 Issue: 3, Jul 2021

The study area lockated in the central Allborz whch is in accordance with U shape Caspian Sea. In this Research Shemshak Formtion in the Glandrud region has been Studid and compared in three Section A, B, C in therm Litology Effective Tectonice prossesing in the Formation,Sedementary Environment and Squence of Calasses. These Sections are consisting of sedementry Layer of shemshak Formation, the layer bandray (Elika Formtion & older Formtion) and upper bandray(Lar-Dalichai) in the type section desegnation of shemshak 4 litozone the litilogy of this intity is much more diverse. Sedementry rocks in the studied area are based on desert traps including sandeston types such as quartzit conglomerent, laterite, sub liticarenait, shaillean thin layers and Coal which are Generally Paraconformity or angular unconformity with dolomitic – calcrus cross. on the due to the earlier Cimmerian orogeny phse, carbonate sedimentary environment changed to coal depasetis formation.the UPPER Triassic carbonat rocks in the study area are somtime contain oroganic matte and iron oxide hidroxid of shemshak which formed in the sedementry Environment tidal flats or lagoon. In addition the lateritic section at the base of shemshak formation shows the sedementry discontinuity of the earlier cimmirian land tenure phase.In the section A at the base of shemshak formation is on the part of  Laterit Hoeizon but at the upper part bordered Dalichai formation. At th section of B on the in the hillside of Sordar the Lower boundray of Shemshak Formation contain Laterit Hoeizon the form of Paraconformity and is located on Elika Formation but the upper boundary in the form of angular unconformity bordered Dalichai formation. At th section of C lower boundary of shemshak formation does not contain bauxite- laterit and is located on the Elika formation and the upper bandray ends in direction of Dalichai Formation. in term sedimentary environment Dolomit–Limeston formed in the Tidal Flats, Sandeston in the shallow coastal or condition open River and Coal has been depasited castal marsh and sowamp. The bauxite – Laterit horizon are of peneplain type.

Excessive exploitation of groundwater resources has negatively affected their equilibrium and the groundwater level in several aquifers. Naghade plain (one of Urmia lake aquifers) requires a proper and qualitative management which has suffered a decline in recent years. One of the most important indicators for assessing and zoning the quality of groundwater is to measure the concentration of water ions and determine the groundwater quality index (GQI) by combining the concentration of ions and their relationship with safe standards. The purpose of this study is to apply GQI and FGQI methods for assessing groundwater quality in Naghade plain, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Standard of Iran (INSO). For this purpose, the chemical parameters were used for sampling and analysis of hydro geochemical parameters and compared with the WHO and INSO standards. Due to the uncertainty that exists, the ability of the fuzzy set in the decision making process with the Fuzzy GQI method and the water quality of the area were studied based on the FGQI method. The results of FGQI were based on two WHO and INSO standards of between 0 and 100 variables and groundwater quality in terms of the totally undesirable levels. Finally, the FGQI method in threshold values is considered better than the GQI method and gradual changes in groundwater quality are considered and is a useful method for assessing groundwater quality in the area.

Tourism is a key strategy of development in all international to the local level. It uses human and natural capacities and attractions and improves sustainable development indicators like diversifying economic diversification, job and income generation, empowering local people, preserving human and natural heritage, equitable distribution of income, infrastructure and services, reducing emigration, etc. Waterfalls and cascades as considerable natural attractions are some of the interesting tourism sources around the world that attract domestic and foreign tourists. Realizing this potential depends on appropriate investment that needs identifying and introducing their relative advantages. So, the purpose of this study is to prioritize tourism destination waterfalls in Lorestan province to introduce them for investment, so to be a stimulating factor for the regional economy and also better planning for tourism-based development in the province. This is applied and descriptive-analytical. Documentary and field study used to data gathering and the ELECTRE techniques to analyze the data. The findings showed that Nojian waterfall was the priority for investment and development of tourism in Lorestan province.

Light pollution is generally referred to as an unplanned increase in artificial lighting and the result is a change in light levels. Population growth and the rapid expansion of urbanization and industrialization can be a factor in increasing light pollution in Iran. Therefore, monitoring night light changes and determining areas with high light pollution is essential and can provide a new approach for environmental planners to use it to manage light pollution at the national and provincial levels. There are several tools for evaluating changes in night light, including operational linear satellite scanning data related to the Meteorological Defense Satellite Program (DMSP / OLS). These data not only help assess the severity of light pollution, but can also be used as a tool for pollution risk management and risk zoning. This study tries to analyze the spatial-temporal pattern of artificial light and light pollution in Iran between 1996 and 2013 by processing DMSP / OLS data and detects critical sources of light pollution. Night light data were used in six time periods (1996, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2011 and2013).  The changes in night light and the intensity of light pollution on a national scale evaluated. Besides the relationship between the relative population density changes in each province and its effect on the changes in night light were analyzed in this research. The results show an increase in night light as well as conversion of low-brightness areas with high-brightness areas during study periods across the country. In addition, the provinces of Tehran and Alborz were identified as the provinces with the highest levels of light pollution in the country, and followed by Khuzestan, Isfahan, Bushehr and Fars. Increasing relative density and unbalanced distribution of population, migration and its intensification between 1996 and 2011 are the main factors in the increase light pollution in the country and also the concentration of maximum light pollution in some provinces.

The performance of rivers and winds is an important factor in improving landscapes and shaping the earth's surface. Iran is located in an Arid region and the sand plain and sand dunes, have a lot of expansion and at the same time, most rivers terminate in this area. Therefore, an interaction between river process and sand dunes in 16 mining sites was studied using satellite images taken from Google Earth. Key features such as wind and river direction, type of sand dunes and river channel pattern were determined at each location. The interactions were also classified into five types, each of which determines the dominance between the river process or the wind process. The results showed that there is a significant relation between the pattern of rivers and sand dunes, so that in places where the longitudinal hills are expanded, the channel pattern is more meandering and in places where the hills are more dynamic, the river becomes arterial. Also, regarding the relation between processes and river patterns, there is a significant relation between multi-branch pattern and processes and on sites that are dominated by wind, the Alpine Channel is mostly arterial, but little connection was found between the meandering pattern and the processes studied.

One of the most important topics in development economics texts is the issue of poverty, measuring and reducing it and poverty alleviation. The first step in planning to fight poverty and reducing inequality is to have a proper understanding of the poverty situation. According to this issue, the purpose of this study is identifying and analyzing urban poverty as well as its spatial distribution in the neighborhoods of Shahrekord and to formulate and present suggestions and solutions appropriate to the approach of organizing human societies in order to address its unhealthy conditions. The present article has taken a cognitive and exploratory approach in terms of purpose and is considered evaluative-comparative in terms of method that after explaining the concept of urban poverty with the help of quantitative and qualitative data (statistical block 2016, Upstream plans, land use maps, etc.) of 40 indicators in the form of four main economic, social, cultural and physical variables has been classified using TOPSIS and AHP methods and has identified and distributed the spatial distribution of urban poverty in Shahrekord neighborhoods with ARC GIS software. Urban poverty was addressed in Shahrekord neighborhoods and a map of poverty distribution was drawn. The results show that Koreh, Borveh Pahneh, Darb Darreh, Ashtaftak and Mahdieh neighborhoods were identified as poor and targets for planning.