فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 46 (پاییز 1399)

With the establishment of the Abbasid caliphate and their political stability, the Abbasid caliphs made a great effort for encouraging the artists and the spreading of art in various fields. The Abbasid ministers, who were skilled calligraphers, paved the way for the organization of administrative writing lines in the Dar al-Khalafah, and in the shadow of their attention and the reduction of the economic concerns of the artists, prominent calligraphers emerged in this era. This study aims to investigate the influence of the ministers of the Abbasid court in the development of calligraphy from the rise of the Safachr('39')ah caliphate to the end of Al-Radhi caliphate (1329-329 AH) by reviewing the historical texts. The obtained results indicated that the ministers of this era were often appointed from among the court scribes and by having political power and economic support for calligraphers and their training, they provided the grounds for the creation of delicate and original lines in the third and fourth centuries AH. The research method is a descriptive-analytic study organized based on historical texts.

The issue of forgery is one of the phenomena and damages discussed in the history of hadith and in the history of Islam in general. The view of the phenomenon of forgery in the traditional interpretation of it has not been spared from presuppositions such as "simple perception", "nature of solution" and "lack of distinction between the tradition of the event and the test". The fact is that the knowledge of forgery, without knowing the structure in which forgery occurs; It is not possible. "Discipline of hadith structure" is based on elements such as "historical inclusion", "document centrality" and "spoken-written nature". In a critical approach to traditional narration and in explaining the criteria of falsification analysis in the structure of hadith, rules such as "no connection between falsification and oral narration", "no connection between weakness and falsification", "differentiation of evaluation from quotation" and "claim of falsification as a last resort" He solved the problem. In general, it is not acceptable to try to attribute a historical report to "forgery" as the first solution and based on the elimination approach.

The Barlases were the most important Timurid tribes that ruled Transnistria, South Asia and Iran. Footprints and works by the Barlases can be found in many of the events of that period. Timur was educated among the Barlases and with the help of the Barlases he established the government, so the Barlases were instrumental in the formation, consolidation and development of the Timurid rule, given the Barlases role in the political life of Ulus Chagatai and the Timurid power, it is natural that the Barlases They have played important political and military roles in Timurid rule. Considering the great contribution that the Barlases have made to the Timurid rule, this research attempts to study the role of the Barlases in the political developments of the Timurid era through a descriptive-analytical and library method. So the main question of the study is this: What role did the Barlases play in the formation and evolution of Timurid political power? This essay aims to examine the nature and extent of the political life of the tribe during the Timurid period and how they influence the historical events of that time.

Psikhan region was considered as one of the most important strategic points of the forest movement due to its special geographical location on the communication route from Rasht to Fumanat. Since the Jungles dominated most of the political life of the movement over the land of Fumanat, the geographical location of Pesikhan played an important role in the political balance of Rasht and Fuman, especially in the reciprocal attacks between the Jungles, the Russians, the British and government forces. He took, he played. Psikhan was so important because it was located in areas surrounded by swamps, rivers, forests, forests, and natural obstacles, that its occupation by the warring factions led to the capture of all of Fumanat or Rasht. The main issue of the article is what was the position of Pesikhan in the political and military developments of the forest movement? The authors try to study and analyze the geographical position of Pesikhan in the ups and downs of the jungle movement.

Political advice, as the legacy of Iranian political thought, has an important place in historical studies and political science. One of the most important periods in examining the evolution of writing in Iranian history is the Qajar period. This is important because of the multitude of guidelines and the content changes. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the themes in the Qajar Rules of Procedure, to explain their thematic developments and the factors influencing them. The findings of the present paper, while illustrating the content developments of Qajar periodic texts under the influence of factors such as the existence of a rationalist approach, critical position and application of new political concepts, challenge the view of those who considered the Qajar era to be a period of decadentism.

Egypt’s Alawite community was a noteworthy one before Fatimids established themselves in Egypt. This paper aims to find out what factors and motives made Alawites immigrate to Egypt from various cities of the Muslim World. Finally, it tries to see what objectives and motives contributed to the bilateral policies between Alawites and the ruling class. Examining the data from variegated historical sources indicate that the policy implemented by rulers and governors vis-à-vis Alawites was not of a religious nature before Fatimids began to take root in Egypt. Rather, it was mainly based on the political, social and secular traditions. Contrary to popular belief, Alawites did not form a monolithic society with certain religious, ethnic or political purposes. Hasanids, for instance, were more precautious than their Husainid or Jaʿfarid relatives. In various periods, Hasanids sought to cooperate and reconcile with the ruling system, and with Umayyad and Abbasid governors under the cover of taqiya (precautionary dissimulation of religious belief and practice). They were thus able to both partake of the political, economic and social benefits and pave the way, in propitious moments, for their Fatimid relatives to take power.

When British came to the India in the 19th century, Muslim has been faced with West and their accomplishments as well. Sultan Jahan Begum, the last Begum of Bhopal, was one of the most significant and influential Muslim who had a well-connected and close relationship with British in this time. she not only considered the education of Muslim women necessary, but also attached more importance to their education than men, and believed that if women were properly educated, the family and, consequently, society would prosper. Therefore, she spent an important part of her life in educating Indian Muslim girls and women. In this research, Which is compiled in the library method, after a brief introduction to Sultan Jahan Begum, her activities on the education of Muslim girls and women are described. Findings declare that Sultan jahan begum has taken various practical and theoretical measures to advance her educational aims