فهرست مطالب

نشریه ماشین های کشاورزی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/10/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 30
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  • امید اسمند، سید رضا موسوی سیدی*، داود کلانتری صفحات 131-143

    در تحقیق حاضر طراحی و ساخت یک سامانه هشدار الکترونیکی برای عدم سقوط بذرهای درشت از لوله سقوط کارنده به داخل شیار زمین با استفاده از سه نوع بذر ذرت، لوبیا و سویا انجام شده است. دو حسگر لیزر و ماکروویو و روش دستی در شمارش بذر مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. این آزمایش ها در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با دو تیمار نوع بذر (ذرت، لوبیا و سویا) و نوع شمارش بذر (دستی، مایکروویو و لیزر) در حساسیت متوسط و بالای حسگرها یک بار در مزرعه و یک بار در آزمایشگاه در سه تکرار انجام شد. برای مقایسه میانگین از آزمون دانکن در سطح احتمال 1% استفاده شد. نتیجه نشان داد که در آزمایشگاه اختلاف تعداد شمارش بذر توسط حسگر لیزر نسبت به تعداد واقعی آن در حساسیت متوسط و بالا برای بذر ذرت به ترتیب 4/87% و 3/94%، بذر لوبیا 1/89% و 2/94% و بذر سویا 4/89% و 3/92% و در حالت مزرعه اختلاف برای بذر ذرت به ترتیب 5/86% و 6/92%، بذر لوبیا 92% و 3/94%، و بذر سویا 3/89% و 6/93% بود که در بیشتر موارد اختلاف معنی دار مشاهده شد. اختلاف تعداد شمارش بذر توسط حسگر مایکروویو نسبت به تعداد واقعی آن در حساسیت متوسط و بالا در آزمایشگاه برای بذر ذرت به ترتیب 3/85% و 5/90%، بذر لوبیا 8/83% و 3/92% و بذر سویا 9/86% و 2/93% و این اختلاف در مزرعه برای بذر ذرت به ترتیب 7/82% و 9/88% ، بذر لوبیا 3/88% و 4/91% و بذر سویا 6/84% و 8/91% بود که در بیشتر موارد اختلاف معنی دار مشاهده شد. در صورت عدم سقوط بذر در این حسگرها، سامانه به اپراتور هشدار می دهد. لازم به ذکر است که در تمام موارد عملکرد حسگر لیزر در شمارش بذر از حسگر مایکروویو بهتر بود.

    کلیدواژگان: حسگر، شمارش بذر، کارنده، لیزر، مایکروویو
  • پیام پاشایی، حمیدرضا قاسم زاده، حسین بهفر صفحات 145-159

    ارتعاش بوم های عریض سم پاشی هنگام عبور از ناهمواری های زمین و سرعت عمل در میرا کردن ارتعاشات، یکی از چالش های پژوهشگران است. عدم یکنواختی الگوی پاشش نازل و کاهش دقت و کیفیت کار، نتیجه ارتعاش کنترل نشده بوم سم پاش است. تاکنون تلاش های زیادی برای میراسازی ارتعاش بوم های عریض سم پاشی به عمل آمده است. پژوهشگران با استفاده از روش های فعال و غیرفعال موفقیت های زیادی در میراسازی ارتعاش بوم های سم پاشی به دست آورده اند. بسیاری از این روش ها مبتنی بر استفاده از نیروی خارجی به عنوان نیروی فعال کنترل کننده است. تجهیزات گران قیمت، استفاده از توان تراکتور و صرف انرژی زیاد، ایراد اساسی این روش ها است. در کار تحقیقی حاضر، سامانه جدیدی تحت عنوان تکیه گاه متغیر طراحی و نمونه سازی شد. آزمایش ها به صورت اثر عاملی چند متغیره روی بوم سم پاش انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که سم پاش دارای تکیه گاه متغیر نسبت به سم پاش مرسوم ازنظر کنترل شتاب های بوم و تعادل زاویه ای بوم دارای تفاوت معنی دار و برتری نسبی است.

    کلیدواژگان: بوم عریض سم پاش متعادل، تکیه گاه متغیر، کشاورزی دقیق، کنترل نیروی فعال
  • حمید عبدالملکی، علی جعفری، حسین موسی زاده، علی حاجی احمد صفحات 161-171

    با توجه به نیاز بیشتر جمعیت رو به افزایش جهان به مواد غذایی، محققان به دنبال افزایش تولید کمی و کیفی محصولات با گرایش به سمت پایش برخط، کنترل هوشمند تجهیزات و بررسی کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی به خصوص در زمینه پرورش آبزیان هستند. در این پژوهش شبیه سازی یک قایق خودران مدل انجام شده است تا کنترل این نوع از شناورها را در محیط های مختلفی مانند اسکله ها، سد ها، بنادر، رودخانه ها، زیست بوم های آبی و مزارع پرورش آبزی انجام داده و امکان بررسی و پایش وضعیت زیست محیطی، عمق آب و شاخصه های مورد نیاز دیگر را فراهم آورد. موقعیت و زاویه حرکت قایق با استفاده از داده های GPS و IMU تعیین شده است. مدل سیالاتی و نیرویی قایق به کمک ضرایب هیدرودینامیکی و آیرودینامیکی ارایه و در محیط متلب به کمک رانگ کوتای کلاسیک (RK4) شبیه سازی شده است. برای ارزیابی عملکرد قایق ربات خودران، یک مسیر مستطیل شکل با طول 20 متر در عرض 15 متر در یک استخر انتخاب شد و 4 گوشه این مستطیل به عنوان نقطه مسیر به سامانه ناوبری معرفی گردید. بیشینه خطای موقعیت مکانی عرضی و طولی قایق ربات خودران به ترتیب cm 135 و cm 149 محاسبه شد. همچنین در آزمون کنترلر PID سرعت پیشروی با سرعت تنظیمی cm s-1 40 میانگین و انحراف معیار به ترتیب cm s-1 40 و  cm s-12 به دست آمد. مسیر حرکت قایق تقریبا بر روی مسیر شبیه سازی شده قرار داشت و نتایج به دست آمده از دقت خوب این مدل حکایت دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: سامانه موقعیت یاب جهانی، شبیه‎سازی سیالاتی، قایق ربات خودران، مزرعه پرورش آبزیان، واحد اندازه گیری ماند
  • وحید نیساری فام، سید رضا طباطبایی کلور*، علی متولی صفحات 173-185

    عملیات فراوری محصول بادام شامل سه مرحله شکستن پوسته چوبی، جداسازی مغز و بسته بندی است. در این پژوهش عوامل موثر بر جداسازی مغز بادام و پوسته آن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و یک سیستم جداساز پنوماتیک ارایه گردید. برای این کار عواملی چون سرعت حد مغز بادام و پوست چوبی، تاثیر رطوبت، زاویه غلتش، نیروی شکست، طول تونل جداساز، دبی و توان پمپ مورد استفاده در دستگاه به دست آورده شد. سپس با داده های به دست آمده دستگاه طراحی و ساخته شد. به منظور ارزیابی دستگاه، تاثیر سه عامل سرعت باد در سه سطح 7، 5 و 3 متر بر ثانیه، اندازه ذرات در چهار سطح مخلوط، درشت، متوسط و ریز و درصد رطوبت در سه سطح 7%، 13% و 19% بر عملکرد و میزان جدایش دستگاه بررسی گردید. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که همه اثرات اصلی، اثرات متقابل دوتایی و اثر متقابل سه تایی در سطح احتمال 1 درصد،  معنی دار است. در سرعت 7 متر بر ثانیه در سه سطح رطوبتی 7%، 13% و 19% جداسازی کامل اتفاق افتاد. در سرعت 5 متر بر ثانیه جداسازی برای پوست های متوسط و ریز و در سرعت 3 متر بر ثانیه جداسازی فقط برای پوست های ریز اتفاق افتاد. نتایج این پژوهش می تواند در فرآیند طراحی و بهینه سازی جهت افزایش راندمان و کاهش زمان جداسازی مغز و پوسته بادام به کار گرفته شود.

    کلیدواژگان: بادام، جداساز پنوماتیکی، سرعت حد، نیروی درگ
  • بهنام صوری دمیرچی سفلی، سید حسین کار پرورفرد *، علی رنجبر کریم آبادی، هادی عظیمی نژادیان، عقیل موذنی کلات صفحات 187-197

    خاک ورزی یکی از مهم ترین عملیات مزرعه ای است که به منظور بهبود ساختار و شرایط فیزیکی خاک و کمک به تهیه بستر مناسب رشد گیاه انجام می شود. خاک ورزی حفاظتی یکی از روش های خاک ورزی است که سبب کاهش هزینه های خاک ورزی می گردد. در خاک ورزی حفاظتی، تیغه مورد استفاده جهت انجام خاک ورزی، اهمیت بسیاری دارد. هدف از این پژوهش، تعیین زاویه حمله بهینه تیغه باریک تغییریافته در دو حالت بدون باله و باله دار، در خاک مزرعه می باشد. سه زاویه حمله تیغه (20 ، 25 و 30) درجه، دو سطح عمق خاک ورزی (15 و 20) سانتی متر و دو سطح سرعت پیشروی (2 و 3) کیلومتر بر ساعت تیمارهای این پژوهش بودند. پارامترهای اندازه گیری شده در این پژوهش؛ نیروی مقاومت کششی، مصرف سوخت تراکتور، لغزش چرخ محرک تراکتور، سطح مقطع به هم خورده خاک، سطح مقطع بالاآمده خاک و مقاومت ویژه خاک ورز بودند. آزمایش های مزرعه ای در طرح آماری کرت های دو بار خردشده بر پایه طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار انجام گردید. به منظور تعیین مقادیر بهینه تیمارهای ذکر شده، از روش رگرسیون چند متغیره خطی استفاده شد. مقادیر بهینه زاویه حمله تیغه، عمق خاک ورزی و سرعت پیشروی تراکتور، به ترتیب برای حالت تیغه بدون باله 20 درجه، 20 سانتی متر و 21/2 کیلومتر بر ساعت و برای حالت تیغه باله دار به ترتیب برابر 30 درجه، 20 سانتی متر و 03/2 کیلومتر بر ساعت به دست آمد.

    کلیدواژگان: زاویه حمله بهینه تیغه، سرعت پیشروی بهینه، سطح به هم خوردگی خاک، عمق خاک ورزی، بهینه مقاومت کششی
  • سعید احمدی پور، محمدحسین آق خانی*، جواد زارعی صفحات 199-212

    در موتورهای احتراق داخلی، نسبت تراکم و نوع سوخت مورد استفاده، دو فاکتور مهم و تاثیرگذار بر عملکرد موتور و انتشار آلاینده های خروجی می باشد. در تحقیق حاضر جهت بررسی ویژگی های عملکردی و آلاینده های خروجی با نسبت تراکم های مختلف و سوخت های جایگزین از حل عددی یک بعدی دینامیک سیالات محاسباتی با نرم افزار GT-Power جهت مدل سازی موتور دیزلی شش سیلندر تزریق مستقیم استفاده گردید. نسبت تراکم از 15:1 تا 19:1 با فاصله یک واحد و از سوخت های جایگزین سوخت مبنا (دیزل) شامل متانول، اتانول، ترکیب دیزل و اتانول، بیودیزل و دکان استفاده شد. برای اعتبار سنجی مدل، مقایسه ای بین داده های شبیه سازی با داده های تجربی (شامل گشتاور و توان) صورت گرفت که نتایج نشان داد که خطای اعتبارسنجی، کمتر از 12/6 درصد است که این موضوع معرف اعتبار قابل قبول مدل نرم افزاری است. همچنین نتایج مدل سازی نشان داد که با افزایش نسبت تراکم، سوخت دکان نسبت به سوخت مبنا دارای توان و گشتاور ترمزی بالاتری در حدود 86/3 درصد و مصرف سوخت ویژه ترمزی به مقدار 72/3 درصد به دلیل تولید توان بالاتر، کاهش یافته است. در ضمن اینکه با کاهش نسبت تراکم نسبت به حالت مبنا، مقدار CO و CO2 با سوخت بیودیزل و دیزل دارای حداقل مقدار و کمترین انتشار NOX با سوخت دکان حاصل گردیده است. در حالت کلی نتایج نشان داد که سوخت دکان با نسبت تراکم 17:1 می تواند جایگزین خوبی نسبت به سوخت دیزل در موتورهای دیزلی باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: آلاینده های خروجی، عملکرد، موتور دیزل، نسبت تراکم ن، رم افزار GT-Power
  • مهدی ملک محمدی، مجید رهنما*، سامان آبدانان مهدی زاده، نواب کاظمی صفحات 213-230

    استفاده از سوختی جایگزین بنزین و همچنین کاهش آلاینده های خروجی در موتور اشتعال جرقه ای از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. لذا در این پژوهش از ترکیب اتانول با بنزین (در پنج سطح، 0، 10، 20، 30 و 40 درصد) به عنوان سوخت تجدیدپذیر و از نانو ذرات کربنی (در سه سطح 0، 20 و 80 پی پی ام) به عنوان کاتالیزور در یک موتور انژکتوری بنزینی (در دورهای 1000، 2000 و 3000 دور بر دقیقه) مصرف شدند. آزمایش ها در سه تکرار و به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد و اکسیژن و برخی از آلاینده های موتور از قبیل صدا، مونو اکسید کربن، هیدروکربن های نسوخته و دی اکسید کربن خروجی موتور اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش مصرف اتانول مقدار تولید مونو اکسید کربن و هیدروکربن های نسوخته کم می شود. همچنین مقدار تولید اکسیژن و دی اکسید کربن افزایش می یابد. افزودن نانو ذرات کربنی باعث کاهش صدای موتور در دورهای بالا (در دور 3000 دور بر دقیقه مقدار صدا از 17/82 دسیبل با بنزین خالص به 79 دسیبل در مخلوط بنزین با 80 پی پی ام نانو ذرات کربنی) می شود. نتایج نشان داد استفاده از سیستم تزریق هوا به اگزوز قبل از کاتالیست نسبت به تیمار بنزین خالص، ترکیب های مختلفی از 80 پی پی ام نانو ذرات کربنی و همچنین اتانول صفر درصد برتری دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: آلاینده، اتانول، صدا، موتور بنزینی، نانو ذرات کربنی
  • ساجد نعیمی دیزجیکان، غلامحسین شاهقلی*، عادل رضوانی وند فنائی، وحید رستم پور صفحات 231-246

    سیکلون ها از جمله جداکننده های گریز از مرکز هستند که به دلیل سادگی و هزینه های ساخت و نگهداری نسبتا پایین مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. بازده جمع آوری ذرات و افت فشار دو پارامتر کلیدی در عملکرد سیکلون ها می باشند. دینامیک سیالات محاسباتی (CFD) یک ابزار قدرتمند برای پیش بینی رفتار جریان در طیف گسترده ای از طراحی و شرایط عملیاتی است که با حل عددی معادلات ناویر استوکس درک بهتری از حل عددی آشفتگی می دهد. در این مطالعه از یک سیکلون استرماند بازده بالا برای مطالعه رفتار گندم در داخل سیکلون استفاده گردید. برای رسم شبکه مسئله از نرم افزار گمبیت و برای حل معادلات بقا از نرم افزار کد تجاری انسیس فلوینت 15 بهره گرفته شد. با توجه به عدد ماخ زیر 3/0 جریان، حلگر بر پایه فشار و از مدل SSTk-ω برای شبیه سازی آشفتگی جریان استفاده شد. با فرض رقیق بودن جریان گندم در داخل جریان هوا (کسر حجمی زیر 12%) فاز مجزا با ردیابی تعداد زیادی از ذرات از طریق میدان جریان محاسبه گردید. با توجه به اهمیت بالای میدان های فشار و سرعت و تاثیر مستقیم بر روی بازده عملکردی سیکلون، در سرعت های ورودی m s-1 10، 12، 14، 16، 18 و 20 و نرخ جرمی جریان kg s-1 08/0 پارامترهای فشار استاتیک، فشار کل، سرعت محوری، سرعت مماسی، شدت آشفتگی و سایش با همدیگر مقایسه شد. همچنین بازده جمع آوری برای سرعت های فوق به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که با در نظر گرفتن تمامی شرایط سرعت ورودی m s-1  16 بهترین عملکرد را دارا بود.

    کلیدواژگان: استرماند، افت فشار، دینامیک سیالات محاسباتی، سیکلون
  • جلال جوادی مقدم*، سعید عزلتی، قاسم زارعی، داود مومنی، فرزاد آزادشهرکی صفحات 247-262

    در این تحقیق، تهویه و سرمایش یک گلخانه که ستون های آن بر ریوس یک هشت وجهی منتظم قرار گرفته اند بررسی شد. سه جانمایی متفاوت از محل قرارگیری فن ها، دریچه ها و پدها بر روی این سازه گلخانه با استفاده از مباحث دینامیک سیالاتی نرم افزار سالیدورک 2018 شبیه سازی شد که بر این اساس، بهترین محل قرارگیری فن ها، پدها و دریچه های تهویه مشخص گردید. این جانمایی ها شامل ابتدا قرارگیری فن ها در قسمت تاج سقف و دریچه ها در دیواره های هرم است. سپس در جانمایی دوم، پدها و فن ها در دیواره های طولی گلخانه در مقابل یکدیگر واقع شده و در حالت آخر نیز فن ها در سقف هرم های گلخانه و پدها در دیوارهای طولی روبه روی هم (پدهای موازی) در نظر گرفته شدند. در جانمایی اول، امکان ایجاد وزش باد به صورت چرخشی در گلخانه امکان پذیر است. لذا تبادل حرارتی قسمت های مختلف محیط گلخانه افزایش پیدا خواهد نمود و در این حالت میزان گاز دی اکسید کربن دریافتی توسط گیاه نیز بالا خواهد رفت. در حالت فن و پد روبه روی هم، باد عبوری از پد به صورت یکنواخت در گلخانه جریان پیدا کرده و از فن های مقابل خارج می شود که منجر به ایجاد جریان هوایی مطلوب در گلخانه می شود. در صورت استفاده از فن در سقف و پدها به صورت موازی در گلخانه، رطوبت نسبی بالا رفته و دما به ویژه در هنگام استفاده از سایه اندازها به شدت کاهش می یابد. این حالت برای سرمایش در مناطق خشک می تواند کاربرد داشته باشد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که با انتخاب صحیح چیدمان پد، فن و دریچه در گلخانه هشت وجهی، می توان از این گلخانه در شرایط آب و هوایی مختلف به ویژه گرم و خشک، استفاده کرد.

    کلیدواژگان: تهویه، دینامیک سیالات محاسباتی، سرمایش، گلخانه هشت وجهی
  • سمیه رضایی، ناصر بهروزی خزاعی *، حسین درویشی صفحات 263-275

    در این پژوهش بررسی سینتیک خشک شدن چیپس سیب زمینی و مدل سازی آن در یک خشک کن مایکروویو با سامانه ثبت تصویر به صورت بلادرنگ و اعمال سطوح توان متغیر در طی فرآیند خشک کردن انجام گرفت. در خشک کن مورد نظر دو سری آزمایش انجام گرفت، سری اول با سه سطح چگالی توان 67/2، 4 و 8 W g-1 با دو حالت چگالی توان ثابت و متغیر برای بررسی و مدل سازی سینتیک تغییرات محتوای رطوبتی و سری دوم با دو سطح 3 و 5 W g-1 برای ارزیابی مدل های ساخته شده استفاده شد. همچنین چروکیدگی محصول به کمک الگوریتم پردازش تصویر توسعه داده شده اندازه گیری شد. دو مدل شبکه عصبی، اولی با ورودی های زمان و چگالی توان و دومی با ورودی های نسبت چروکیدگی و چگالی توان برای مدل سازی و پیش بینی تغییرات محتوای رطوبتی توسعه داده شدند. نتایج ارزیابی مدل ها نشان داد که مدل دوم با همبستگی 994/0 و خطای 067/0 نسبت به مدل اول با همبستگی 961/0 و خطای 173/0 دارای قابلیت اعتماد و اطمینان بیشتری برای پیش بینی تغییرات محتوای رطوبتی می باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: چروکیدگی چگالی، توان مایکروویو، سینتیک محتوای رطوبتی
  • حدیث بی آبی، سامان آبدانان مهدی زاده *، محمدرضا صالحی سلمی صفحات 277-291

    تشخیص خودکار و به موقع بیماری های گیاهی، یک موضوع اساسی در نظارت و تولید محصولات سالم و باکیفیت است. لذا طراحی و توسعه روشی سریع، خودکار، ارزان و دقیق به منظور تشخیص بیماری گیاهان در مراحل اولیه از اهمیت به سزایی برخوردار است. در این پژوهش تصاویر از 40 لیلیوم آلوده به بیماری آتشک و 40 گیاه سالم توسط دوربین دیجیتال اخذ و پس از تقسیم بندی تصاویر تعداد 9 ویژگی رنگی از سه کانال RGB، Lab و HSV از ساقه و برگ گیاه و همچنین یک ویژگی مورفولوژیکی (طول ساقه) از گیاه استخراج شد. با اعمال الگوریتم پرچین های زبانی طی 100 هزار تکرار موثرترین این ویژگی ها (L برگ، L ساقه، a برگ، b برگ، H برگ، b ساقه، H ساقه، V برگ و طول ساقه) انتخاب و به وسیله خوشه بند k-means گروه بندی شدند. در نهایت نشان داده شد که دقت خوشه بند برای دو گونه بیمار، سالم و دقت کلی به ترتیب برابر با 42/96 و 100 و 63/97 درصد به دست آمد.

    کلیدواژگان: الگوریتم پرچین های زبانی، پردازش تصویر، تشخیص بیماری گیاه، سلامت گیاه لیلیوم
  • سعید میرزامحمدی *، آرمین جبارزاده، مهران صالحی شهرابی صفحات 293-303

    علی رغم عملکرد مناسب گلخانه ها در بخش تولید محصولات کشاورزی، نیاز به میزان بالای انرژی مستقیم و غیرمستقیم گلخانه ها از ملاحظات اصلی توسعه آن ها در کشورها است. به همین جهت، توسعه گلخانه ها با بهره مندی از منابع تجدیدپذیر از جمله راهکارهای اتخاذ شده در کشورهای در حال توسعه است. اما جدای از مزایای زیست محیطی منابع تجدیدپذیر، برخی ملاحظات اقتصادی نظیر بالا بودن سرمایه اولیه مورد نیاز آن ها، به کارگیری منابع تجدیدپذیر برای تامین انرژی مورد نیاز گلخانه ها را با ملاحظاتی روبه رو می سازد. در این پژوهش موضوع تامین انرژی مورد نیاز گلخانه ها با بهره گیری از منابع تجدیدپذیر در حالت اتصال به شبکه مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. از آنجایی که در حالت اتصال به شبکه، امکان خرید و فروش انرژی با شبکه اصلی وجود دارد، ابتدا مدل سازی ریاضی تعیین تعداد بهینه منابع تجدیدپذیر و ذخیره سازهای انرژی با هدف بیشینه سازی درآمد ارایه شده است. در ادامه با تولید داد ه های مختلف، مدل سازی فوق در 9 مسئله مختلف حل شده و مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. نتایج به دست آمده از مسایل فوق نشان دهنده حساسیت بالای قیمت فروش برق نسبت به قیمت خرید برق در تعیین میزان تخصیص انرژی منابع تجدیدپذیر به گلخانه یا شبکه است. به نحوی که در حالت اختلاف 10برابری قیمت فروش برق به شبکه نسبت به قیمت خرید برق از شبکه، مشاهده می گردد تمامی مقادیر منابع تجدیدپذیر به شبکه تخصیص می یابد و به تعداد کل 288 ساعت دوره برنامه ریزی می رسد. همچنین نتایج نشان می دهند میزان بالای در دسترس بودن منابع مختلف انرژی تجدیدپذیر در منطقه جغرافیایی مورد بررسی، می تواند منجر به عدم توجیه اقتصادی به کارگیری هم زمان منابع مختلف تجدیدپذیر گردد. به همین جهت مشاهده می گردد با در نظر گرفتن عملکرد مناسب انرژی بادی در مسئله مورد بررسی و در حالت برابری هزینه های سرمایه گذاری و تعمیرات نگهداری انرژی های بادی و خورشیدی، استفاده از انرژی خورشیدی مقرون به صرفه نمی باشد. درحالی که با درنظر گرفتن هزینه سرمایه گذاری 2 برابری و هزینه 5/1 برابری تعمیرات نگهداری انرژی بادی نسبت انرژی خورشیدی، استفاده از انرژی بادی مقرون به صرفه نخواهد بود.

    کلیدواژگان: امنیت انرژی، امنیت غذایی، انرژی های تجدیدپذیر، برنامه ریزی انرژی، گلخانه
  • مسلم سامی، اسدالله اکرم*، محمد شریفی صفحات 305-316

    این مطالعه به منظور بررسی پتانسیل تولید بیوگاز از تفاله های آب میوه گیری سیب و مدل سازی فرآیند تولید صورت پذیرفته است. بدین منظور تولید بیوگاز از تفاله های سیب تحت شرایط مختلف دمایی شامل سایکروفیلیک، مزوفیلیک و ترموفیلیک بررسی گردید. نتایج مطالعه حاکی از پتانسیل تیوری بالای تولید متان بیوشیمیایی تفاله های سیب می باشد (ml g-VS-17/473) که تحت شرایط آزمایشگاهی این مطالعه تا 9/63 درصد این پتانسیل (برابر میزان ml g-VS-1 70/302) استحصال گردید. نتایج نشان داد که هر سه مدل سینتیک گومپرتز، لجستیک و ریچاردز به خوبی قادر هستند روند تولید متان تجمعی از تفاله های سیب را مدل سازی کنند هرچند که نتایج مدل لجستیک بهتر و قابل قبول تر می باشد. همچنین این مدل ها تحت دمای مزوفیلیک و ترموفیلیک تطابق بیشتری با روند تولید داشتند. نتایج بررسی تاثیرات دما بر روی تولید بیوگاز نشان داد که با افزایش دما میزان تولید افزایش و زمان ماند و زمان پیک تولید کاهش یافت اما میزان تولید تیمارهای 37 و 47 درجه از نظر آماری معنی دار نبوده است.

    کلیدواژگان: بیوگاز، پتانسیل سنجی، مدلسازی، متان
  • علی یوسفوند، جعفر امیری پریان * صفحات 317-329

    کنترل بیماری ها و آفات گردو مستلزم تعیین نقشه گستردگی آلودگی ها در کمترین زمان ممکن می باشد. پردازش تصویر به عنوان رویکردی برای تعیین میزان و نوع آسیب دیدگی محصولات مختلف در مزارع و باغات ارایه شده است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، تشخیص بیماری آنتراکنوز برگ درختان گردو با استفاده از روش پردازش تصویر می باشد. تشخیص بیماری در باغ و با استفاده از تصاویر گرفته شده از برگ های واقع بر روی درخت انجام گرفت تا با عملیاتی با بار محاسباتی اندک و الگوریتمی به دور از پیچیدگی محاسباتی، زمینه لازم برای طراحی نرم افزارهای کاربردی بر روی سامانه های مکاترونیکی هوشمند فراهم گردد. بدین منظور تصاویری از برگ های سالم گردو و همچنین نقاط آلوده به بیماری آنتراکنوز گرفته شد. الگوریتم شناسایی بیماری آنتراکنوز مبتنی بر ویژگی های رنگی و شکل شناسی برگ ها و لکه های ناشی از بیماری بود. نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی روش ارایه شده برای تشخیص بیماری آنتراکنوز، دقت تفکیک 98 درصد را نشان داد. شدت آلودگی محاسبه شده توسط الگوریتم با شدت آلودگی حقیقی مقایسه شد و نتایج استفاده از آزمون توزیع t برای مقایسه میانگین دو نمونه (شدت آلودگی محاسبه شده توسط الگوریتم و شدت آلودگی حقیقی) نشان داد که بین دو گروه در سطح احتمال 01/0 اختلاف معنی داری وجود ندارد.

    کلیدواژگان: برگ درخت گردو، پردازش تصویر، ویژگی های رنگی، ویژگی های شکل شناسی
  • ابراهیم بیابانی اقدم، محمدهادی خوش تقاضا*، غلامحسن نجفی صفحات 331-342

    یکی از مهم ترین مراحل پس از برداشت گردو، شکستن پوسته سخت آن برای استحصال مغز گردوی سالم است. در این تحقیق از روش سطح پاسخ به منظور بررسی تاثیر فاکتورهای دمای حمام فراصوت (20، 35 و 50 درجه سلسیوس) و مدت زمان فراصوت (5، 15 و 25 دقیقه) همچنین نحوه اعمال نیروی شکست (سرعت و جهت بارگذاری) روی کیفیت مغز شدگی گردو استفاده شد. در نهایت بهینه سازی فاکتورهای تاثیرگذار بر مغزشدگی گردو مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. شکستن پوسته گردو توسط دستگاه آزمون مواد در سرعت های بارگذاری 5/0، 5/1 و 5/2 میلی متر بر ثانیه در جهت طولی و عرضی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد اعمال فراصوت در همه ی حالات، کیفیت مغزشدگی را افزایش و نیروی شکست را کاهش می دهد. همچنین مشاهده شد با افزایش سرعت بارگذاری و مدت زمان اعمال فراصوت درصد مغزهای سالم و درجه کیفیت مغزهای شکسته افزایش یافت. بالاترین کیفیت مغزشدگی و کم ترین نیروی شکست گردو در سرعت بارگذاری mm s-1 5/1، زمان اعمال فراصوت min 25، دمایºC 50 حمام فراصوت و در جهت بارگذاری طولی به دست آمد.

    کلیدواژگان: حمام فراصوت، سرعت و جهت بارگذاری، شکستن گردو
  • محسن زندی*، علی گنجلو، ماندانا بی مکر صفحات 343-357

    در دهه های اخیر، از سیستم های هوش مصنوعی برای ایجاد مدل های پیش بینی جهت تخمین و پیش بینی بسیاری از فرآیندهای کشاورزی استفاده شده است. در این مطالعه، خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی میوه زالزالک طی نگهداری در شرایط مختلف با استفاده از شبکه های عصبی مصنوعی و سیستم استنتاج عصبی-فازی سازگار پیش بینی گردید. از داده های تجربی حاصل از نگهداری میوه، برای آموزش و آزمایش این شبکه ها استفاده شد. تعداد کل لایه های پنهان و تعداد نورون در هر لایه پنهان به روش سعی و خطا انتخاب گردید. شبکه عصبی و سیستم استنتاج عصبی-فازی سازگار طراحی شده دارای ورودی شامل زمان نگهداری، رطوبت اولیه و دمای نگهداری و یک متغیر در لایه های خروجی (، ، ،  و) بود. مقادیر R2 بالا و RMSE کم گویای کارایی بالای مدل شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و سیستم استنتاج عصبی-فازی سازگار در پیش بینی خصوصیات کیفی زالزالک طی فرآیند نگهداری می باشد. نتایج نشان داد که شبکه عصبی پرسپترون چندلایه با الگوریتم یادگیری مومنتوم و تابع آستانه ای تان اکسون بهترین شبکه برای پیش بینی خصوصیات کیفی زالزالک در شرایط مختلف بود. نتایج مدل سازی با انفیس نشان داد که توابع عضویت ذوزنقه ای و گوسی بهترین عملکرد را به ترتیب در پیش بینی پارامترهای رنگی و فیزیکی داشت. با مقایسه نتایج حاصل از مدل سازی با شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و انفیس، تفاوت زیادی از نظر دقت و کارایی در پیش بینی مشاهده نشد، اگرچه شاخص RMSE در مدل سازی با کمک انفیس کمتر از شبکه عصبی مصنوعی بود که خود نمایان گر دقت بالاتر آن می باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: زالزالک، سیستم استنتاج عصبی-فازی سازگار، شبکه پرسپترون چند لایه ای، شبکه عصبی مصنوعی
  • شهریار صدیقی، داود کلانتری*، ژوزف ردل صفحات 359-369

    در مطالعه حاضر امکان بهینه سازی انباره یک موتور احتراقی کوچک مربوط به چمن زن دوشی جهت کاهش سطح سروصدای تولیدی آن مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفت. آزمایش ها به صورت فاکتوریل، بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی و در سه تکرار انجام گرفت. تیمارهای پژوهش عبارت بودند از: انباره اصلی موتور و انباره بهینه شده در دو سطح 3000 و 5000 دور در دقیقه و عوامل تحت مطالعه شامل تراز فشار صوتی (SPL) و تغییرات فشار پس زنی (PΔ) در حالت بدون بار. به علاوه تحلیل فرکانسی تیمارها برای بررسی عملکرد صوت های خروجی موتور مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. جمع آوری داده های صوتی طبق ویژگی های مکان آزمون بر اساس استاندارد موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران که درخصوص مقررات آزمون برای اندازه گیری سروصدای انواع چمن زن ها است، انتخاب شد. طبق نتایج به دست آمده، در دور 3000 دور در دقیقه، تراز فشار صوت انباره بهینه شده به میزان 4/6% نسبت به انباره اصلی کاهش پیدا کرد. همچنین نتایج حاصل از تبدیل سریع فوریه (FFT) نشان داد که شدت و دامنه فرکانس های خروجی از انباره بهینه شده در محدوده فرکانس های 10 تا 15کیلو هرتز کاهش پیدا کرده است. به عنوان نتیجه کلی حاصل از تحقیق حاضر، با نصب انباره بهینه شده میزان حداکثر ساعت کاری کاربر بر اساس استاندارد موسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران حدود مواجهه در مقابل صوت حاصل از موتور، در دور 5000 دور در دقیقه برابر با 8/4 ساعت افزایش یافت.

    کلیدواژگان: آلایندگی صوتی، ارگونومی، انباره، تراز فشار صوتی، چمن زن دوشی
  • محمدرضا زارع زاده، محمد ابونجمی*، مهدی قاسمی ورنامخواستی، فاطمه آذری کیا صفحات 371-383

    روغن زیتون فرابکر همیشه مورد توجه و خواست استفاده کنندگان می باشد؛ از این رو در روغن های زیتون بکر و فرابکر، تقلب، با افزودن روغن های با ارزش غذایی و قیمت کمتر مثل کانولا، آفتابگردان، تفاله زیتون و غیره مشاهده می گردد. در این پژوهش با استفاده از فناوری ماشین بویایی روغن زیتون فرابکر، از نمونه های تقلبی تهیه شده با روغن های متداول در بازار و با هفت مدل طبقه بندی مختلف تشخیص داده شد. نمونه ها در شش دسته ی "خالص و 5، 10، 20، 35 و 50 درصد تقلب" و هر تیمار در هفت نمونه تهیه و آزمایش ها در هفت تکرار انجام گرفت. سامانه بویایی از هشت حسگر متفاوت تشکیل شده که برای هر کدام نمودار تغییر ولتاژ بر حسب زمان تهیه و از آن نمودار چهار ویژگی "کمینه، بیشینه، میانگین و اختلاف بیشینه و کمینه" در مدل های طبقه بندی استفاده گردید. به این ترتیب تعداد 32 ویژگی برای هشت حسگر استخراج و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. به جهت تاثیر دمای نمونه ها در خروجی سامانه، تمام آزمایش ها در دمای ثابت انجام گرفتند. طبقه بندی نتایج با چهار الگوریتم طبقه بندی "K-همسایگی نزدیک، ماشین بردار پشتیبان، شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و آدابوست" صورت پذیرفت. 70% داده ها برای آموزش و 30% برای آزمون استفاده گردید. از بین 32 ویژگی، ویژگی "کمینه مقدار خروجی سنسور TGS-822" بیشترین تاثیر را در دقت طبقه بندی داشتند. نتایج نشان داد روش طبقه بندی همسایگی نزدیک با بهترین دقت (89/89%) و پس از آن روش ماشین بردار پشتیبان (52/86%)  بیشترین دقت طبقه بندی را دارا بودند.

    کلیدواژگان: تشخیص تقلب، روغن زیتون، طبقه بندی، کیفیت، ماشین بویایی
  • مهدا پورابوالقاسم، احمد غضنفری مقدم*، فاطمه مظفری غربا صفحات 385-397

    ساقه نی به دلیل سبک و قوی بودن، از دیرباز در امور صنعتی و ساختمانی مورد استفاده بوده است و اخیرا، با توجه به گرایش به مصالح ساختمانی سبز، این محصول از دیدگاه علمی نیز مورد توجه صاحبان صنایع و پژوهشگران زیست محیطی قرار گرفته است. در این پژوهش به منظور استفاده بهتر و کاربردی تر از نی، خصوصیات مکانیکی و خزشی ساقه نی تحت تاثیر رطوبت و تعداد گره اندازه گیری شد. آزمایش ها بر اساس روش فاکتوریل دو عاملی و هر عامل در سه سطح بر پایه طرح کامل تصادفی انجام شد. بدین منظور ساقه نی در سه دسته دو، چهار و شش گره در سه سطح رطوبتی 30، 40 و 50 درصد دسته بندی و خصوصیات مکانیکی آن ها شامل مدول الاستیک، چغرمگی و نقطه تسلیم با استفاده از دستگاه اینسترون اندازه گیری، تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که مدول الاستیک، نقطه تسلیم و چغرمگی تحت تاثیر رطوبت و تعداد گره در سطح 01/0 قرار داشتند. آزمون خزش ساقه ها با آویزان کردن وزنه 10 کیلوگرمی روی نمونه ها انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که مقدار خیز و زمان نهایی در سطوح رطوبتی و تعداد گره اثر معنی دار دارند ولی دارای اثر متقابل نیستند. داده های خزشی (کرنش خمشی-زمان) به مدل برگر با تعداد المان مختلف (سه تا شش المانه) تعمیم داده شد و مشخص گردید که مدل پنج المانه به خوبی (R2>0.97) بیانگر رفتار خزشی ساقه نی هست.

    کلیدواژگان: خصوصیات مکانیکی، رفتار خزشی، ساقه نی، مدل برگر
  • پدرام قیاسی*، محمود صفری صفحات 399-408

    از زمان ورود گیاه آفتابگردان به ایران تاکنون، عملیات برداشت یکی از دغدغه های زراعت این گیاه محسوب شده است. سختی عمل برداشت و کمبود فعالیت های علمی و تخصصی در زمینه برداشت این محصول، موجب شده تا نخستین ایده ها برای مکانیزه کردن برداشت به صورت تجربی انجام گیرد. در این پژوهش، مقدار تلفات دانه در هد و عقب کمباین در برداشت مکانیزه آفتابگردان روغنی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. کوبش و تمیز شدن دانه ها بلافاصله پس از فرآیند برش انجام شد. متغیرهای مستقل در ارزیابی هد شامل ارتفاع میله خواباننده محصول و ارتفاع هد در دو سطح بود. آزمون ها در مزرعه آفتابگردان روغنی و در سه تکرار با استفاده از کمباین جاندیر 1055 انجام گرفت. پس از انجام آزمون های تجربی، داده ها از نظر آماری، تجزیه و تحلیل شد و اثر پارامترهای مستقل بر مقدار دانه های از دست رفته هد وکمباین به صورت جداگانه بررسی شد. اثر ارتفاع میله خواباننده محصول بر تلفات دانه هد و کمباین به ترتیب در سطح احتمال 1 و 5 درصد معنادار بود اما اثر ارتفاع هد و اثر متقابل ارتفاع هد×ارتفاع میله تنها بر تلفات دانه هد در سطح 5 درصد معنادار شد. با افزایش ارتفاع میله از 20 به 70 سانتی متر، میانگین تلفات هد و کمباین به ترتیب از 7/4 به 6/18% و 4/3 به 5/4% افزایش یافت اما با افزایش ارتفاع برش از 60 به 120 سانتی متر؛ میانگین تلفات دانه در کمباین از 4/3 به 5/1% کاهش و میانگین تلفات دانه هد از 8/10 به 4/12% افزایش یافت. مدل رگرسیونی رابطه بین پارامترهای مستقل و وابسته را نشان داد. خروجی مدل رگرسیونی نشان داد که با تنظیم ارتفاع برش و میله خواباننده محصول، می توان تلفات کلی کمباین شامل تلفات هد و عقب کمباین را به کمتر از 5 درصد کاهش داد.

    کلیدواژگان: آفتابگردان روغنی، برداشت مکانیزه، تلفات کمباین، کمباین هوشمند
  • مهرزاد راد، هادی گلی*، فردین میراحمدی صفحات 409-422

    توت فرنگی به دلیل داشتن آنتی اکسیدان های طبیعی و ریز مغذی ها نقش مهمی را در سلامت انسان ایفا می کند. تقاضا برای افزایش زمان نگهداری، کاهش سرعت فرآیند های میکروبی، کاهش وزن و حجم محصولات و در نهایت صادرات، خشک کردن این محصول ارزشمند را حایز اهمیت می نماید. یکی از روش های جدید خشک کردن استفاده از هوای جت برخوردی است که با کاهش زمان خشک شدن باعث افزایش کیفیت محصول نهایی از جمله تغییر رنگ پایین و ظرفیت آبگیری بالا می گردد. در این تحقیق از خشک کن جت برخوردی با قابلیت تنظیم دما و سرعت هوا و نسبت فاصله نازل تا سطح محصول به قطر نازل استفاده گردید. آزمایش های خشک کردن برگه ها به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با دو متغیر شامل دمای هوا در سه سطح 45، 55 و 65 درجه سلسیوس و سرعت هوای خروجی از نازل ها در سه سطح 6، 9 و 12 متر بر ثانیه و طرح یک متغیره برای بررسی تاثیر نسبت فاصله نازل تا سطح محصول به قطر نازل در سطوح 4، 5، 6، 7 و 8 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که متغیرهای دما و سرعت هوا بیشترین تاثیر و نسبت فاصله نازل تا سطح محصول به قطر نازل کمترین تاثیر را بر مدت زمان خشک شدن داشتند. همچنین تاثیر دمای هوا بر نرخ خشک شدن بیشتر از سرعت هوا بود و با افزایش نسبت فاصله نازل تا سطح محصول به قطر نازل، سرعت خشک شدن برگه ها کمتر شد. از دیگر نتایج تحقیق افزایش ضریب انتشار موثر همراه با افزایش دما و سرعت هوا است. مقدار ضریب نفوذ موثر از 10-10×62/1 تا 10-10×24/3 متر مربع بر ثانیه تغییر کرد و انرژی فعال سازی 8/12 تا 7/16 کیلوژول بر مول تعیین شد. نتایج مدل سازی ریاضی نشان داد که مدل وانگ و سینگ به دلیل داشتن کمترین ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا (RMSE=0.02) و بیشترین ضریب تبیین (0.996= R2) مدل مناسبی برای پیش بینی رطوبت خشک کردن می باشد. همچنین مشاهده شد که افزایش دما و سرعت هوای خروجی باعث کاهش نسبت آبگیری مجدد نمونه های خشک شده توت فرنگی شده و افزایش H/D افزایش آن را به دنبال داشته است. تحلیل آزمایش های تغییر رنگ نمونه ها نیز نشان داد که افزایش دما و سرعت هوا میزان تغییر رنگ را کاهش و بالا رفتن نسبت H/D مقدار آن را افزایش داده است.

    کلیدواژگان: انرژی فعال سازی، برگه توت فرنگی، تغییر رنگ، خشک کن جت برخوردی، نسبت آبگیری مجدد، نفوذ موثر رطوبت
  • مهدی مرادی *، جاوید قاسمی، هادی عظیمی نژادیان صفحات 423-433

    در تحقیق حاضر، یک خشک کن خورشیدی کابینتی به منظور تحلیل انرژی و اکسرژی فرآیند خشک شدن برگ های به لیمو مورد استفاده قرارگرفت. این خشک کن دارای یک صفحه جمع کننده تخت به رنگ تیره بود که تحت زاویه 45 درجه نسبت به سطح افق مستقر شد. یک دمنده الکتریکی در قسمت پایین جمع کننده نصب شده بود تا هوای محیط را از روی این جمع کننده که با انرژی خورشید گرم شده بود، عبور داده و سپس هوای گرم شده را به داخل محفظه خشک کن ارسال کرده و موجب خشک کردن برگ های به لیمو شود. به منظور ارزیابی دستگاه مذکور، سه سطح مختلف دمای هوای خشک کننده (30، 40 و 50 درجه سلسیوس) و سه سطح سرعت هوای خشک کننده (2، 5/2 و 3 متربرثانیه) اعمال گردید. حسگرهایی در نقاط مختلف دستگاه نصب شد تا دما و رطوبت را به صورت لحظه ای اندازه گرفته و در پردازنده مرکزی ذخیره سازی کند. با استفاده از این اطلاعات، تحلیل انرژی و اکسرژی انجام گرفت. براین اساس، با کاهش دما و افزایش سرعت، مقدار بازدهی انرژی افزایش یافته در صورتی که با افزایش سرعت و دما، بازدهی اکسرژی افزایش می یابد. بیشترین بازدهی انرژی در آزمایشی با دمای 30 درجه سلسیوس و سرعت 3 متربرثانیه و بیشترین مقدار بازدهی اکسرژی در آزمایشی با سرعت 3 متربرثانیه و دمای 50 درجه سلسیوس به دست آمد. از آن جایی که اکسرژی، انرژی قابل دسترسی سیستم را ارزیابی می کند، بازدهی اکسرژی در دمای 50 درجه سلسیوس حداکثر بوده ولی مقدار زیادی از این انرژی در دمای 50 درجه سلسیوس هدر می رود. از این رو مناسب ترین حالت، خشک کردن با سرعت 3 متربرثانیه و دمای 30 درجه سلسیوس می باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: انرژی ویژه خشک کردن، بازدهی انرژی، دی اکسید کربن، منابع انرژی تجدیدپذیر
  • محمد واحدی ترشیزی، محسن آزادبخت*، مهدی کاشانی نژاد صفحات 435-445

    مواد غذایی از ترکیبات مختلفی تشکیل شده اند و بعد از مدتی عمر مفید خود را از دست می دهند و یکی از روش های افزایش ماندگاری مواد غذایی فرآیند حرارتی می باشد، ازاین رو در این تحقیق یک دستگاه گرمایش اهمیک ساخته شد تا فرآیند حرارت دهی انجام شود. در این فرآیند سه گرادیان ولتاژ ورودی (V cm-1 33/8، 83/10 و 33/13) و سه درصد کاهش وزن نمونه (10، 20 و 30 درصد) نسبت به وزن کل انتخاب گردید. طی فرآیند حرارتی روند بازده انرژی، بازده اکسرژی، اکسرژی تلف شده و پتانسیل بهبود بررسی شد. تمامی آزمایش ها در سه تکرار انجام گرفت و نتایج با استفاده از نرم افزار SAS برای بررسی آماری در آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی تجزیه و تحلیل شد. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده بیشترین مقدار بازده انرژی و اکسرژی در گرادیان ولتاژV cm-1 33/13و برای پتانسیل بهبود و اکسرژی تلف شده در گرادیان ولتاژ 33/8 می باشد. بیشترین بازده انرژی 16/91% در درصد کاهش وزن 10% و برای بازده اکسرژی 51/59% در درصد کاهش وزن 30% بوده است و بیشترین مقدار اکسرژی تلف شده و پتانسیل بهبود در درصد کاهش وزن 30% و به ترتیب kW 76/6 و 624/5 بوده است.

    کلیدواژگان: انرژی و اکسرژی، آب نارنج، تحلیل آماری، فرآیند اهمیک
  • نعیم لویمی، اسدالله اکرم*، نیکروز باقری، علی حاجی احمد صفحات 447-464

    سنجش از دور و به کارگیری تصاویر ماهواره ها به علت سرعت کار و گستردگی سطح پوشش بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. کلزا به دلیل گل های زرد آن دارای رنگ پوشش گیاهی متفاوتی با سایر محصولات است و تحقیقات کمی در زمینه ارزیابی شاخص های طیفی به منظور پیش بینی عملکرد آن انجام گردیده است. در سال زراعی 96-95 با هدف پیش بینی عملکرد کلزا ده شاخص طیفی سنجنده سنتینل-2، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. این تحقیق به شکل پیکسل مبنا در سه مزرعه انجام شد و محدوده شبکه ای پیکسل های مزارع با کمک سیستم موقعیت یابی جهانی سینماتیک زمان واقعی (RTKGPS) تعیین گردید. در این تحقیق مدل های رگرسیونی خطی ساده و چند متغیره و نیز شبکه عصبی به کار رفت. نتایج نشان داد براساس مدل رگرسیون خطی ساده، بین مراحل مختلف رشد، بیشترین ضریب تبیین (R2) در هر یک از شاخص های گیاهی در یکی از دو مرحله اوج گل دهی و رسیدگی سبز رخ می دهد. براساس این مدل، در مرحله اوج گل دهی، شاخص تفاضل نرمال شده زردی (NDYI) با 73 درصد بیشترین ضریب تبیین را نسبت به سایر شاخص ها احراز کرد. با به کارگیری مدل رگرسیون خطی چند متغیره گام به گام با ورودی چهار باند، سه باند مریی و باند مادون قرمز نزدیک، بهترین مدل در مرحله اوج گل دهی با ضریب تبیین 76 درصد و اعتبارسنجی 73 درصد با ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا (RMSE) به میزان 641/0 به دست آمد. همچنین با استفاده از مدل شبکه عصبی و ورود چهار باند مذکور نیز بهترین مدل در مرحله اوج گل دهی با ضریب تبیین 92 درصد (آموزش) و اعتبارسنجی (آزمون) 77 درصد با RMSE به میزان 612/0 احراز شد.

    کلیدواژگان: پیش بینی عملکرد، سنجش از دور، سنجنده سنتینل-2، شاخص گیاهی، شاخص NDYI
  • محمود صفری، هومن شریف نسب صفحات 465-475

    گلبرگ گلرنگ به دلیل دارا بودن خواص و کاربردهای فراوان، دارای ارزش افزوده اقتصادی است، در صنایع غذایی به عنوان رنگ طبیعی غذا، در صنایع نساجی و قالی بافی به منظور رنگ آمیزی نخ و در صنایع رنگ سازی به منظور تولید رنگ استفاده می شود. در بسیاری از مناطق کشور این محصول، به صورت دستی برداشت می شود. در این تحقیق، به منظور برداشت گلبرگ، سه روش برداشت دستی (سنتی)، ماشینی پشتی (برقی) و ماشینی فرغونی (بنزینی)، ازنظر صفات ظرفیت مزرعه ای، ضایعات، درصد خلوص، انرژی مصرفی و هزینه های عملیاتی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی و در سه تکرار، در سال 97 ارزیابی شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین تیمارهای آزمایشی ازنظر صفات مورد مطالعه، اختلاف معنی داری در سطح 5% وجود دارد. مقایسه میانگین های سه روش برداشت پشتی، فرغونی و دستی نشان داد، ضایعات برداشت به ترتیب 63/0، 11/1 و 25/3 درصد، درصد خلوص به ترتیب 61/97، 66/98 و 28/95 درصد، ظرفیت مزرعه ای، به ترتیب 45/2، 76/2 و 39/1 گرم بر دقیقه و از نظر اقتصادی، نسبت سود به هزینه به ترتیب 75/1، 55/1 و 16/1 است که برای این صفات، بین روش های ماشینی، اختلاف معنی داری وجود نداشت ولی بین روش های ماشینی و دستی، اختلاف در سطح 5% معنی دار بود. در نهایت با توجه به معنی دار نبودن صفات ظرفیت مزرعه ای و درجه خلوص روش های ماشینی و انرژی مصرفی و ضایعات کمتر روش پشتی و ارجحیت اقتصادی آن، به منظور برداشت گلبرگ گلرنگ، روش برداشت پشتی قابل توصیه است.

    کلیدواژگان: برداشت، برداشت مکانیزه، گلبرگ، گلرنگ
  • نسیم منجزی صفحات 477-489

    پایین بودن سطح آگاهی در خصوص وضعیت صحیح بدن حین کار یکی از مشکلات کشاورزان است. بنابراین روش های ارزیابی وضعیت بدن به عنوان محور و مبنای ارزیابی خطر ابتلا به اختلالات اسکلتی-عضلانی مرتبط با کار در نظر گرفته می شوند. هدف از این تحقیق، شناسایی وضعیت های نامناسب کاری در مزارع نیشکر، در مرحله تهیه قلمه، کاشت و برداشت دستی بود. این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی-تحلیلی از نوع مقطعی بود که در سال زراعی 1397-1398 در استان خوزستان انجام شد. جامعه مورد پژوهش در مرحله کاشت، 20 گروه 10 نفره کاشت بود و از عملیات تهیه قلمه و برداشت هر کدام 50 کارگر (در مجموع 100 کارگر) با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده، انتخاب و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. روش کار، عکاسی از کارگران در مزارع نیشکر استان خوزستان حین فعالیت و تحلیل عکس ها با استفاده از مدل کردن بدن کارگران با نرم افزار REBA 6 و آنالیز وضعیت های مختلف به روش REBA بود. نتایج نشان داد که امتیاز نهایی REBA برای عملیات تهیه قلمه، کاشت و برداشت دستی به ترتیب برابر 35/13، 04/13 و 39/12 بود. همچنین طبق روش REBA، در عملیات تهیه قلمه، کاشت و برداشت دستی نیشکر به ترتیب 44/93، 90/87 و 70/84 درصد پوسچر کارگران در بحرانی ترین گروه قرار داشت که باید از آن اجتناب نمود.

    کلیدواژگان: اختلالات اسکلتی-عضلانی، برداشت، تهیه قلمه، کاشت، وضعیت بدن
  • علی کعب، محمد شریفی*، حامد مرادی صفحات 491-504

    هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی نظام تولید گرمک دیم از نظر شاخص های انرژی و آلاینده های زیست محیطی با رویکرد ارزیابی چرخه زندگی بود. داده های مورد نیاز برای این مطالعه از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه و مصاحبه ی حضوری با 64 تولیدکننده ی محصول گرمک دیم در شهرستان ایوان غرب واقع در استان ایلام به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد کل انرژی ورودی و خروجی در تولید گرمک دیم به ترتیب برابر با 59/39021 و 43/39190 مگاژول بر هکتار بوده و سوخت دیزل، ماشین های کشاورزی و کود نیتروژن به ترتیب با سهم 51، 24 و 14 درصد، پرمصرف ترین نهاده های انرژی بودند. سهم انرژی مستقیم، غیرمستقیم، تجدیدپذیر و تجدیدناپذیر به ترتیب برابر با 57%، 43%، 7% و 93% درصد بود. شاخص کارایی انرژی و افزوده خالص انرژی در این مطالعه به ترتیب مقدار 004/1 و 84/ 168 مگاژول بر هکتار به دست آمد. همچنین نتایج حاصل از اثرات زیست محیطی که در گروه های اثر (تخلیه مواد غیر آلی، اسیدی شدن، اختناق دریاچه ای، پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی، نقصان لایه ی ازن، مسمومیت انسان ها، مسمومیت آب های سطحی، مسمومیت آب های آزاد، مسمومیت خاک و اکسیداسیون فتوشیمیایی) نشان داد که سوخت دیزل، کود نیتروژن و ماشین های کشاورزی بیشترین تاثیر را از بین نهاده های ورودی داشته اند. از بین گروه های اثر، مسمومیت آب های آزاد بیشترین بار زیست محیطی را در تولید محصول مورد مطالعه دارد. نتایج شاخص بوم شناخت (EcoX) گرمک دیم تولید شده برابر با 23/0 EcoX به ازای یک تن گرمک تولیدی محاسبه گردید. مدیریت صحیح استفاده از ماشین های کشاورزی، تجهیز مزارع با ماشین های مناسب و جدید و عدم استفاده از تراکتور و ادوات فرسوده می تواند انرژی مصرفی و آلاینده های زیست محیطی ناشی از تولید را به حداقل برساند. استفاده ی کمتر از کودهای شیمیایی (به خصوص نیتروژن) و جایگزینی آن با کودهای اکولوژیک نیز می تواند در این امر تاثیرگذار باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: انرژی، اثرات زیست محیطی، شاخص بوم شناخت، گرمک دیم
  • عادل واحدی*، سعید ظریف نشاط صفحات 505-523

    با افزایش جمعیت و محدودیت های منابع تولید در آینده دسترسی به منابع انرژی به مقدار کافی مشکل خواهد بود. ارزیابی بیلان انرژی می تواند یک روش علمی برای اندازه گیری میزان ثبات و پایداری یک اکوسیستم زراعی باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی الگوی مصرف انرژی و تعیین شاخص های انرژی تولید گندم آبی اقلیم های مختلف در استان های البرز، اصفهان، اردبیل، خراسان رضوی، خوزستان، گلستان و همدان انجام شد. اطلاعات مورد نیاز تحقیق از طریق تکمیل 286 پرسشنامه با مصاحبه حضوری و مطالعات اسنادی بر پایه دو ستانده (دانه گندم و کاه) و هشت نهاده ورودی شامل نیروی انسانی، سوخت فسیلی، ماشین ها و ادوات، آبیاری، کود شیمیایی، سموم، الکتریسیته و بذر در سال 1397 جمع آوری شد. با استفاده از ضرایب هم ارز انرژی، مقدار نهاده های مصرفی و ستانده های تولید، انرژی ورودی و خروجی و شاخص های کارایی انرژی، بهره وری انرژی، شدت انرژی و افزوده خالص انرژی بررسی گردید. طبق نتایج میانگین انرژی ورودی، انرژی ستانده، کارایی انرژی، بهره وری انرژی و افزوده خالص انرژی در استان های مورد مطالعه به ترتیب 83/58308 مگاژول بر هکتار، 15/136092 مگاژول بر هکتار، 87/2، 212/0 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول و 31/77783 مگاژول بر هکتار به دست آمد. بیشترین سهم انرژی نهاده های مصرفی برای استان های البرز، اردبیل، خوزستان، گلستان و همدان مربوط به انرژی کودهای شیمیایی و برای استان های اصفهان و خراسان رضوی انرژی آبیاری بود. کارآیی انرژی برای استان های البرز، اصفهان، اردبیل، خراسان رضوی، خوزستان، گلستان و همدان به ترتیب 57/3، 42/1، 48/3، 17/1، 78/2، 12/5 و 54/2 و بهره وری انرژی به ترتیب 26/0، 11/0، 26/0، 08/0، 21/0، 38/0، 18/0 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول به دست آمد. متوسط هزینه کل انرژی 966/57 میلیون ریال بر هکتار و میانگین مقدار شاخص های شدت انرژی، ارزش شدت انرژی، هزینه شدت انرژی و هزینه نسبی انرژی به ترتیب برابر 29/1 مگاژول بر هزار ریال، 641/0 مگاژول بر هزار ریال، 05/10853 ریال بر کیلوگرم و 21/1 محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان می دهد تولید گندم آبی در مناطق مورد مطالعه به لحاظ بیلان انرژی توجیه پذیر بوده و با مدیریت زراعی مناسب می توان کارایی و بهره وری انرژی تولید گندم آبی را افزایش و نسبت به کاهش سهم استفاده از انرژی نهاده های تجدیدناپذیر در تولید گندم آبی اقدام نمود.

    کلیدواژگان: ستانده ها، کارآیی انرژی، گندم، نهاده ها ه، زینه شدت انرژی
  • مهدی سلیمی، راضیه پوردربانی*، باقر عسگرنژاد نوری صفحات 525-534

    در ایران، با توجه به رشد جمعیت باید راهکارهایی برای امنیت تولید پیدا نمود که در این راستا اتوماسیون کردن کشاورزی قابل توجیه است. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی عوامل موثر بر پذیرش اتوماسیون در کشاورزی شهرستان اردبیل در چارچوب "مدل پذیرش فناوری (TAM)" پرداخته است. عوامل این مدل در پژوهش حاضر، شامل برداشت ذهنی از سودمندی، برداشت ذهنی از سهولت، نگرش نسبت به استفاده و تمایل به استفاده از اتوماسیون به عنوان متغیرهای مستقلی هستند که بر متغیر وابسته ی استفاده از اتوماسیون تاثیر می گذارند. روش این پژوهش پیمایشی و ابزار آن پرسش نامه طراحی شده بر اساس مدل (TAM) بوده است. در این پژوهش جامعه ی آماری27670نفر از افراد دانشگاهی- کشاورزان و مدیران جهاد کشاورزی شهرستان اردبیل بوده که با استفاده از فومول کوکران 380 نفراز آن ها در قالب نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای به عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شده اند. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد که مدل پذیرش فناوری با کسب ضریب تعیین 635/0 قابلیت کاربرد در جامعه مورد مطالعه را دارد. همچنین ترتیب اولویت تاثیر متغیرهای مدل پذیرش فناوری بر استفاده واقعی از اتوماسیون به همراه ضریب جمع تاثیرات عبارت از برداشت ذهنی از سهولت استفاده (284/1)، برداشت ذهنی از سودمندی (280/1)، تمایل به استفاده (954/0) و نگرش به استفاده از اتوماسیون (478/0) بود. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش، آشکار شد که دانش، آگاهی و تجربه قبلی کشاورزان بر درک آنان از مفید بودن اتوماسیون کافی نبود؛ بنابراین برگزاری دوره های آموزشی- کارگاهی و دوره های توجیهی و هم چنین معرفی این فناوری در مجلات و نشریات و رسانه های اجتماعی توصیه گردید.

    کلیدواژگان: اتوماسیون، اردبیل، مدل پذیرش فناوری، کشاورزی
  • نادر مرادی، عباس عساکره *، محمدجواد شیخ داودی صفحات 535-548

    هدف از این پژوهش بررسی و تحلیل راهبردی توسعه مکانیزاسیون زراعی شهرستان اهواز و تعیین نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصت و تهدید توسعه مکانیزاسیون محصولات زراعی منطقه با استفاده از ماتریس تحلیل راهبردی می باشد. داده ها و اطلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه با 180 کارشناس مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی و کشاورز شهرستان اهواز، داده های سازمانی (جهاد کشاورزی، مراکز خدمات کشاورزی، سازمان هواشناسی، آمارنامه ها و غیره) و بررسی منابع جمع آوری شد. مهم ترین نقاط قوت و شایستگی منطقه شامل وجود اراضی وسیع و مسطح، توانایی انتخاب ماشین ها و ادوات مناسب کشاورزی و افزایش رفاه کشاورزان با توسعه مکانیزاسیون بودند در حالی که شوری آب آبیاری و هزینه زیاد تامین ماشین های کشاورزی مهم ترین نقاط ضعف و کمبودهای منطقه می باشند. امکان عرضه تسهیلات به کشاورزان، تعداد زیاد فارغ التحصیلان مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی و انگیزه زیاد کشاورزان در استفاده از ماشین های کشاورزی مهم ترین فرصت ها و تمایل اندک به سرمایه گذاری در تولید محصولات زراعی و توجه کم مسیولین به بخش کشاورزی از مهم ترین ضعف های منطقه در راستای توسعه مکانیزاسیون زراعی می باشند. نمره نهایی کل عوامل داخلی و خارجی به ترتیب 437/2 و 973/2 به دست آمد که نشان می دهد شهرستان اهواز از نظر عوامل داخلی توسعه مکانیزاسیون زراعی دارای شرایط نسبتا نامطلوبی است، در حالی که از نظر عوامل خارجی شرایط نسبتا خوبی دارد. نتایج ماتریس تحلیل سوات، راهبرد رقابتی را برای توسعه مکانیزاسیون زراعی شهرستان اهواز ارایه داد که مبتنی بر استفاده و بهره برداری حداکثر از فرصت های مهم منطقه در راستای کاهش یا حذف نقاط ضعف مهم منطقه می باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: عوامل درونی، عوامل محیطی، ماتریس تحلیل استراتژیک، محصولات راهبردی، مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی
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  • O .Esmand, S. R .Mousavi Seyedi *, D. Kalantari Pages 131-143
    Introduction

    The use of new technology in planters is one of the most important factors in the advancement of agricultural science. In the present study, an electronic warning system has been designed and implemented to prevent large seeds from falling from the fall pipe into the ground groove. In this study, three types of corn, bean and soybean seeds have been used, using two laser and microwave sensors. Viewing and comparison of the two sensors and their performance in two conditions of medium and high sensitivity in both laboratory and field conditions were conducted. In this case, the differences between the two sensors in different sensitivities have been evaluated and compared. The performance of the sensors in seed count has also been studied and compared. According to the results obtained in both cases, the sensors performance was acceptable, and especially in the maximum sensitivity of the sensors, they were able to handle well the clogs created in different situations (clogging down or above the fall pipe or emptying the seed tank). Detect and alert in a timely manner. Also, the count of seeds in all three seed types was recorded with high accuracy compared to the actual number.

    Materials and Methods

    Three types of coarse seeds (corn, beans and soybeans) as well as two types of sensors (laser and microwave) with two levels of medium sensitivity and high sensitivity were used for the experiments. Laser sensors are one of the most precise instrumentation and industrial automation tools that use laser light to detect objects or even precise distances. The function of the microwave sensor is that the high frequency waves are transmitted when the power supply is connected. These waves are reflected back to the module receiver if they hit objects. The open waves in the module are multiplied by the frequency of transmission by the mixer and a low-output (IF) signal is generated. The output frequency is equal to the difference between the frequency of the transmitted and reflected waves caused by the Doppler effect. Based on this frequency, the presence of a moving object and its speed are detected.Experiments were carried out at both laboratory and field levels and in both moderate and high sensitivity modes using variable resistance mounted on the controller. The equivalent distance for each seed test is 100 meters, so twice for each seed in the laboratory and field level for each of the laser and microwave sensors in both high and medium sensitivity modes. In this system, in case of falling pipe clogging due to seed accumulation or mud under the falling pipe or other factors, an alert system (warning beep), along with the corresponding LED light, indicates a problem in the seed fall system and the operator alerts paying attention to the LED light (green or red) will detect the problem.

    Results and Discussion

    The results indicated that by installing a variable resistance inside the circuit, different sensors can be created in the sensors. Increasing the sensitivity of the sensor as much as possible can cause higher the efficiency of the sensor. In the two cases of medium and high resistance, sensors work with medium and high sensitivity. It works since both modes have been tested and the results have been satisfactory. The accuracy of counting and seed detection accuracy between two laser sensors and microwave sensors in two medium and high sensitivity modes were calculated and evaluated. The experiments in the laboratory showed that the difference in the number of seed count by laser sensor compared to the actual number in maize seed at medium and high sensitivity were 87.4% and 94.3%, respectively, in bean seeds 89.1% and 94.2%, respectively. And in soybean seed were 89.4% and 92.3%, respectively.

    Conclusions

    The developed embedded system can successfully check and announce the instantaneous state of three types of grain tested (corn, beans and soybeans) in the seed delivery tube of a hand single-row planter with visual cues (on or off LED lights) and audible signals (on or off the alarm), whenever there is a grain flow or no grain flow. Likewise, the developed system can show the blockage at the end of the seed delivery tube with visual indications of the green and red lights on or off and the alarm sound described in detail. These warnings are indications of a fall pipe failure or lack of grain flow in the grain measuring mechanism toward the opening groove and then into the ground. This type of detection alerts the operator in a timely manner by monitoring the status of the grains in the measuring system and ensuring that the grains are located in the ground.

    Keywords: Drill, Grain count, Laser, Microwave, Sensor
  • P. Pashaee *, H. R. Ghasemzadeh, H .Behfar Pages 145-159
    Introduction

    According to reports on trends in the agricultural industry, demand for more precise and affordable machinery is rising and precision farming methods used by farmers are expanding. Damping vibration of the boom sprayer is one of the challenges for researchers when crossing the surface roughness. The lack of uniformity of the nozzle spray pattern and the reduction of the precision and quality is the result of an uncontrolled vibration of the boom sprayer. So far, many efforts have been made to decrease the vibration of the long sprayer boom. Using active and passive methods, researchers have achieved great success in reducing the spray boom vibration. Many of these methods are based on the use of external force as a controlling force. Expensive equipment, the use of tractor hydraulic power, and high energy costs are the main disadvantages of these methods. In the present work, a new system called "variable support" was designed and built. The boom rests on a round bar at its midpoint; as the boom tends to oscillate, a minute amount of rotation of the bar activated by a servomotor in an appropriate direction, alters the position of the resting point of the boom on the supporting bar, bringing the boom back to its initial balanced position as a result.

    Materials and Methods

    To carry out experiments, the universal tractor U650 and a mounted tractor sprayer model tms500 with 8 m boom and a 500-liter tank, was used in this research by making changes to the design of the simple tractor sprayer a new active sprayer designed and built with intelligent online balancing system that in addition to balancing the boom angle, it reduced the fluctuations that occur during work. Electronic control was used to control the position of the boom. The microcontroller programming codes were developed and uploaded in the microprocessor to execute instantaneous commands to the mounted activator due to the need for boom positional data for analyzing experiments, a data logger was also designed in conjunction with the controller circuit and the algorithm was loaded after coding with C++. To compare the new sprayer with the conventional, a field test was conducted. Tests were carried out according to manufacturer's instructions at three-speed levels of 3 (low), 5 (medium), and 8 km h-1 (high), with three bumps heights of 10, 15, and 20 cm with three replications. For the acquisition of vertical acceleration as well as axial rotation data in the conventional sprayer, a data logger with an accelerometer and gyroscope was used. The data logging rate and the accuracy of the accelerometer and gyroscope measurement were set to 50 Hz, 0.1 m s-2 and 0.1°, respectively.

    Results and Discussion

    To compare the behavior of the active and the conventional spray booms in terms of vibrations, the univariate analysis was used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the performances of two sprayers at 5% probability level with the sig. number of 0.000.To compare the behavior of the active and the conventional spray booms in terms of axial rotation, also the Univariate analysis was used. The results showed that there was significant difference between the performances of two sprayers at 5% probability level with the sig. number of 0.000. Also, comparing the marginal mean values of the data obtained from the data logger showed that the active boom compared with the conventional boom had less axial rotation and less vertical acceleration.

    Conclusions

    Results of experiments showed that the new sprayer with variable support system, relative to the conventional sprayer in terms of controlling boom acceleration and the angular balance of the boom with a significant difference had relative superiority and can be considered as an appropriate alternative to increase the accuracy of spraying, although more research on large scale booms are necessary before coming to final conclusion.

    Keywords: Active force control, Balanced long boom sprayer, Precision farming, Variable support
  • H .Abdolmaleki, A. Jafari*, H. Mousazadeh, A .Hajiahmad Pages 161-171
    Introduction

    As the world population grows up, the quantity and quality of human food must be improved. The production yield of marine aquaculture and farming of aquatic organisms, as a valuable source of food, will be increased. Regular and online monitoring of the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of water and environmental parameters in such these controlled environments can be achieved by using advanced world technologies, such as autonomous boats. In this study, simulation of an autonomous boat has been done to help better understanding and control of this type of vessel in various environments such as dams, ports, rivers, aquatic ecosystems, and aquaculture. Hence, the main goal of this paper is to simulate and evaluate the guidance and navigation system of an autonomous boat based on the Fourth order of Runge-Kutta for determining the changes of water quality indices in a fish farming ponds.

    Materials and Methods

    In order to achieve the main goal of this study, an autonomous boat was designed and built. This boat as a general-purpose robotic trimaran boat has dimensions of 110 cm x 37 cm x40 cm and is made of Plexiglas 2 mm thick. Maximum forward speed of the boat is 125 cm s-1 (at 6850 rpm of brushless motors) and the turning radius is less than 61 cm. The environmental data can be transferred using Internet of Things (IOT), smartphones, SMS, and mini PC. The position and heading of the boat are determined using GPS and IMU data. The hydrodynamic and aerodynamic forces, moments, and coefficients of the boat model are determined and then applied in the mathematical simulation as the input of classic Runge-Kutta (RK4). The performance of the robotic boat navigational and control systems evaluated in a rectangular track with a length of 20 m and a width of 15 m in a fish farming pond in Karaj and 4 waypoints. The local coordinates of four corner of the mentioned rectangular in the pond was (0, 0), (0, 20), (15, 20), and (15, 0). The purpose of control system was to conduct the actuators in such way that boat be able to go to the next point. When the boat reaches the target distance of one m of the desired point, the next point will be introduced as a new target. The set point of boat speed was 0.4 m s-1 and zero state vector was [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]. 

    Results and Discussion

    The maximum error of position and heading of the autonomous boat is 135 cm and 11 degrees, respectively. Also, in the speed PID controller test (40 cm s-1), the average and standard deviation of the speed calculated as 40 cm s-1 and 2 cm s-1, respectively. Maximum difference between the heading obtained from the Kalman filter and received from the GPS is 11 degrees. In some situations that high precision of heading angle is not required, the GPS data can provide such accuracy of the heading. Among the variables of longitudinal, latitude, time to reach the target area, yaw rate, heading, and forward speed the minimum and maximum of percentage error are related to forward speed and yaw rate, respectively. These values show good performance of the simulated model and PID controllers.

    Conclusions

    In this study, motion simulation and evaluation of a robotic boat was carried out using a model boat and MATLAB software. The mathematical model simulated the real boat behavior correctly and the boat can be used safely in fish farming ponds to monitor environmental conditions and water quality.

    Keywords: Aquaculture farm, Autonomous robotic boat, Fluid simulation, GPS, IMU
  • V .Neisari fam, R. Tabatabaeekoloor*, A. Motevali Pages 173-185
    Introduction

    Almonds (Prunus amygdalus) belongs to the family of Rosaceae and the subspecies of Pronoideae. Its kernel contains a lot of energy, amino acids, sugars and mineral elements. Iran is ranked fifth in terms of producing almonds after United States, Australia, Spain, and Morocco, but at the same time, Iran's position is not very suitable in the world export market. The processing of this product involves three stages of shell breaking, kernel separation, and packaging. One of the important methods of separation of the kernel from the wooden crust is the use of pneumatic separation and this method can be used to grade, clean, and separate the seeds of different materials.

    Materials and Methods

    Almond samples of the Shokofeh variety (A.H.3) were obtained from Maragheh gardens in East Azarbaijan province. The moisture content of the shell, the kernel, and mixture of them was determined using the oven drying method. Also, some physical and mechanical properties were measured. In order to design the almond separator system, it is important to determine aerodynamic properties. The most important aerodynamic properties such as terminal velocity and drag force were determined. The first step in designing and manufacturing a device is to select the cross-sectional shape and dimension. The cross-section of the machine is selected based on parameters such as simplicity and construction costs. With the assumption of a machine with a separation capacity of 2 kg (mixed product) per minute, the length and the width of the machine were obtained to be 18 cm and 15 cm. Using the terminal velocity and dimensional data, the blower distance to the outlet, the tunnel length, the power and flow rate of the blower were calculated and then the design and construction were done. To evaluate the separation and evaluation of the apparatus, parameters such as blower speed, shell size, and moisture content of the mixture were investigated for each parameter at three levels. Airflow rates of the wind tunnel were 3, 5, and 7 m s-1, moisture content (7%, 13%, and 19%), shell size in three groups: small, medium, and large.

    Results and Discussion

    The average geometric properties including length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, and spherical coefficient for almonds were 20.64, 13.25, 7.4, 12.64 mm, and 0.612, respectively, as well as properties for large shells (25.17, 16.5, 11.15, 16.66 mm, and 0.66), for average size (17.36, 13.5, 6.4, 11.44 mm, and 0.65) and fine size (13, 9.9, 3.5, 7.66 mm, and 0.59), respectively. The mechanical properties of the samples (shell and almond kernel) were measured at three levels of moisture content of 7%, 13%, and 19%. The results showed that by increasing the moisture content, the fracture force for both shell and kernel increases. Almond shell had the highest angle of rotation at all levels of moisture. This was due to its heterogeneous shape, broken edges and rough surface. On the other hand, almonds had the lowest degree of rotation, due to the greater weight of the kernel and the more homogeneous and spherical shape than the shell. The results obtained from measuring the terminal velocity of the samples selected from the kernel and shell in terms of their weight indicated that the velocity limit for the almonds was 10.2-12.2 m s-1 and for the shell, the range was 1.8-6 m s-1. The variance analysis of the effect of particle size, velocity, and moisture parameters on the level of separation of shell in almond mixture showed that all major effects and interactions of factors were significant at 1% probability level. Particle size and moisture content did not affect the separation rate at 7 m s-1. With decreasing velocity, the separation rate in the particle size was reduced, which was due to the higher speed of the separation rate. At low velocity, the best separation was related to the fine particle size, which was due to the harmonization of the fine particle velocity and the separation rate.

    Conclusions

    Pneumatic separation of almond kernel and shell was affected by air velocity, particle size and moisture content. As the flow rate increases, the amount of shell separation from the kernel increases. Particle size and moisture content did not affect the separation rate at 7 m s-1. The results at medium moisture content indicated that in addition to the acceptable separation level (relative to other moisture levels) at this level (13%), the harvesting time of this product can be managed and the use of additional energy in the processing of this product is prevented.

    Keywords: Almond, Drag force, Pneumatic separation, Terminal velocity
  • B. Souri Damirchi Sofla, S. H. Karparvarfard*, A. Ranjbar Karim Abadi, H. Azimi Nejadian, A. Moazni Kalat Pages 187-197
    Introduction

    Tillage is one of the most important field operations to improve soil structure and physical conditions and provide the proper plant site. Conservation tillage is one of the methods of tillage that reduces tillage costs. The blade is one of the most important consumed components of tillage tools in the conservation tillage, which is very important for how it is adjusted and its effect on the quality of tillage and energy required of tillage tools. According to the research conducted on the importance of optimizing tillage implements, the aim of this study was oriented to determine the optimum rake angle of a narrow-modified winged and non-winged blade in the field soil.

    Materials and Methods

    The tests were conducted in the 22nd part of farms in Agriculture School (Bajgah zone) of Shiraz University. Three levels of blade rake angles (20, 25, and 30 degrees), two levels of tillage depth (15 and 20 cm), and two levels of forward speed (2 and 3 km h-1) were the treatments of this study. Draft, fuel consumption, slippage, soil disturbance area, soil upheaving area, and specific draft were the measured parameters and they were measured for each combination of the treatments. The RNAM test code was then used to measure the draft force. In order to  measure fuel consumption, two flow meters were used in the round way as a closed-loop. The encoder and the fifth wheel were also employed to measure the slippage. The profilometer and laser meter were applied to measure the soil upheaving and disturbance areas. The split-split plot on randomized complete block design was used to do the field experiments in three replication and the data analysis was performed by SAS software (9.4 edition). Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the optimum values of the mentioned parameters. For this purpose, the lowest value of draft, fuel consumption, specific draft, tractor driver wheel slip, and the highest soil disturbance and upheaving areas was considered.

    Result and Discusion:

    The results showed that the magnitude of draft increased with rake angle, therefore, the minimum draft was obtained in the rake angle of 20°. As the blade rake angle increased, the amount of soil disturbance area was increased and the maximum soil disturbance was obtained in the rake angle of 30°. The mean slip values of the tractor driver wheels when using non-winged blade were not significant for three levels of blade rake angles and it was significant for two velocity levels. With increasing in rake angle from 20 to 25°, the mean values of specific draft were increased, but with changeing the rake angle from 25 to 30°, there was not significant difference between specific draft values. The difference between the magnitude of tractor driver wheels slip for three levels of rake angle was not significant. Increasing the rake angle had a significant effect on tractor fuel consomption, such that it increased by increasing the rake angle values.

    Conclusions

    The optimum rake angle for the non-winged blade mode was 20° with R2 of 0.73 and for the winged blade mode was 30° with R2 of 0.90. The optimum depth for the non-winged blade was 19.98 cm with R2 of 0.99 and for the winged blade was 20 cm with R2 of 0.97. Also, the optimum forward speed values for the non-winged blade was 2.21 km h-1 with R2 of 0.43 and for the winged blade was 2.03 km h-1 with R2 of 0.84.

    Keywords: Draft, Optimum blade rake angle, Optimum forward speed, Optimum tillage depth, Soil disturbance area
  • S. Ahmadipour, M. H. Aghkhani*, J. Zareei Pages 199-212
    Introduction

    Today, maximizing the efficiency of fuels and increasing the output power of diesel engines is considered inevitable due to the increasing need for energy resources, the reduction of fossil fuel resources, the need to maintain the environment, reduce air pollution, and limit the electricity supply and fuel supply. In the large cities of Iran, the problem of vehicle pollution is one of the main problems. The lack of proper fuel, soot filters, and absence of requirement for a technical inspection of diesel vehicles have led to an increase in mortality and the growth of lung cancer due to pollution. All of studies indicate that fossil fuels, despite the low cost of production, will increase the cost of both living and environment. A solution for this crisis is to reduce the sources of pollutant-producing sources from the source of these pollutants. In the internal combustion engines, the compression ratio and alternative fuels are two important factors affecting engine performance and exhaust emission.

    Materials and Methods 

    In this research, a one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics solution with GT-Power software was used to simulate a six-cylinder diesel engine to study the performance and exhaust emissions with different compression ratios and alternative fuels. The compression ratio was chosen to be 15:1 to 19:1 with an interval at unity. Alternative fuels such as (as base diesel), methanol, ethanol, diesel and ethanol, biodiesel and decane were selected. To modeling engine, first, all parts of the engine were introduced as a real six-cylinder engine, and then the required data were entered according to the actual engine conditions at the atmospheric pressure of one atmosphere. Before this investigation was carried out, a validation model for evaluation was done by experimental and simulation data. The validation results showed that software model error is acceptable and the model has a good capability of fitting and predicting.

    Results and Discussion

    The engine performance was evaluated in terms of engine power, engine torque, and specific fuel consumption at different engine compression ratio and fuel. The results showed that with increasing the compression ratio, brake power and brake torque increased. Among the fuels used in this engine, the maximum brake power and brake torque in the compression ratio of 19 with the decane fuel were 3.86% higher than that the base fuel and the lowest value was awarded in the compression ratio of 15, with methanol fuel and it was equal with 56.04%. The results indicated that by increasing compression ratio, the brake specific fuel consumption was reduced due to more power than the fuel consumed in the engine. A fuel with lower heating value should be injected more mass to the engine. This will increase the brake specific fuel consumption. In this research, the decane fuel with a compression ratio of 19 with a reduction of 3.72% had the lowest brake specific fuel consumption among other fuels. The CO emission from the engine largely depended on the fuel's properties, the availability of oxygen, the fuel mix with air, temperature, and turbulence inside the combustion chamber. The results highlighted that by increasing compression ratio, CO emission increased and CO emission in biodiesel fuel, with a compression ratio of 15, was decreased by 82.37% compared to the base. CO2 emissions are not too harmful to humans, but they increase the potential for ozone depletion and global warming. With increasing compression ratio, CO2 and HC emissions increased for all fuels, CO2 emissions have risen up the base. The fuel heating mechanism, combustion temperature, oxygen content, and gas fuel availability are the most important factors in the formation of NOx. With increasing the compression ratio, the amount of NOX increases, which is due to the high temperature in the cylinder at a higher compression ratio. The viscosity and density of fuels have an effect on NOX emission, and because of the larger droplets of the fuel, it released NOX. The highest NOx emissions from biodiesel fuel are due to the high oxygen content of this fuel and the lowest NOx emissions from decane fuel, due to the low density of the fuel compared to other fuels.

     Conclusions

    The results of this study showed that the decane fuel with a compression ratio of 19 in total had the best functional and pollutant characteristics among the six fuel used in this study. Therefore, this fuel can be the best alternative for diesel fuel.

    Keywords: Compression ratio, Performance, exhaust emissions, Diesel Engine, GT-Power software
  • M. Malek mohammadi, M. Rahnama *, S. Abdanan mehdizadeh, N .Kazemi Pages 213-230
    Introduction

    Due to the rapid growth in the urban population, the numbers of cars also have increased which resulted in an increase of pollution level in the urban areas of the developing countries. The pollutants emerging from combustion engines may include: carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC), oxide of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulfur (SOx), particulate matter (PM), soot, hydrogen, oxygen, traces of aldehydes, alcohols, ketons, phenols, acid, lead aerosol, etc., along with normal combustion products i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapors. In order to overcome the problems associated with the bio-fuel, the chemical substances like fuel additives derived from organic, inorganic metals were used. Fuel additives generally improve the combustion efficiency and reduce the pollution. Metallic based compounds, such as manganese, iron, copper, barium, calcium and platinum, etc., which have been used as a combustion catalyst for hydrocarbon fuels. Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology enables production, control and characterization of nanoscale energetic materials. Nano materials are more effective than bulk materials because of its higher surface area. Another important advantage of nanoparticle is its size, because there is no chance for fuel injector and filter clogging as in the case of micron sized particles. Gan and Qiao, (2011) investigated the burning characteristics of fuel droplets containing nano and micron sized aluminum (Al) particles by varying its size, surfactant concentration and type of base fluid. Tyagi et al. (2008) conducted a study to improve the ignition properties of diesel fuel and investigated the influence of size and quantity of Al and Al2O3 nanoparticles in a diesel fuel. It was inferred that it shortens the ignition delay and increased the ignition probability of fuel. Finally, it was concluded that, the increase in heat and mass transfer properties of the fuel has the potential of reducing the evaporation time of droplets. In the present investigation, the effect of mixture of ethanol with gasoline and carbon nanotubes on emission characteristics was evaluated using Jatropha biodiesel in a compression in a spark ignition engine.

    Materials and Methods

    In this study, a mixture of ethanol with gasoline (at five levels, 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) as a renewable fuel and carbon nanoparticles (at three levels of 0, 20 and 80 ppm) as catalyst were used in spark ignition engine (in 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm). Engine pollutants such as sound, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and oxygen output were measured. Furthermore, a device was designed and manufactured to measure and display the amount of carbon monoxide in the exhaust outlet; moreover, if the amount of carbon increased air compressor was activated to reduce carbon monoxide in the exhaust outlet.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that with increasing ethanol consumption, the amount of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons were reduced. Furthermore, the amount of produced oxygen and carbon dioxide increased. Also adding carbon nanoparticles to fuel caused the engine sound level decreased. According to the observation, carbon monoxide decreased while using an electronic device compare to the engine without a carbon monoxide controlling system. This depicts that implementation of carbon monoxide can be control and reduce which is very useful while engine is working under the close environments.

    Conclusions

    The use of alternative fuel, gasoline as well as the reduction of exhaust emissions in the spark ignition engine is of great importance. Therefore, in the present study five levels of ethanol (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) and three levels of carbon nanoparticles (0, 20 and 80 ppm) were mixed with gasoline and used in spark ignition engine at three rotation speed (in 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm). According to the results, there is a reduction in carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons and increasing carbon dioxide emission by using ethanol, because of its fuel bound O2. Furthermore, 3.8% dB 54% reduction in sound and CO, respectively at 3000 rpm with E10 were observed.

    Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, Ethanol, Pollutant, Sound, Spark ignition engine
  • S. Naimei Dizajyekan, Gh .Shahgholi *, A. Rezvanivand fanaei, V. Rostampour Pages 231-246
    Introduction

    Cyclones are widely used to separate solid particles from the fluid phase. Due to the ease of construction, low running costs, and hard-working conditions at high temperatures, people's interest in using cyclones is increasing day by day. Engineers are generally interested in two parameters to perform a complete evaluation of the design and operation of a cyclone. These parameters are the particle collecting efficiency and the pressure drop inside the cyclone. The precise prediction of the pressure drop in cyclone is very important which it is directly related to operating costs.Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a diversified tool for predicting flow behavior in a wide range of design and operational conditions. Numerical solution of Navier-Stokes equations is the basis of all CFD techniques, which is the result of fast computer upgrades and a better understanding of the numerical resolution of turbulence.

    Materials and Methods

    Regarding preliminary experimental tests and understanding the fluid flow, the flow rate of 0.08 kg s-1 was selected as the flow rate. Six levels of inlet velocities 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 m s-1 were selected for understanding the effect of inlet velocity on the cyclone performance. The measurements were carried out using a hot-air anemometer (TSI-8484model with a resolution of 0.07 m s-1 and an operating range of 0.125 to 50 m s-1), and a pressure differential meter instrument (CPE310s-KIMO model) with an accuracy of 0.1 Pa.The region is discretized as a finite volume in a set, called the region grid or mesh after discretization. For incompressible fluids, pressure-based and density-based solvers are used, respectively. Regarding the velocity of the material entering the cyclone and low Mach number, a pressure-based solver could be used in this study.The shear stress transport model (SST) is a modified version of the k-ω 2-equation model. This model combines the two turbulence k-ω and k-ε models. The Lagrangian discrete phase model in Ansys Fluent follows to the Euler-Lagrangian model.Defining the best type of boundary condition is important for solving the problem and extracting solving fields. The boundary conditions used in this study include the inlet velocity in the entrance of cyclone and output pressure in both the upper and lower output sections.

    Results and Discussion

    In the results section, the results are initially validated by experimental results. Then, the parameters relating to separation efficiency and pressure drop are discussed. Finally, the tangential and axial velocities are considered as important parameters in the cyclone performance.One of the important issues in the cyclones is the static pressure because it completely affects the phenomenon of separation in the cyclone. The velocities of 16 m s-1 and 18 m s-1 have a good potential for use as the base velocity of the inlet fluid to the cyclone. The velocity of 20 m s-1 is not suitable for separation due to high-pressure drop related to high static pressure.The separation efficiency in the cyclone was 92 to 99% at all levels, the highest separation efficiency of 99% occurred at the velocity of 16 m s-1 and the lowest separation efficiency of 9% happened at the velocity of 20 m s-1.An increasing trend in axial and radial velocities occurred and the highest tangential velocity occurring in the input section. Considering the working conditions, the inlet velocities of 10 m s-1 to 16 m s-1 are appropriate for the turbulence intensity viewpoint.

    Conclusions

    (1): The speeds 16 m s-1 and 18 m s-1 showed a good potential for use as a base velocity of the fluid to the cyclone.(2): The highest separation efficiency for the velocity of 16 m s-1 (99%) and lower isolation efficiency was obtained at velocity of 20 m s-1 (92%).(3): The velocities of 10 m s-1 to 16 m s-1 are suitable input rates from the point of view of turbulence intensity.(4): It is concluded that from the point of view of wear to the velocity of 10 to 16 m s-1, practical use is possible, and the velocity of 18 m s-1 and 20 m s-1 require the reinforcement of the relevant sections.

    Keywords: Cyclone, computational fluid dynamics, Pressure drop, Stairmand
  • J. Javadi Moghaddam*, S. Ozlati, Gh. Zarei, D. Momeni, Farzad Azadshahraki Pages 247-262
    Introduction

    Greenhouse technology is a flexible solution for sustainable year-round cultivation of many horticulture products, particularly in regions with adverse climate conditions or limited water and resources. Greenhouses are the structures that provide the desired conditions for plant growth throughout the all seasons. Plant growing and crop production in the greenhouses require proper ventilation conditions to provide optimal temperature, relative humidity and CO2 and to minimize the toxic gases. Ventilation method of greenhouse is depending on the design of greenhouse ventilation and cooling is usually done by evaporative pad and fan systems or fan and vent systems. Recently different designs, different structures and different layouts of fans, pads and vents are used in greenhouses. Layout of fans, pads and vents affects the performance of ventilation systems. The aim of this study was to layout the fans, pads and vents to provide best air flow in an octagonal greenhouse. 

    Materials and Methods

    In this study, three layouts of evaporative pad and fan systems and vents were modeled by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. For computational fluid dynamic of inside greenhouse airflow, the air flow was considered to be compressible. In order to estimate density, velocity and temperature, the Navier- Stokes equation included momentum, state, energy, continuity was used. For modeling the fluid flow, all necessary and dependent parameters of climate were considered based on the concentration and air pressure at the level of the open sea. Fluid flow equations were solved by finite volume technique. Three mentioned layouts of this study were 1- fans on the roof of the pyramids and vents on the wall of the pyramids, 2- pads and fans on the greenhouse side walls and 3- pads on the greenhouse side walls and fans on the roof of the pyramids (parallel pads). The performances of each arrangement can be improved by the speed of the fans, the size of the vents. The main equation in fluid flow simulation using CFD can be done by the following set of equations in which the continuity equation in the form of indicial notation can be presented as: Moreover, the momentum equation can be written by the following form: The equation 4 shows the state equation in a fluid flow interaction. All technical calculations and CFD simulations were done by Solidworks 2018 software.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that octagonal greenhouse by a specific form of the vents on the walls and fans on the roof could provide a circular air flow around the plants in the greenhouse. However, due to different powers of the fans, different velocity and different shape of air circulation could be achieved. When pads and fans are located on the greenhouse side walls, uniform air flow from the pads move uniformly throughout the greenhouse and then exit from opposite fans which causes desired air flow in the greenhouse. When the fans are located on the roof of the pyramids and pads are located on the side walls parallel, pad surface increases in the greenhouse and thus relative humidity increases and temperature decreases.

    Conclusions

    Because of the specific shape of the vents in octagonal greenhouse, different air velocity and different shape of air circulation will be achieved when different power of the fan is used. This causes that the octagonal greenhouse can be used in different climate conditions. When the fans are located on the roof of the pyramids and pads are located on the side walls, temperature decreases and relative humidity increases and this layout is desirable for hot and dry climate. An octagonal greenhouse can be used in different climate by using a suitable layout of fan, pad and vents.

    Keywords: CFD, Cooling, Octagonal greenhouse, Ventilation
  • S. Rezaei, N. Behroozi Khazaei *, H. Darvishi Pages 263-275
    Introduction

    Microwave drying compared to conventional hot air drying has many benefits to apply in food drying processes such as volumetric heating, high thermal efficiency, shorter drying time and improved product quality. In conventional microwave drying method, a fixed microwave power was used during the drying process. However, the water of the product evaporated and mass of product decreased over the time that resulted in microwave power density (MPD) increasing during the drying process. Increasing the power density, especially at the end of the process, sharply increased the product temperature. High temperature of products led to the deterioration of the product quality. Most research used variable microwave power program for preventing the risk of overheating and charring of product. The evaporation of the water causes the shrinkage of product. Therefore, many studies have used machine vision for measuring the shrinkage and this technology has been used in modeling and predicting the MC.

    Materials and Methods

    The fresh potato samples (Solanum tuberosum cv. Santana) with 83% (w.b.) of initial MC were sliced into the chips of 5mm thickness. The developed drying systems consisted of microwave oven, lighting unit and imaging unit, temperature sensor, microwave power adjusting unit and a data acquisition unit (DAQ). A LabVIEW (V17.6, 2017) program was developed to integrate all measurements and adjusting the microwave power during the drying process. In this study, two sets of experiment with different aims have done. The first set of experiments was used for calculating the shrinkage by developed image processing algorithm and MC by offline mass measurement and then data sets were used to investigate the artificial neural networks (ANNs). The second set was used for evaluating the reliability of investigating models. The experiments, in the first set, were done with 8, 4 and 2.67 W g-1. In the variable mode, the power varied in two/three steps with respect to the MC of samples during the drying process. Second set of experiments was done in two variable and constant power modes with 5 and 3 W g-1. An image processing algorithm was developed to measure the shrinkage of potato slice during the drying process. In this study the feed forward ANN with back propagation algorithm was used. Two structures of ANN were used for modeling of MC. In the first model time and power density and the second model shrinkage and power density were used as input. Also moisture ratio was used as an output parameter in two models.

    Results and Discussion

    The obtained results indicated that for the first model the ANN with 2-3-1 structure had better results than others structures. This structure had 0.0713, 0.0337 and 0.0640 of RMSE and 0.9764, 0.9973 and 0.9800 of R for train, validation and test, respectively. For the second model, the 2-2-2-1 structure of ANN with 0.0780, 0.0816 and 0.0908 of RMSE and 0.9598, 0.9799 and 0.9746 of R for train, validation and test, respectively had better results than other structures. The evaluation of these models with a second data set showed that the second model with shrinkage and power density as input with 0.067 of RMSE and 0.994 of R had better results than the first model with 0.173 of RMSE and 0.961 of R. These consequences expressed that the second model had higher reliability for prediction of MC based on shrinkage and power density during drying process.

    Conclusions

    In this study, a microwave dryer was developed with a real-time image recording system and a microwave power level program during the drying process. Two ANN models were used for modeling of drying kinetics of the potato slices. Also image processing algorithm was investigated by measuring the shrinkage of potato slice during the drying process. The outcomes revealed that shrinkage as input in the ANN had great effect on MC prediction during the drying process.

    Keywords: Microwave power density, Moisture content kinetic, Shrinkage
  • H. Biabi, S .Abdanan Mehdizadeh*, M. Salehi Salmi Pages 277-291
    Introduction

    The automatic detection of plant diseases in early stages in large farms, in addition to increasing the quality of the final product, could prevent the occurrence of irreparable damage. To this end, accurate and timely diagnosis of farm conditions is of great importance. In order to facilitate production potential and prevent a significant decline in yield, disease diagnosis is necessary periodically throughout the whole life of the. On the other hand, early detection of the disease in its early stages of growth can also prevent the spread of diseases. One of the most common methods for diagnosing plant diseases is the use of visual methods, but this method is difficult to evaluate the performance of a number of parameters such as the effects of the environment, nutrients, and organisms and so on. Furthermore, the accuracy of repetitions is very much related to individual fatigue of inspector. Research on activities that have the ability to identify diseases at an early stage and prevent the spread of contagious diseases are of great importance. Therefore, the use of new applications and new detection technologies to protect can significantly reduce the risk of product loss. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design and construct an intelligent control system that automatically detects the health of the lilium plant and to improve the plant's condition.

    Materials and Methods

    Sample collection
    In this study, 80 pots of four kilograms (including healthy and disease plants) were considered for plant growth in vegetative stage. The spring onions were grown in pots with 20 cm diameter and 30 cm height. Experiments were carried out in a greenhouse with a temperature of 27.15°C day/night and a relative humidity of 70-75%.

    Image processing :

    In this research, the camera was placed at a constant distance of 50 cm from the flower to evaluate the stem and the leaves attached to it. The images were captured under the constant light conditions in the greenhouse during a specific hour of the day (10 to 12) every other day. The image was taken in RGB color space with a resolution of 1024 × 840 pixels, and after image transfer to the computer, image processing was performed using Matlab 2016a. After examining the plant image, 9 color channels (R, G, B, L, a, b, H, S, and V) were examined from three color spaces (RGB, Lab and HSV) and stem length to diagnosis of Botrytis elliptica disease.

    Feature selection and classification :

    In this research, after improving the image and extracting the feature, the linguistic hedges method was used to select the features and the K-means clustering was applied in the N-division of the k-clustering specified by the user. In this method, each attribute was assigned to a cluster closer to the mean vector. This method continues until there was no significant change in the mean vectors between successive repetitions of the algorithm.

    Results and Discussion

    According to the results of feature selection L leaf, L stem, a leaf, b leaf, H leaf, b stem, H stem, V leaf and stem length, were the best features. Moreover, the accuracy of diagnosis for the diseased and healthy plants were 96.42 and 100 percent, respectively, and the overall classification accuracy was 97.63 percent. Therefore, in general, it can be said that the proposed image processing method is desirable and acceptable in order to diagnose the disease. According to this, zhuang et al. (2017) used sparse representation (SR) classification and K-means clustering to identify leaf-based cucumber disease. In the proposed method, it has been shown that system could detect cucumber diseases with accuracy rate of 85.7%. Therefore, the proposed image processing technique seems to be able to diagnose the disease quickly and easily.

    Conclusions

    Today, in the modern agricultural systems, numerous computational methods have been designed to help farmers to control the proper growth of their products. However, there are still major problems with the rapid, accurate and classification of diseases in the early days of the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design, construct and evaluate a smart system based on image processing in order to identify and classify the leaf disease of the leaves of the lilium plant and remove it by spraying the contaminated parts. For this purpose, the linguistic hedges method was used to select the characteristics and k-means method to classify the infected plant from healthy. The results of the classification for the diseased and healthy plants were 96.42 and 100 percent, respectively, and the overall classification accuracy was 97.63 percent, which indicates the acceptable accuracy of the machine vision system in detecting the disease.

    Keywords: Diagnosis of plant disease, Image processing, Linguistic hedges algorithm, K-means
  • S. Mirzamohammadi *, A. Jabarzadeh, M. Salehi Shahrabi Pages 293-303
    Introduction

    The increasing global population on the one hand and limited water and soil resources on the other hand, contribute to the need for the supply of agricultural products by adopting modern methods. One of the modern methods of farming is the cultivation of products in commercial greenhouses. Despite favorable performance of greenhouses in the agricultural sector, high demand for direct and indirect energy is among the main considerations of developing them because the energy supply of greenhouses has the highest influence on the performance of greenhouses, quality of products, and market price of products. In this study, the energy supply of greenhouses in the case of using renewable resources is done in a grid connection state. Trading energy with main grid is enabled. Decision-makers’ objective is determining the optimal number of renewable resources and energy storage units for the purpose of income maximization.

    Materials and Methods

    Basically, the supply of energy for greenhouses or in other terms supply of electric, cooling, and heating loads required by greenhouses is intended to cover lighting, internal temperature, emission of CO2, and relative humidity. Since many greenhouses have proper access to the main grid for the supply of their demanded load, the problem seeks maximum use of renewable energy rather than buying power from the grid for supplying the loads which greenhouses need to its secure revenues. To this, mathematical modeling has used to determine the optimal number of energy sources and storage units that revenues of using renewable energy resources be optimized based on existing limitations. These limitations include balancing generation and consumption of thermal and electrical power in each hour, logical relationship between charging and discharging of batteries, limit of power generation of renewable sources in each hour of the day and the level of capital available for investment.

    Results and Discussion

    Based on the collected data, 9 different issues have been defined in terms of the proportion of costs of solar energy and wind energy and the proportion of purchasing and selling price of power. The obtained results suggest that in the case of equality of investment and maintenance costs of solar and wind energies, the use of wind energy rather than solar energy will be justified. The most significant reasons for this is considering proper conditions of wind speed which causes its inclusion in optimal solution of the problem since using solar energy during nightly hours is impossible. In addition, in the case of the equality of above costs, when purchasing and selling price of power cost is the same, the generated energy is completely used in the greenhouse. In the case of increasing the selling price, energy supply to the main grid will be economically justified. Since investment and maintenance costs of wind power are two times and 1.5 times higher than those of solar energy, using wind energy is cost-effective.

    Conclusions

    The results suggest that in the case of an equal price of selling power to the grid and buying power from it, all of the energy will be consumed in the greenhouse. In the case of an increase in selling price, the supply of energy to the main grid will be economically justified. In addition, the results imply the significant effect of geographic conditions of the region, since sometimes concurrent use of renewable energies is unjustified. Since the lack of supply of energy to greenhouses significantly influences the cultivation of products, considering the cost of lack of energy supply in modeling is one of the contributions of the present study. Another significant aspect of the study is the generalization of modeling from the greenhouse to greenhouse complexes. To do so, using the notion of micro-hub for greenhouses and their management will be useful.

    Keywords: energy security, Food security, Greenhouse, Renewable Energy
  • M .Sami, A .Akram *, M. Sharifi Pages 305-316
    Introduction

    The need to develop alternative energy sources especially renewable energy has become increasingly apparent with the incident of fuel shortages and escalating energy prices in recent years. With the advent of renewable energy, various studies have been conducted to investigate the potential of biogas production from agricultural waste. Considering the importance of retention time and methane production potential for designing industrial digesters, many studies on potential analysis and modeling of the digestion process of different products have been carried out by various researchers. These studies are valuable for the design and implementation of anaerobic digesters. Apple is one of the most popular fruits in many parts of the world and is widely cultivated in many temperate regions of the world. Considering the large volume of apple waste in Iran, this study was designed based on potential evaluation and modeling of biogas production from apple pulp.

    Materials and Methods

    In order to measure the potential of biogas production from apple pomace, a number of lab-scale digesters with a capacity of 600 ml and a working capacity of 400-500 ml were made. pH and C/N ratio were modified by adding NaOH and urea solution, respectively. Three different temperature treatments including psychrophilic (ambient temperature), mesophilic (37ºC), and thermophilic (47ºC) were applied to the substrate. Used pomace samples were collected from the output of an apple juice factory in southern Isfahan province, Iran. Anaerobic Biodegradability (ABD) was obtained by dividing the experimental methane production potential (BMP) obtained from the experimental results on the theoretical methane production potential. Three most common kinetic models of Gompertz, Logistic, and Richards were used to predict and stimulate the cumulative methane production of treatments.

    Results and Discussion

    Under ambient temperature, the digestive process took a longer time, and the time of maximum dilly biogas production was considerably more than the other two treatments. Statistically, production time and peak time of this treatment was higher than the other two treatments at 1% significance level. Maximum daily biogas production in the ambient treatment was observed on day 37th with a volume of 6.99 g-VS-1 ml, while maximum daily biogas production in the treatments of 37 °C and 47 °C were observed on days 22th (20.16 ml g-VS-1) and 20th (25.57 ml g-VS-1), respectively. In all three treatments, daily biogas production increased sharply in the first incubation days and after that reduced and then production increased again. In mesophilic and thermophilic treatments, the production of biogas modestly stopped after 35 days, but under the ambient temperature, the process of production continued after 55 days. The methane concentration of biogas in the psychrophilic treatment was significantly lower than the other two treatments at 1% level. Two treatments of 37°C and 45°C have a significant difference in methane yield at 1% level. Nevertheless, the production of biogas in two treatments was not statistically different. In all three treatments, the lowest pH was recorded after 7 days of production and the highest pH was recorded on days 34-40. All three kinetic equations were able to simulate the methane production process with high precision, although the results of the Logistic model provided higher accuracy. In the treatment 47 °C, the efficiency of the studied equations was higher than other treatments and models were able to predict the production process with higher accuracy. Results of the experiment show the high biochemical methane production potential of apple pomace (473.17 ml g-VS-1), which under laboratory condition of this study up to 63.9% of this potential (302.70 ml g-VS-1) was obtained. 

    Conclusions

    This study results are valuable for the design and implementation of industrial digesters. The results indicate the apple pomace has a high potential for the production of methane and its biodegradability is high. Apart from pH that is acidic, other apple pulp factors are appropriate for the activity of methanogenic bacteria. In terms of nutrients, apple pomace is also a good environment for the growth of anaerobic bacteria.

    Keywords: Biogas, Methane, Modeling, Potential
  • A .Yousefvand, J .Amiri Parian* Pages 317-329
    Introduction

    Control of walnut diseases and pests requires the mapping of the extent of contamination within possible shortest time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop systems to detect and determine the prevalence and location of contamination for researchers and gardeners. Image processing has been proposed as an approach to determine the extent and type of damage to different products in farms and gardens. The aim of this study was to design an algorithm based on the processing of walnut leaf images under natural light conditions in order to provide a rapid and non-destructive detection of diseases for the protection of trees using imaging methods. In this research, the possibility of detecting Anthracnose disease was investigated by processing walnut leaf images. The disease was detected using in situ images taken from the leaves to provide the basis for designing application software on smart mechatronic systems.
     

    Materials and Methods

    Images of leaves on walnut trees were taken under outdoor light conditions. Color and morphological properties extracted from the images were used to detect the pest on the leaves. Gnomonia leptostyla disease diagnostic algorithm was based on process of color and morphological characteristics, leaves background and disease-stained spots. The range of changes in R, G, and B indices was obtained in histograms and then two-dimensional spaces were analyzed statistically on GR, GB, and BR planes. All points from these regions were used as statistical samples, for which bivariate regressions of GR, GB, and BR were obtained as y = b0 + b1x. Segments containing anthracnose spots from the leaves were segregated by extracting the coordinates of the points in each side on the RGB color space cube. Finally, anthracnose content was detected based on the number of spots detected by the algorithms. The percentage of contamination was used to determine the amount of contamination in each imaged area.

    Results and Discussion

    Examination of the colored spaces indicated that the domain of the anthracnose color components on the GR side has nothing in common with the color components of the leaves. The analysis of color space data revealed that the leaves and anthracnose were more distinguishable on the GB and RB sides, respectively.According to the histogram of the HSV color space, anthracnose spots were isolated from the leaves by determining the H range. In the evaluation of the proposed method for diagnosis of anthracnose, the infection severity calculated by the algorithm with the true infection intensity. T-test results for comparing the mean of the two infection intensity samples showed no significant differences between the two groups at 1% probability level.

    Conclusions

    The evaluation of the proposed method showed a 98% segregation accuracy for G. leptostyla detection method. Based on the results, the proposed method for detecting anthracnose spots is suitable for determining the contamination severity in the imaged areas.

    Keywords: Color features, Image processing, Morphology features, Walnut tree
  • E .Biabani Agdam, M. H. Khoshtaghaza*, Gh .Najafi Pages 331-342
    Introduction

    One of the most important and sensitive steps after walnut harvesting is the separation of the kernel from its shell. Walnut rupture force is an appropriate criterion for design with high performance and better quality, which can be used as the basis for designing and adjusting the various parts of machines that are in contact with walnut. The lower rupture force caused the less energy requirement to separate the walnut kernel from the shell. The use of ultrasound in ambient fluids is well known to cause turbulence and biological cell rupture. These effects arise principally from the phenomenon known as cavitation which can scour surfaces and damage cellular material. Therefore the object of this study is to find the effect of ultrasound factors on the amount of walnut rupture force and quality of kernel extraction.

    Materials and Methods

    Walnut paper variety was selected from a Qazvin province orchard for this study. To determine the initial moisture content of the nuts, the samples were dried in an oven at 105°C for 24 h. Initial moisture content was found 5.5 (%w.b). The ultrasounds bath system (D-78224 Singen/htw, Elma, Germany) was used with a nominal frequency of 50 kHz and power of 1000 W. In this research, based on the pretest results and previous studies (Cao et al., 2010; Entezari et al., 2004) walnut samples were treated with three ultrasound time duration (5, 10 and 15 min) and three ultrasound bath temperature (20, 35, and 50ºC). Moisture content of the walnuts after ultrasound treatment was 8.8 (%w.b). After the walnut samples were treated by ultrasonic factors, a material testing machine (H50 K-S, Hounsfield, England) was used to determine the rupture force of the walnuts. The walnut was placed between two plates, and loaded at three loading speeds (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm s-1) and pressed until the walnut ruptured. Rupture force was applied along with X and Y axes. The X-axis was in the longitudinal axis through the hilum to the tip (length) and the Y-axis was in the latitudinal axis (width) at right angles to the X-axis. Kernel extraction quality was classified into grades according to size and number of broken pieces of the kernel. Central composite design (CCD) of resound surface method was used to optimize the effect of ultrasonic factors on walnut kernel extraction.

    Results and Discussion

    The results indicated that the loading speed, ultrasound time duration, loading direction, and moisture content had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) and ultrasound bath temperature (P<0.05) on the rupture force and kernel extracting quality. Regarding the sum of squares of ANOVA results, the ultrasound time duration factor had the most effect on the rupture force and the loading direction factor had the most effect on kernel extraction quality. By increasing bath temperature and ultrasound time duration, walnut rupture force was decreased. The minimum walnut rupture force was obtained in 25 min ultrasound time duration, 50ºC bath temperature, 1.5 mm s-1 loading speed, and width loading direction for wet walnut. By increasing bath temperature, walnut kernel losses were increased. The best kernel extraction quality was obtained in 2.5 mm s-1 loading speed, 25 min ultrasound duration, 20ºC bath temperature, and longitudinal loading direction. The proposed optimal point was obtained at 64.4 N rupture force, and two half of the kernel at 1.3 mm s-1 loading speed,  25 min ultrasound duration, 50ºC bath temperature, and longitudinal loading direction for wet walnut.

    Conclusions

    The walnut ultrasound treated samples had minimum rupture force and the best quality kernel extraction. It was observed that by increasing the loading speed and ultrasound time duration, the percentage of whole kernels and the quality degree of broken kernels increased.

    Keywords: Loading speed direction, Ultrasound bath, Walnut rupture
  • M. Zandi *.A .Ganjloo .M .Bimakr Pages 343-357
    Introduction

    In recent decades, artificial intelligence systems were employed for developing predictive models to estimate and predict many agriculture processes. Neural networks have the capability of identifying complex nonlinear systems with their own high learning ability. Artificial Neural Networks as a modern approach has successfully been used to solve an extensive variety of problems in the science and engineering, exclusively for some space where the conventional modeling procedure fail. A well-trained Artificial Neural Networks can be used as a predictive model for a special use, which is a data processing system inspired by biological neural system. The short storage life of hawthorn fruit and its high susceptibility to water loss and browning are the main factors limiting its marketability. So, it is important to evaluate parameters that affected the hawthorn quality. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system or adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is a kind of artificial neural network that is based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference system. To estimate changes in fruit quality as a function of storage conditions, the evolution of certain quality-indicative properties such as color, firmness or weight can be used to provide related information on the quality grade of the product stored. Measurement of these parameters is an expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, parameter prediction due to affecting factors will be more useful. In this study, the physicochemical properties of hawthorn fruit during various storage was predicted using artificial neural networks method. Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida), belonging to the Rosaceae family, consists of small trees and shrubs. The color of the ripe fruit ranges from yellow, through green to red, and on to dark purple. Hawthorn is one of the most widely consumed horticultural products, either in fresh or processed form. It is also an important component of many processed food products because of its excellent flavor, attractive color and high content of many macro- and micro-nutrients.
      

    Materials and Methods

    The purpose of this study was a prediction of color, physical and mechanical properties of hawthorn fruit (Crataegus pinnatifida) during storage condition using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Experimental data obtained from fruit storage, were used for training and testing the network. In the present research, artificial neural networks were used for modeling the relationship between physicochemical properties and color attributes with different storage time. Several criteria such as training algorithm, learning function, number of hidden layers, number of neurons in each hidden layer and activation function were given to improve the performance of the artificial neural networks. The total number of hidden layers and the number of neurons in each hidden layer were chosen by trial and error. The network’s inputs include storage time, hawthorn moisture content and storage temperature and the network’s output were the values of the physicochemical and color properties. The training rules were Momentum and Levenberg-Marquardt. The transfer functions were TanhAxon and SigmoidAxon.

    Results and Discussion

    To predict the weight loss and firmness multilayer perceptron network with the momentum learning algorithm, topologies of 3-15-5-1 and 3-8-5-1 with R2=0.9938 and 0.9953 were optimal arrangement, respectively. The optimal topologies for color change, hue, Chroma were 3-9-7-1 (R2=0.9421), 3-9-3-1 (R2=0.9947) and 3-7-1 (R2=0.9535) respectively, with momentum learning algorithm and TanhAxon activation function. The best network for ripening index prediction was Multilayer perceptron network with the TanhAxon activation function, Levenberg-Marquardt Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm, topology of 3-5-1-1 and R2=0.9956.

    Conclusions

    Three factors including firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity were considered for ripening index calculation during fruits storage condition. Momentum and Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithms with SigmoidAxon and TanhAxon activation functions were used for training the patterns. Results indicated artificial neural networks to be accurate and versatile and they predicted the quality changes in hawthorn fruits. The outcomes of this study provide additional and useful information for hawthorn fruits storage conditions.

    Keywords: Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, Artificial neural network, Hawthorn, Multilayer perceptron
  • Sh .Sedighi, D. Kalantari *. J .Rédl Pages 359-369
    Introduction

    The most important adverse effects of noise on humans have reduced work efficiency and physiological damaging effects such as increased heart rate, high blood pressure, permanent and temporary hearing loss, impaired vision, disrupting the body's balance system, causing nervous disorders and even nervous disorders. Much of the occupational disturbance is due to acoustic vibrations in agricultural mechanization, which is affecting a large number of farmers. In this regard, most of the noise and vibration come from two-stroke or four-stroke engines that are used in lawn mowers, sprayers, pits and more. These high-vibration equipment causes a great deal of damage to their operators. Portable lawn mowers are popular for working in urban and rural areas due to their low cost, low maintenance cost, high maneuverability and affordability. Therefore, the possibility of optimizing the muffler of a small combustion engine for a lawn mower was investigated and studied in the present stud.

    Materials and Methods

    To optimize the existing muffler, geometry of the factory muffler was first redesigned in solidworks 2014 software. Then the optimized muffler, along with the factory muffler exported into ANSYS CFX software and simulated in terms of velocity and pressure distributions. To evaluate the built muffler and compare its performance with the factory standard muffler, the mufflers were then mounted on a DOMA’s lawnmower model WPGD501 with a 42 cm3 engine volume and tested outdoors in a radius of 5 m. All sound recording tests were performed in steady state at a distance of 1m with a 45° angle and position along the exhaust outlet to reconstruct the user's ear position. A digital thermometer TEM-8820 and a PSA-V01 digital barometer were used to measure the sound pressure and an environment temperature.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that at 3000 rpm, the sound pressure level of the modified muffler decreased by 6.4% compared to the modified muffler. The same decrease in sound pressure level was achieved at 5000 rpm, equal to 4.5%. The results of this study showed that with increasing engine speed, pressure changes in the muffler had an upward trend. These changes in the modified muffler increased by 0.02 kPa at 3000 rpm and by 0.07 kPa at 5000 rpm. According to the outputs of the FFT diagrams, the intensity and amplitude of the output frequencies from the modified muffler significantly decreased almost at most frequencies. Therefore, effective pressure difference (ΔPrms) was used for the further investigations. The results of this study showed that the pressure changes in the muffler had an upward trend with increasing the engine speed. These changes in the modified muffler increased by 0.02 kPa at 3000 rpm and by 0.07 kPa at 5000 rpm.

    Conclusions

    According to the results of the present study, by optimizing the internal muffler geometry of the lawn-mowers by installing internal blades and neutralizing the sound intensity inside the muffler, it is possible to reduce the sound pressure level by 4% to about 7% over the original muffler. It is a very simple and inexpensive method for the manufacturers of such engines.

    Keywords: Ergonomics, Lawn mower, Muffler, Noise pollution, sound pressure level
  • M. R. Zarezadeh, M. Aboonajmi *, M. Ghasemi Varnamkhasti, F. Azarikia Pages 371-383
    Introduction

    Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) is one of the most common and popular edible oils which is an important part of the Mediterranean diet. It is a rich source of sterol, phenol compounds and vitamins A and E. EVOO has useful effects on human body and significant reduction of cardiovascular diseases due to these benefits, EVOO is expensive so unfortunately adulteration in EVOO by mixing it with other cheap and low cost and low value oils such as canola, sunflower, palm and etc. is very common. Adulteration leads to health and financial losses and sometimes cause serious illness. Olive oil has various quality levels which depend on different factors such as olive cultivar, storage, oil extracting process etc.

    Materials and Methods

    There are numerous food quality evaluation and adulteration detection approaches which include destructive and non-destructive methods. Control sample (EVOO) was applied from "DANZEH food industry", Lowshan, Gilan Province. For ensuring that control sample is extra virgin, a sample was tested in "Rahpooyan e danesh koolak Lab." Tehran, Iran; according to "Institute of standards and industrial research of Iran" ISIRI number: 4091 and INSO 13126-2. Eight semi-conductor gas sensors "FIS, MQ3, MQ3, MQ4, MQ8, MQ135, MQ136, TGS136, TGS813 AND TGS822" applied in used olfaction machine. In this study there were 6 treatments: 1- Pure EVOO, 2- EVOO with 5% adulteration, 3- EVOO with 10% adulteration, 4- EVOO with 20% adulteration, 5- EVOO with 35% adulteration and 6- EVOO with 50% adulteration. Adulteration created with ordinary frying oil (including sunflower, canola, and maize oils). Each treatment prepared in seven samples and each sample test was repeated seven times. In this study, olfaction machine, a non-destructive, simple and user friendly System applied. As mentioned, the olfaction machine includes eight different sensors, so each test has eight graphs. Four features (1- Sensor output (mV) in start of odor pulse (refer to fig. 3) 2- Sensor output at the end of odor pulse 3- Average of sensor output during odor pulse and 4- Difference of sensor output at the end and start of start of odor pulse); So 32 features extracted and analyzed and finally effective sensors reported.

    Results and Discussion

    Histogram and box plot of raw data showed that the data are not normal and need some preprocessing operations. Preprocessing facilitates data analyzing and classifying extracted features. After preprocessing, the standard data, divided into two classes: train data (70%) and test data (30%). Data classified with 4 different classifier models which include: K-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, artificial neural network and Ada-boost. Results showed that KNN method, with 89.89% and SVM with 86.52% classified with higher accuracy. Similarly, the confusion matrix showed the reasonable results of classifying operation. Also, three effective sensors in classifying determined TGS2620, MQ5 and MQ4 respectively, and on the other side, sensors such as MQ3 and MQ8 have the minimum effect on classifying so it is possible to remove these sensors from the sensor array without effective impress on results. This may cause decrease in the olfaction machine price and reduce analyzing time.

    Conclusions

    Due to increasing adulteration in foods, especially in olive oil and its significant effects on people's health and financial losses, a simple, cheap and non-destructive quality evaluation extended. Results showed that the olfaction machine with metal oxide semiconductor (especially including TGS 2620, MQ5 and MQ4 sensors) can use for classification and adulteration detection of extra virgin olive oil. Evaluation of this system's output leads to higher classification accuracy by using KNN and SVM method for olive oil classification and also fraud detection (5% adulteration).

    Keywords: Classification, Fraud detection, Olive oil, Olfaction machine, Quality
  • M .Porabolghasem, A. Ghazanfari Moghadam *, F. Mozafari ghoraba Pages 385-397
    Introduction

    Knowledge of mechanical and viscoelastic properties of agricultural material will be helpful in the transportation and processing of these materials. Giant reed grass, also known as wild cane, is a tall, perennial, bamboo-like, grass that grows in wet areas.  The giant reed grass can flourish in a wide variety of soils, including coarse sands, gravelly soil, heavy clay, and river sediment.  This grass attains heights of 7 m and once established the stems can reach a thickness close to 3 cm.  The stems of giant reed grass are used for different purposes. Traditionally the stems are used in the villages for fencing, roofing, and producing handcrafts. The modern uses of the giant reed stems include plywood, composites panels and paper production. The giant reed stems are not uniform and are made from many nodes. The number of nodes and the distance between nodes can affect the mechanical properties of the stems. In order to attain a suitable use of the stems in various industries, the physical and mechanical properties of the stems must be determined. Knowledge of mechanical and viscoelastic properties of agricultural material will be helpful in transportation and processing of these materials. The purpose of this research was to determine some relevant mechanical properties of the stems of giant reed grass with different nodes and moisture contents.

    Materials and Methods

    In this research, different mechanical and viscoelastic tests were performed on the stems of cane at various levels of moisture and number of nodes. The Burger-Voigt model with different number of elements was also used to model the creep behaviors of the stems. The cane stems were cut and divided to three groups of two, four, and six-node stems. The moisture contents of the stems were adjusted to three levels of 30, 40 and 50% (w.b.). After preparing the stems the mechanical tests were performed using an Instron testing machine with a three-point support. The creep tests were done by hanging a 10 kg weight at the middle of each stem. The experiments were done using factorial tests based on completely randomized design. The Young module, toughness, and the yield points of the stems were measured by the three-point method. These parameters were obtained from the stress-strain curves of the three-point compression bending tests. The results showed that the Young module was affected by both moisture and the number of nodes, but there were no interaction effects. The creeps of the stems under 10 kg loading were modeled using 3 to 5 elements Burger-Voigt models. In these models a combination of springs and dashpots are used to represent the stems. The curve fitting was performed using the MATLAB software and the goodness of fitness was verified using the fitted curves and calculating the coefficient of determinations.

    Results and Discussion

    The results by investigating the graphs and the ANOVA tests showed that the Young module was significantly affected by both moisture and the number of nodes. The obtained Young module for cane stem ranged from 572-1268 MPa. Both yield point and toughness were affected by both moisture and the number of nodes and their values were 65-250 N and 0.016-0.132 J.m-3, respectively. The creep test results indicated that the maximum deformation and maximum time for of the interaction of the two factors was insignificant. The maximum deformations ranged from 2.1-42.5 mm, and the maximum time for reaching the final deformation was 12.5-75 minutes for various moistures and the number of nodes combinations and showed that the 5-element Burger was best for explaining the viscoelastic behavior of cane stems (R2>0.97).

    Conclusions

    In this research, some mechanical properties of the giant reed grass stems were measured and the creep behavior of the stem was modeled using 3-5 elements Burger-Voigt models. The results indicated a decrease in the Young module of the stems with increase with moisture content and increase in the Young module with increase in the number of nodes. On the other hand, the elongation of the stems increased with both number of the nodes and the level of moisture. The 5-element Burger-Voigt model was best fitted to the creep data.

    Keywords: Burger-Voigt model, Cane stem, deformation, Mechanical properties, Viscoelastic behavior
  • P .Ghiasi *. M. Safari Pages 399-408
    Introduction

    Sunflower planting is mostly carried out for two particular purposes; oil production and as nut. Harvesting is one of the biggest problems in both types of sunflower. The difficulty of harvesting and less scientific research have led us to study the mechanized harvesting of this kind of crops. In this research, head losses and grain losses for the inner section of combine were investigated during mechanized harvesting of oily sunflower and a regression model was used based on the experimental tests for head losses and grain losses in the inner section of the combine.

    Materials and Methods

    After preparing an especial head for harvesting sunflower, the head was set up on the combine for measuring the harvest losses. The cutting, threshing and clearing process for sunflower seeds were done during the tests. The design of the head is the same as the sunflower bushes are firstly bent by the bar and then sequentially the cutting, and transferring processes are done. The tests were implemented in an oily sunflower farm by a combine harvester (1055 john deer) in 3 replications. The farm performance was 2170 kg ha-1 and was located in Kermanshah province in Iran. A pre-test was done to define the best combine forward speed and finally 2.5 km h-1 was adjusted for combine forward speed. The bar height (BH) in two levels (20 and 70 cm) and head height (HH) in two levels (60 and 120 cm) were independent parameters to evaluate the head. The dependent parameters were the combine losses and head losses. For the analysis of variance of the variable parameters, a 2×2 factorial plot with 3 replications was used. A regression model was defined based on experimental tests.

    Results and Discussion

    Having done the experimental tests, data were analyzed and the effect of independent parameters on the head and combine grain losses were investigated. The effect of the bar height on the head grain losses was significant at 1% level and the effect of the head height and interaction between bar height and head height on the head grain losses was also significant at 5% level. Results showed that with increasing in bar height, the head grain losses increased. With a change in the bar height, the location of the cutting point is changed and this led to a change in the head grain losses. The effect of the bar height on the combine grain losses was significant at 5% level but the effect of the head height and interaction between bar height and head height was not significant on the combine grain losses. Increasing in the bar height led to increase in material other grain (MOG) which enters to the combine, and also resulted in increasing in combine grain losses. The coefficient of determination of head grain losses in the regression model was 0.97. The model was able to explain the relationship between the bar and head height with head grain losses due to the relationship between independent and dependent parameters. The amount of R-squared for the combine grain losses in the regression model was 0.53. Because of the effect of other parameters in the inner section of the combine, the output of the model predicted that increasing in the bar height and head height, resulted in increasing in head grain losses, and also increasing in the bar height and decreasing in head height let to increasing in combine grain losses. The output of model showed that regulating the bar height and cutting height could reduce the harvest losses by less than 3%. This R-squared is obviously less than R-squared of head grain losses model. The output of the regression model predicted that the increase in the bar height and head height was associated with increase in the head grain losses, and increasing in the bar height and decreasing in head height, resulted in increasing in combine grain losses. The output of the regression model showed that the harvest losses can be reduced less than 5% by regulating the bar height and cutting height.

    Conclusions

    One of the most important parameters for mechanized harvesting is the head mechanism which cuts the crops and transfers them to the threshing unit. The cutting height in the sunflower head was defined by the bar height and head height. According to the linear relationship between the head and combine losses with the bar height and head height, and the interaction between them, the regression model was able to predict the result successfully. This model of grain losses in the head and combine model can be used in the intelligent combine to minimize the harvest losses. The optimization of the bar height and head height for minimizing the harvest losses can be the subject of next researches.

    Keywords: Combine grain losses, Intelligent combine harvester, Mechanized harvesting, Sunflower seeds
  • M. Rad, H. Goli *, F. Mirahmadi Pages 409-422
    Introduction 

    Strawberry plays an important role in human health because of its micronutrients and natural antioxidant content. Increasing storage time and decreasing microbial processes, weight and volume, and eventually facilitating export, has bolded the need for drying this product. The most common drying method is sun drying. This technique requires large areas and lengthens the time to complete the process which is undesirable economically. Furthermore, the final product may be contaminated by dust and insects, and the exposure to solar radiation results in color deterioration. In order to improve the quality, traditional sun drying techniques can be replaced by a more rapid and efficient drying method such as hot-air drying. In recent years air impingement technology has got more attention in the field fruit slices drying due to high heat and mass transfer, decreasing drying time and increasing product quality. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of drying conditions on the drying kinetics and quality characteristics including the rehydration ratio of the strawberry slices in an air impingement jet dryer.

    Materials and Methods

    An air jet impingement dryer with controllable temperature, air velocity, and the relative nozzle-to-product distance (H/D) was used in this study. The experiments were conducted under different temperatures (45, 55, and 65°C), air velocities (6, 9, and 12 m s-1) and H/D ratios (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). The initial moisture content, effective moisture diffusivity, activation energy, and rehydration ratio were evaluated.

    Results and Discussion

    The effects of drying temperature and air velocity on the moisture ratio and the drying rate are shown in Figs 2 and 3. As it can be seen, the moisture ratio of strawberry slices decreased with the increase of drying time. The analysis of variance for drying time indicated that increasing drying temperature and air velocity could reduce the drying time.  In addition, the effect of drying temperature on drying time was more significant than that of the air velocity.  It is clear that the drying rate decreased with moisture content. There was a rapid decrease in drying rate during the initial period and slow decrease at the later stages of the drying process. It is also found that the drying process generally took place in the falling rate period. It is observed that the moisture ratio decreased as H/D ratio fall. The response of drying time was affected significantly (p < 0.05) by H/D ratio. The effective moisture diffusivity increased with increasing drying temperature and air velocity. Based on the results reported in this study, the Wang and Singh model with the lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE=0.02) and the highest Coefficient of determination (R2=0.996) provided the best fit to describe the experimental drying data of strawberry slices. The statistical analysis shows that drying temperature and air velocity have significant (p < 0.01) effect on the rehydration ratio (RR) of slices, while the interaction effect was not significant. The means comparison shows that the RR of dried slices decreased as drying temperature and air velocity rose. H/D ratio significantly (1%) affected rehydration ratio. The means comparisons shows that the rehydration ratio increased when H/D value varied from 4 to 8. Also, the results of color change represented that color change of dried samples decreased with increase of temperature and air velocity and increased with increase of the H/D ratio.

    Conclusions:

     a) Increasing drying temperature and air velocity dropped the drying time. In addition, the effect of drying temperature on drying time was more significant than that of the air velocity. b) A constant rate period was not observed in drying of strawberry slices and the whole process of strawberry slices was carried out in the falling rate period. c) The moisture ratio decreased as H/D ratio dropped, which in turn resulted in saving drying times. d) The Wang and Singh model was found to be the best model to describe the drying kinetics of strawberry slices. e) The effective moisture diffusivity of strawberry slices ranged from 1.62×10-10 to 3.24×10-10 m2 s-1. f) The values of activation energy of strawberry slices were found to be 12.88, 15.055 and 16.746 kJ mol-1 for air velocities of 6, 9 and 12 m s-1, respectively. g) The rehydration ratio of dried slices dropped as the drying temperature and air velocity rose and increased with increase of the H/D ratio. h) The color change of dried samples decreased with the increase of temperature and air velocity and increased with the increase of the H/D ratio.

    Keywords: Activation energy, Air jet impingement dryer, Color change, Effective moisture diffusivity, Rehydration ratio, Strawberry slices
  • M. Moradi *, J .Ghasemi, H .Azimi Nejadian Pages 423-433
    Introduction

    Some unit operations of food process engineering such as drying consumes a high amount of energy. Therefore, analysis of energy and exergy can be a suitable method to manage the energy consumption of the drying. Hence, in the present research, analysis of energy and exergy for the drying process of lemon verbena leaves was performed.

    Materials and Methods

    A cabinet solar dryer was employed to investigate the energy consumption of thin layer drying of lemon verbena leaves. The dryer had a galvanized solar plate collector which had a surface area of 0.75 m2 and to absorb the maximum solar energy, the collector painted with the black color. The collector was set at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the horizon and an electric blower was installed in the bottom of the collector to blow the ambient air through the solar collector and hence, hot air entered the drying chamber to dry the lemon verbena leaves. In order to record the air temperature and humidity in different locations of the dryer, an Arduino board with 8 smart sensors (AM2301, with temperature accuracy of 0.5°C and humidity accuracy of 3%) were used. To obtain the initial moisture content of the leaves, they inserted in an electrical oven for 16 hours at a temperature of 70°C. In order to measure the moisture content of the leaves during drying, they weighted at different times using a digital balance (A & D, Japan with accuracy of 0.001 g).Energy consumption rate of the drying was calculated by Equation (1):Where, Ein: energy consumption rate (kW), : mass flow rate of drying air (kg s-1), cp: specific heat of drying air (kJ kg-1 °C-1), Δt: temperature difference between the ambient air and drying air (°C).Also, the specific energy consumption of drying (SEC) was calculated by Equation (2):Where; SEC: Specific energy consumption (MJ kg-1 of removed water) t: drying time (s), and M: mass of removed water from the drying material (kg).Also, useful power can be calculated from Equation (3):Where; Eout: useful power (kW), ms: Evaporation rate (kg s-1), lg: latent heat of vaporization (kJ kg-1 of water)In order to calculate energy efficiency, Equation (4) was used: Also inlet and outlet exergy were calculated by equations (5) and (6), respectively: Where; T1: Inlet air temperature into the drying chamber (°C), T2: Outlet air temperature from the drying chamber (°C), T0: Ambient air temperature (°C).
    Also, Equations (7) and (8) were used to calculate exergy efficiency and loss, respectively:

    Results and Discussion

    The results of energy analysis showed specific energy consumption (SEC) increased with increasing of drying temperature and decreasing of air velocity. Accordingly, in the air velocity of 2 m s-1 and the temperatures of 30, 40, and 50 ˚C, SEC were 276.3, 694.7, and 708.0 MJ kg-1 of removed water, respectively. While SEC for an air velocity of 2.5 m s-1 and air temperatures of 30, 40, and 50 ˚C were 266.9, 469.8, and 638.0 MJ kg-1 of removed water, respectively, the corresponded values for air velocity of 3 m s-1 were as 217.0, 391.3, and 501.8 MJ kg-1 of removed water, respectively. Also, the results revealed that with an increase of temperature and a reduction of velocity, energy efficiency reduced, so that the maximum value of energy efficiency observed in an experiment with temperature of 30˚C and velocity of 3 m s-1. Also, the highest value of exergy efficiency obtained in temperature of 50˚C and velocity of 3 m s-1.

    Conclusions

    A hot air solar dryer was used for drying lemon verbena leaves. Results of specific energy consumption of drying showed a high amount of fossil fuels can be saved by using this dryer. Also, from the aspect of energy and exergy efficiency, using of the dryer in the lower temperature and higher air velocity is recommended.

    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide, Energy Efficiency, Renewable energy resources, Specific energy consumption
  • M. Vahedi Torshizi, M .Azadbakht *, M .Kashaninejad Pages 435-445
    Introduction

    Food is composed of various compounds, and when the food quality expires, it becomes inappropriate for consumption and the end of life leads to some pathogenic microorganisms in food. So food processing is essential. In recent years, various heat treatments have been considered that have various disadvantages, so researchers are looking for alternative technologies in industrial processing to overcome these problems. Electric treatments play an important role in food heating technology and one of the methods of electric thermal processing is ohmic processing, that ohmic heat is based on the flow of electricity through a product. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of voltage and weight loss on the amount of energy and exergy during this process in order to obtain the best amount of energy consumed during the heating process, since the most common way to heal the heating is by heating. In addition to maintaining the product's qualitative characteristics, the product has to carefully monitor its own system parameters.

    Materials and Methods

    The sour oranges were purchased from a garden located in the city of Gorgan, Golestan province. The prepared oranges were washed and divided into two halves in the middle and immediately after purchase, all samples of juice were taken manually in the same conditions and the samples were prepared to conduct the test during the ohmic process with voltage gradients and the percentages of different weight loss to investigate the amount of energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, exergy loss, and improvement potential during the process. For the heating process, three voltage gradients of 8.33, 10.83 and 13.33 V cm-1 and three percentage values of weight loss of 10% (from 90 g to 81 g), 20% (from 90 g to 72 g), and 30% (from 90 g to 63 g) were selected. Then, the energy and exergy consumed during the process were calculated and analyzed using a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with SAS statistical software.

    Results and Discussion

    Based on the results, it can be concluded that the voltage gradient and weight loss percentages are significant for energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, exergy, and potential improvement at 1% level. Increasing the voltage gradient increases the efficiency of energy and exergy and reduces the potential for recovery and exergy is wasted. The highest energy efficiency was 91.6% in the 13.83 V cm-1 voltage gradient and the weight loss percentages 10% and the lowest value was 51.51% in the voltage gradient of 8.33 V cm-1 and the weight loss percentages 30%. The maximum improvement potential was 8.33 V cm-1 and the weight reduction was 30% and the lowest value was at 13.33 V cm-1 voltage gradient and 10% weight loss percentages. The highest exergy efficiency of 59.51% was found in the 13.83 V cm-1 voltage gradient and the weight loss percentage was 30% and the lowest value was 31.88% on a voltage gradient of 8.33 V cm-1 and a weight percentage of 10%.

    Conclusions

    By increasing the voltage gradient, the energy efficiency had increased and there was a significant difference between all the volatility gradients. - For exergy efficiency, when the voltage gradient increased, the exergy efficiency amount increased, and in all percentages weight loss was a significant difference between the voltage gradient. - By increasing the voltage gradient, the amount of exergy loss decreased significantly and with increasing percentage weight loss, this amount was significantly increased. - The improvement potential was reduced by increasing the voltage gradient and there was a significant difference between the voltage gradients for the improvement potential.

    Keywords: Energy exergy, Ohmic process, Sour orange, Statistical Analysis
  • N .Loveimi, A. Akram *, N. Bagheri, A .Hajiahmad Pages 447-464
    Introduction 

    Remote sensing and using satellite images have been widely considered due to the high speed of measurement and great area of coverage. Canola is a source of edible oil and its cultivation in Iran and the world is developing. Comparing with other crops, canola, because of its yellow flowers, has a different canopy color, and only a few researches have been carried out in order to assess the spectral indices for prediction of its yield. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to evaluate some spectral vegetation indices to estimate the yield of canola in different growth stages.

    Materials and Methods

    The study was performed in 2016-2017 in Karaj, Iran. Three canola farms were chosen for the evaluation of the relationship between yield and some vegetation indices derived from the Sentinel-2 sensor. The sensor data were processed in five stages: before flowering, early flowering, peak of flowering, green and dry maturity, and the vegetation indices were extracted for each of them. This research was pixel-based and the pixels network of each studied farm was determined by RTKGPS. During harvesting time, for measurement of grain yield, five samples, four from the corners and one from the center of the pixel, were taken and their average was considered as the representative amount of the pixel. Totally, 112 pixels from three studied farms were used to calibrate the predictive models. By using Simple Linear Regression (SLR) models, ten new and conventional vegetation indices were assessed. Also, Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR) models and Artificial Neural Net (ANN) models with four bands, three visible bands and NIR band, as inputs, were used to predict the canola yield. In order to validate the SLR and MLR models, the "K-Fold" method of cross-validation was used, and for the validation of ANN models, 15% of data were used; 70% for the train, 15% for validation, and 15% for the test.

    Results and Discussion:

     The results showed that, on the basis of SLR models, among the growth stages, the highest coefficient of determination (R2) in each of the vegetation indices belonged to one of the two stages: the peak of flowering and green maturity. According to SLR models, among the vegetation indices in different stages, the NDYI in the peak of the flowering stage had the highest correlation with yield (R2 = 73%). Also, the RVI with 29%, BNDVI with 52%, NDVI with 56%, and GNDVI with 35% had the highest R2 in the before flowering, early flowering, peak of flowering, green and dry maturity stages, respectively. MLR models resulted to the best yield predictive model at the peak of flowering stage (R2 = 76% for the calibration and R2 = 73% and RMSE = 0.641 for the validation). For ANN models, the strongest model achieved at peak of flowering stage (R2 = 92% for the calibration (train) and R2 = 77% and RMSE = 0.612 for the validation (test)). It seems that the results are affected by yellow flowers of canola, and absorption of blue light by their petals. Therefore, in the peak of the flowering stage, the reflection of the blue light is more likely to belong to green leaves and stems. Therefore, any index such as NDYI, which the blue reflection is subtracted in its equation, represents better the number of flowers, and since the density of flowers is directly related to the yield, the yield will be predicted with more precision.

     Conclusions:

     The results of the analysis of the indices by SLR models showed that the correlation of each of the vegetation indices with the canola yield, in different stages of growth, has a considerable difference. Based on this model, the highest R2 in each of these indices happened in the peak of flowering or green maturity stage, and among these indices in different stages, the NDYI in the peak of the flowering stage had the highest R2. Finally, in both of the MLR and ANN models, with four bands, three visible bands and near-infrared band, as inputs, the best yield predictive model resulted in the peak of the flowering stage.

    Keywords: Normalized Difference Yellowness Index (NDYI), Remote sensing, Sentinel-2 sensor, Vegetation Index, Yield prediction
  • M. Safari *.H .Sharifnasab Pages 465-475
    Introduction

    Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oil plant with a growth cycle of 120 days. The seeds of this crop are primarily used for oil production, while its flower petals are used for extracting natural pigments and medicinal purposes. The cultivation area for this crop in Iran was about 2300 ha during 2014-2015. Due to the recent droughts, cultivation of this crop has a good income for farmers because of the short growth period, resistance to drought (water stress) and less maintenance requirements. In the meantime, the flower petals of this crop are used for food coloring and medical affairs. The flower petals are harvested with the traditional method in most parts of Iran, which has a lot of hardship for harvesting and increases production costs. On the other hand, this crop is contaminated in terms of sanitary factors due to the contact of the worker hands with flower petals. Therefore, applying a proper mechanization method for petals harvesting is an effective step in the development of this crop cultivation.

    Materials and Methods

    In this study, three petal harvesting methods including the manual (conventional) method, Knapsack (Indian modified) method and Fossil-fueled wheelbarrow machine method were compared in terms of effective field capacity, downfall loss percentage, purity percentage, energy consumption, and harvesting costs. The Indian knapsack machine was modified. The experimental design format was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications‏. In the knapsack method (modified), petals were separated from the receptacle by a cutting blade and sucked into the machine reservoir. In the manual method, petals were separated from the reception by the worker hands and put inside the special bags which hanged on the worker neck. In the fossil-fueled wheelbarrow machine, an 8 kW motor-powered engine was used to set up the 1200 w vacuum system and cutting unit. The vacuum system was installed on the special chassis in wheel barrow machine. Each experimental plot had about 149 safflowers in one square meter area, which was harvested in different methods.

    Results and Discussion

    The results showed that the harvesting loss (W.W.) of the Knapsack method, Fossil-fueled wheelbarrow machine method, and manual method were 0.63%, 1.11%, and 3.25%, respectively. The percentages of purity were 97.71%, 98.66%, and 95.29%, respectively. There was a significant difference between machine and manual methods in 5% level. The effective field capacity of the methods was 2.45, 2.76, and 1.39 g min-1 (in dry condition), which was not significantly different between the machinery treatments in 5% level. The energy consumption for the fossil-fueled wheelbarrow machine was significant compared to the other two methods (1356 kW h-1 in 30 days). In terms of the economic point, benefit-cost ratios were 1.75, 1.55, and 1.16 for the Knapsack method, Fossil-fueled wheelbarrow machine method, and manual method, respectively. If the solar panel was used in the Knapsack method, the benefit-cost ratio would decrease to 1.54.

    Conclusions

    The field capacity of machines methods was more than manual method for safflower petal harvesting. The Knapsack machine had less loss percentage than other treatments. The wheelbarrow machine had a higher degree of purity, but no significant difference was observed between this treatment and the Knapsack method. The energy consumption of the wheelbarrow machine was higher than other treatments. The economic evaluation showed that the Knapsack machine had a higher benefit-cost ratio than other treatments. If the solar panel was used by this machine, the use of a solar panel system would be economical too. Finally, with regards to the technical and economic parameters, using the Knapsack machine was recommended for safflower petal harvesting.

    Keywords: Harvesting, Mechanized harvesting, Petal, Safflower
  • N. Monjezi* Pages 477-489
    Introduction

    One of the most important risk factors for developing musculoskeletal disorders is the inappropriate work of postures and since maintaining the health of the workforce promotes community development. Therefore, the workforce should be in an appropriate working environment without any harmful factors to ensure its physical and mental well-being. Among the various problem found in agriculture mentioned above, a problem commonly reported in agricultural workers in particular farmers in a rural area is work-musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) in a different part of the body. In the process of producing sugarcane, a significant part of the stage of cuttings, planting, and harvesting is done manually. A low level of knowledge about the correct condition of the body during work is one of the problems of farmers. Therefore, body status assessment methods are considered as the basis and the basis for assessing the risk of musculoskeletal disorders associated with work. We decided to do a posture assessment in these persons while working to determine the posture hazard level. The purpose of this study was to identify inappropriate working conditions in sugarcane fields at the cutting, planting and harvesting manual stages.

    Materials and Methods:

     This study was a descriptive-analytical approach performed on 300 workers by using the REBA method. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method was used to determine the risk of MSDs. The REBA posture-targeting method is probably the most well-known method for rapid assessment of risks. The REBA method is ideal for rapid assessment of standing work. In order to collect the required data, each part of the body was scored and work frequency, load/force, coupling were considered to achieve a REBA score. The REBA provides a quantitative value to the evaluation that indicates the level of severity of each task. The calculation was made by using the REBA Employee Assessment Worksheet that has been divided into two groups; Group A (Trunk, Neck, and Legs) postures and Group B (Upper Arms, Lower Arms, and Wrists) postures for left and right. A summary of the procedure for the REBA score and the degree of risk is found in the REBA decision table. The risk score of this approach should be in the range of one of fifteen, where the higher scores signify greater levels of apparent risk. An analysis of scores represents the work’s risks and indicates possible actions to avoid or minimize the risks. The method of work was to photograph workers in sugar cane fields of Khuzestan province during the activity and analysis of photographs using modeling the body of workers with REBA 6 software and analyzing different situations using REBA method.

    Results and Discussion:

     By cutting stage, a total of 6.6% of evaluating postures by REBA technique obtained scores of 8-10 (very high risk level) and 93.4% had scores of 11-15 (very high risk level) that correspond to the action level 3 and 4, respectively. In planting stage, a total of 12.10% of evaluating postures by REBA technique obtained scores of 8-10 (very high risk level) and 87.90% had scores of 11-15 (very high risk level) that correspond to the action level 3 and 4, respectively. In the harvesting stage, a total of 15.30% of evaluating postures by REBA technique obtained scores of 8-10 (very high-risk level) and 84.70% had scores of 11-15 (very high risk level) that correspond to the action level 3 and 4, respectively. The results showed that according to the REBA method, in preparation cuttings, planting and harvesting sugarcane manually, respectively, 93.48, 90.87 and 84.77% of the workers' posture are in the most critical group that should be avoided. Risk level should be reduced, especially in sugarcane fields. More training and instructions are needed to have a good working position in sugarcane procedures. Improvement of working posture need to be done by improving all aspects that related to physical workload such as by reducing the workload on the back, neck, shoulder/arm, and also hand/wrist.

    Conclusions:

     A high percentage of musculoskeletal disorders in workplaces occur due to awkward posture and non-ergonomic design of the workstations for lifting and carrying of materials. To avoid these injuries, jobs should be designed in a way that ergonomics risk factors are controlled properly. The results of this study can be used to develop WMSDs preventive strategies in the workplace and improve workers’ health. Educational intervention can be an appropriate way to improve the physical condition and ultimately reduce musculoskeletal disorders. Some proposed corrective actions include: standardizing the design and construction of the work tool used by the user's anthropometric study (especially sharp sickle), establishing suitable work-resting cycles and conducting periodic examinations for the early detection of musculoskeletal disorders. Of course, given the high percentage of damage to sugarcane production during manual operation, it's definitely a move to mechanized operations in sugarcane crops.

    Keywords: Body posture, Cutting, Harvesting, Musculoskeletal disorders, Planting
  • A. Kaab, M .Sharifi *, H. Moradi Pages 491-504
    Introduction

    Cantaloupe is a one-year-old herb of gourds and edible fruit with very good properties. Cantaloupe is one of the best sources of vitamin A and is rich in beta carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the body. In addition, it contains other useful nutrients such as potassium, steel, fiber, magnesium, iodine and vitamins B5, B3, B6 and B1. Life cycle assessment in recent years has become an appropriate tool for assessing environmental impacts in agricultural and food industries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the life cycle assessment of this horticultural crop in terms of energy consumption and the environmental impacts in the city of Iwan West, Ilam province.

    Materials and Methods

    The data were collected from dryland cantaloupe producers in the city of Iwan West, Ilam province using questionnaires and interviews were collected from farmers. In this study, four important energy indices were energy use efficiency (EUE), energy productivity (EP), specific energy (SE), and net energy gain (NEG). Environmental impacts on dryland cantaloupe production were evaluated using a life cycle assessment approach and the obtained indexes were calculated using the CML 2 baseline 2000 model. Ecoinvent databases were used to access needed information and data analysis was done with Simapro software. In a life cycle assessment project, all production processes of a product from the stage of extraction of materials to disposal of the remaining waste from the product are reviewed and the results of the reduction of environmental degradation are applied. Each life cycle assessment project has four essential steps including, goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, environmental impact assessment, and interpretation.

    Results and Discussion

    Input and output energy analysis in dryland cantaloupe production The total input and output energies for dryland cantaloupe were calculated to be 39021.59 and 39190.43 MJ ha-1, respectively. Diesel fuel, agricultural machinery and nitrogen fertilizers were the most widely used energy inputs with 51%, 24%, and 14%, respectively. Energy use efficiency for dryland cantaloupe production was calculated at 1.004.Analysis of environmental impacts in dryland cantaloupe production In this study, the global warming potential per produced product in dryland cantaloupe production was estimated to be equal to 202.45 kgCO2 eq. from among inputs, diesel fuel had the most impact on the effects of abiotic depletion and ozone layer depletion, and in all parts of the effects of agricultural machinery and nitrogen fertilizers, the largest share of pollutants was allocated. The results of normalization showed that the effect of marine aquatic ecotoxicity and freshwater aquatic has the highest environmental burden on dryland cantaloupe production.

    Conclusions

    The results of energy analysis showed that the total energy inputs were equal to 39021.59 MJ ha-1. Among inputs of diesel fuel, agricultural machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer were the most consumed energy inputs. The energy use efficiency index and the net energy in this study were 1.004 and 168.84 MJ ha-1, respectively. The results of environmental impacts had shown that diesel fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, and agricultural machinery had been most affected. It is recommended that proper management of agricultural machinery, equipping fields with new and suitable machines and avoiding the use of tractors and worn-out tools should be put in order to minimize the energy consumption and environmental pollutants generated by the production. Less use of chemical fertilizers (especially nitrogen) and its replacement with organic fertilizers can also be affected.

    Keywords: Dryland cantaloupe, energy, Environmental impacts, Eco-Index
  • A. Vahedi *, S. Zarifneshat Pages 505-523

    Introduction :

    Agriculture is an energy conversion process. In this process, solar energy, fossil fuel, and electricity are converted mainly into food and fiber. In the agricultural section, the trend of energy consumption increases rapidly every year. Constraints on agricultural land, population growth, changes in infrastructure, and a trend towards high living standards have contributed to increase energy use in the agricultural sector. Fuel, electricity, machinery, seeds, chemical fertilizers, and chemical pesticides have a significant share in supplying energy sources. Effective use of energy in agriculture reduces environmental problems and prevents the destruction of natural resources and develops sustainable agriculture as an economic production system. Wheat is the most strategic crop in Iran that more than 50.39% of arable land belongs to wheat.  

    Materials and Methods

    The current study has been done with the objects of evaluation of inputs and crop yield, input and output energy, and energy indices for irrigated wheat for seven provinces such as Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan. For this purpose, the required information gathered via study of publications, face to face interview with experts and leading farmers, and questionnaire completion by the irrigated wheat farmers in different cities of each understudy province. Then, with the help of equivalent energy equations, input and output energy and energy indices were calculated. In this research, simple random sampling method was used.

    Results and Discussion

    According to the results, total input energies of Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan provinces were calculated with 45458.84, 92714.8, 38755.34, 104701, 50971.2, 26198, and 49362. 64 MJ ha-1 respectively, while the output energy for those provinces were 162169.28, 131958.8, 77381.39, 122297, 141901.2, 134106, and 125511.69 MJ ha-1, respectively. The maximum share of energy input for Alborz, Ardebil, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan provinces were regarding to chemical fertilizers with amounts of 43.06, 43.16, 58.33, 38.05, and 47.57 percent, respectively, while irrigation energy requirement had maximum share in Isfahan and Khorasan-e Razavi with 62.36 and 57.17 percent, respectively. The minimum share of energy input for Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Khorasan-e Razavi, and Golestan provinces was calculated for labor energy requirement with 0.39, 0.29, 0.79, 0.18, and 0.26 percent, respectively, while in Khuzestan and Hamadan, chemicals consumed the lowest energy with 0.55 and 0.89 percent, respectively. Share of direct energies for all understudy provinces were 44.61, 72.13, 41.22, 67.48, 30.75, 39.44, and 39.91 percent, share of indirect energies were 55.39, 27.87, 58.78, 32.52, 69.25, 60.56, and 60.09 percent, share of renewable energies were 27.99, 65.91, 32.35, 60.57, 19.26, 34.92, and 35.16 percent, and share of nonrenewable energies were 72.01, 34.09, 67.65, 39.43, 80.74, 65.08, and 64.84 percent, respectively. Energy ratio for Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan provinces were 3.57, 1.42, 3.48, 1.17, 2.78, 5.12, and 2.54, respectively, and energy productivities were 0.26, 0.11, 0.26, 0.08, 0.21, 0.38, and 0.18 kg MJ-1, respectively. Average input energy, output energy, energy ratio, energy productivity, and net energy gain for all provinces were 58308.83 MJ ha-1, 136092.15 MJ ha-1, 2.87, 0.212 kg MJ-1 and 77783. 31 MJ ha-1, respectively. Total input energy cost for irrigated wheat production was 57.966 ×106 Rial ha-1. The Energy intensiveness, Energy intensiveness value, Energy intensity cost, and Energy ratio cost were found as 1.299 MJ (103 Rial)-1, 0.641 MJ (103 Rial)-1, 10853.05 Rial kg-1, and 1.21, respectively.

    Conclusions

    In order to reduce the share of indirect energy and non-renewable energy, organic fertilizers should be replaced by chemical fertilizers and plant residues in the field. Minimum tillage should also be used in land preparation operations to reduce fuel consumption, maintain organic matter and soil moisture and reduce soil erosion. To compensate for some of the elements taken from the soil by the plant and the increase of organic matter and fertility of the soil, it is recommended to return part of the plant residues to the soil. The use of combined machines that can perform several simultaneous operations and minimizing and protecting soil tillage to reduce fossil fuel consumption through minimum use of machinery should be investigated as a national necessity.

    Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Energy intensity cost, Inputs, Outputs, wheat
  • M. Salimi, R. Pourdarbani*, B. Asgarnezhad Nouri Pages 525-534
    Introduction

    In Iran, due to population growth and rising costs in the coming years and supply of food needs, there should be solutions for more production, with less waste, so the presence of robots can be justified for more production, reducing waste and reducing current costs. The present study investigates the factors affecting the adoption of automation in agriculture in Ardabil within the framework of the constructive factors of "Technology Acceptance Model" and examining the applicability of this model in the research community.

    Materials and Methods

    In the present study, the conceptual model factors include perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude toward use, and the intention to use, that affect the dependent variable of automation. Six of the first hypotheses of this study are based on the study of the significant relationships between each pair of variables in the framework of the "Technology Acceptance Model", and the applicability of the "Technology Acceptance Model" in the research community is defined in the seventh hypothesis. The method of this research is surveyed and data collection tool is a questionnaire designed based on technology acceptance model (TAM). In this research, the population of 27670 people were investigated that include university staffs-farmers and managers of ministry of agriculture in Ardabil. Using Cochran formula, 380 of them were selected in the form of stratified random sampling as sample size. Validity was confirmed by experts in agricultural management and mechanization, using Cronbach's alpha (0.958). Also, descriptive and inferential statistics were used and data analysis was performed using SPSS20 software.

    Results and Discussion

    The findings of this study showed that the technology acceptance model with a final determination coefficient of 635.0 was used in the studied population, which means that the applicability of the model (TAM) was very suitable for agricultural study in Ardabil. The priorities for the effects of the variables of the technology acceptance model for the actual use of automation were perceived ease of use (1.284), perceived usefulness (1.280), intention to use (0.954) and attitude (0.478) respectively.Using the results of modeling, it was also found that the correlation coefficient between individual factors and the perceived usefulness of the application of automation has a strong relationship. The correlation coefficient between the two variables is negative and indicates that with increasing individual factors, the level of perceived usefulness of the use of automation also decreases, and vice versa. However, experience, self-confidence and financial situations, level of education, land area, number of family workforce, have not greatly increased productivity and reduced production costs and helped agricultural activities (understanding the usefulness of technology).The relationship can be considered as the most important factor in holding weak and undesirable classes in creating knowledge, experience and poor self-confidence of the respondents towards accurate agricultural technology. In these classes, the content should be presented in a more specialized and practical way to make them understand the usefulness of precision agricultural technology.According to the results of this study, the organization of workshops and periodic training courses, as well as the introduction of this technology in journals and publications and social media is recommended.

    Conclusions

    Considering the confirmation of the hypotheses of this research and the priorities obtained for the effects of the structures of the technology acceptance model, it can be concluded that as it is known, the two main constituents of this model, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have had a significant impact on the amount of technology used, or, in other words, technology acceptance. The perceived usefulness is the most effective factor in the actual use of automation. In following, perceived ease of use, intention to use, and the attitude was ranked respectively.

    Keywords: Agriculture, Ardabil, Automation D, avis’s model
  • N .Moradi, A .Asakereh *, M. J. SheikhDavoodi Pages 535-548
    Introduction

    Agricultural mechanization is defined as the use of energy and production resources, machinery and equipment in agriculture. Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on mechanization, and machinery, equipment, energy resources, and related management processes are heavily used in the food and non-food production. Agricultural mechanization is the major energy-consuming factor in the agricultural system and has benefits such as reducing operating costs and agricultural toil. SWOT analysis has been used in numerous studies on agricultural development and mechanization. SWOT analysis, as an effective mathematical approach, is used for strategic planning and identifying system strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In this study, SWOT method was used to evaluate the internal and external factors of agricultural mechanization development in Ahvaz County to present appropriate strategies.

    Materials and Methods

    The main purpose of this study is to use SWOT analysis to determine the best strategic planning for agricultural mechanization development in Ahwaz. Therefore, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of agricultural mechanization development in Ahwaz were studied within the framework of the SWAT program. Ahvaz is considered the agricultural hub of Khuzestan province. Ahvaz, the capital of Khuzestan province, accounts for about 35 percent of the total area under cultivation in the province. Karun, Dez and Karkheh rivers, as the main source of agricultural water, pass through Ahvaz lands. SWOT analysis is a sophisticated but effective way of strategically analyzing a system that considers both the internal and external environment. Opportunities and threats are the external factors of a system, and strengths and weaknesses, the internal factors of the system. Opportunities are attractive external factors that illustrate the reasons for system development and improvement. These are essential elements in the system's external environment that the system can exploit to its advantage. In addition, threats are major external factors that can adversely affect the system. The extent to which the company's internal environment corresponds to the external environment is expressed in terms of strategic fit. SWOT analysis offers four aggressive, conservative, competitive and defensive strategies. Various methods have been used to collect data, including face-to-face interview, questionnaires and a database provided by the Ministry of Jihade-Agriculture of Iran. Data were obtained using the questionnaire from 189 farmers and experts. After classifying and monitoring the data, internal and external factors evaluation matrices were prepared. After analyzing these matrices, the importance and weight of the parameters (i.e. strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for agricultural mechanization development) were determined. Finally, the SWOT analysis matrix was prepared to determine the agricultural mechanization development strategy in Ahvaz.

    Results and Discussion

    Analyzing the matrix of external factors evaluation showed that the low tendency to invest in agricultural production, less attention by officials to the agricultural sector and water scarcity for irrigation were the most important threats. On the other hand, parameters such as the possibility of providing agricultural facilities and loans to farmers, the large number of agricultural mechanization graduates, the high incentive for farmers to use agricultural machinery, and the possibility of producing agricultural equipment are the most effective opportunities for agricultural mechanization development in Ahvaz County. Also, the results show that vast and flat agricultural lands are the most important strengths of the area, while the high cost of machinery is the most important weakness. SWOT analysis showed that the region is not internally desirable despite relatively good opportunities in external factors, as weaknesses are relatively dominant. The final scores of the internal and external factors evaluation matrices were 2.437 and 2.593, respectively, indicating that competitive strategy should be considered. Therefore, taking advantage of important opportunities for mechanization development in Ahvaz, important weaknesses should be reduced or eliminated.

    Conclusions

    The purpose of this study was to prepare an appropriate strategic planning for the development of agricultural mechanization in Ahvaz. SWOT matrix was calculated, based on internal and external factors evaluation matrices. The matrix was then used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of agricultural mechanization development in this region. Also, the weight of the most important factors (i.e. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of agricultural mechanization development) was calculated. Ultimately, based on the matrix results, to develop agricultural mechanization in this region, the competitive strategy was proposed.

    Keywords: Agricultural Mechanization, External factor, s internal factors, Matrix of strategic analysis, Strategic crops