فصلنامه روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ایرانی
پیاپی 65 (پاییز 1399)

The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of Social Anxiety (SA) in the relationship between brain-behavioral systems and loneliness with correlation design. 479 students of Islamic Azad University in Tehran (293 females, 186 males) were selected by multistage sampling and completed the Iranian Loneliness Questionnaire (Rahimzadeh, 2011), Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation System Scales (Carver & White, 1994), and Social Phobia Inventory (Connor et al., 2000). The results of the path analysis test showed the direct effect of Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) as positive and direct effects of Behavioral Activation System (BAS) as negative on SA, the direct effect of SA and the FFFS as positive, and direct effect of BAS is negatively significant on loneliness, but the direct effect of the BIS on loneliness is not significant. Also, the indirect effect of the BIS and the FFFS was positively significant and the indirect effect of the BAS was negatively significant on loneliness with mediating SA. In addition, the results revealed that SA plays a mediating role in the relationship between brain-behavioral systems and loneliness, and 21% of the variance of SA is explained by brain-behavioral systems, and 27% of the variance of loneliness is explained by brain-behavioral systems and SA. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that by reducing SA in people who are more sensitive to the BIS, the experience of loneliness is reduced.

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of positive youth development program on positive development indicators among adolescents. In this quasi- experimental study with pretest-posttest, control-group design and follow up stage, 48 girl students were selected through multi stage random sampling and divided into experimental group (23 students) and control group (25 students) from ninth grade in state high schools of Arak city in 2017- 2018 academic year. Experimental group received positive youth development program in 24 one- hour sessions. Therefore, the both groups completed Positive Youth Development Questionnaire (Arnold, Nott & Meinhold, 2012) before, after and two months after program performance (follow up). The result of analysis of multivariate covariance indicated that positive youth program affects development indicators (competence, confidence, connection, character, care and contribution) positively. The findings suggest that positive youth development program is an appropriate practical plan for enhancing the positive development indicators and adolescents’ entrance to ideal adulthood.

This Study aimed to investigate the mediating role of parent-child interactions in the relationship between family emotional involvement and the quality of adolescents' relationship with peers in Kermanshah. This was a correlational study and the statistical population included 55 thousand students in Kermanshah in the academic year of 95-96. Then 240 students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling method and completed the Family Emotional Involvement and Criticism Scale (Shields, Franks, Harp, Campbell, & McDaniel, 1994), the Index of Peer Relations (Hudson, Norius, Dolly & Newsham, 1990), and the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (Barnes & Olson, 1982). Data were analyzed by path analysis. The results showed that among direct paths, only the path coefficient of the intensity of emotional involvement to the relationship with peers was not significant. The quality of parent-child interactions played a mediating role in the relationship of family emotional involvements and perceived blame with the quality of relationship with peers. Thus, it can be concluded that by enhancing open exchanges and expressing emotions in the family environment, the quality of the relationship between adolescents and their peers can be improved.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-control and life satisfaction with the mediating role of self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt among emerging adults. Participant consisted of 257 undergraduate students (161 women and 96 man) who were selected by multistage cluster random sampling, and completed Self-Control Scale (Tangney, Baumeister & Boone, 2004), Shame and Guilt Scale (Thompson, Sharp & Alexander, 2008), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985). Structural equation modeling method was used for data analysis. The results showed that self-control directly and positively affect life satisfaction. The effect of self-control on shame was negative and significant and on guilt positive and significant. Shame emotion showed a negative and significant effect on life satisfaction. Whereas, guilt emotion could not predict life satisfaction significantly. The Bootstrap Test confirmed the mediating role of shame emotion in the relationship between self-control and life satisfaction. In fact, with the increase in self-control, the emotion of shame has diminished and thereby improved life satisfaction. Present study showed a different pattern of the mediating role of shame and guilt emotions in the relationship between self-control and life satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the Iranian university students' perception of meaning in life. The search method was descriptive phenomenography. 40 university students aged 18-28 were selected using the volunteering sampling method and in order to collect data focal interview was used. The 40 participants were assigned in 4 focused groups randomly. Each focused group consisted of 10 participants and three members of the research team. The three members facilitated the conversations, recorded the information, and summarized each session. The data were analyzed using the Colaizzi strategy. The process of data analysis resulted in 117 primary codes, 8 themes, and 23 sub-themes. The 8 themes included: peace and satisfaction, progress and learning, spirituality, hope, socializing, altruism, having virtues, and meaninglessness. The results showed that among the resources of meaning in life of Iranian youths in the present study, individual resources (e.g. progress and learning) were of more importance and emphasis rather than collective ones (e.g. altruism).

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of child self-regulation in eating and parental nutrition care in the relationship between mother-child attachment and the child's eating problems. 248 mothers of 2-4 year-old children in the city of Shahrekord were selected through convenience sampling, and completed Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (Condon and Corkindale, 1998), Feeding Problem Questionnaire (Lewinsohn, 2005), Self-Regulation in Eating Questionnaire (Sherry and et al., 2004), and Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire (Jansen,Williams, Mallan, Nicholson & Daniels, 2014). This research was a descriptive correlational study using structural equation modeling. Findings showed that parental nutrition care can fully mediate the relationship between mother-child attachment and eating problems. The effect of mother-child attachment through parental nutrition care on reducing child eating problems was 0.26. Mother-child attachment also had a positive significant relationship with self-regulation of eating, but the mediating role of self-regulation of eating in the relationship between mother-child attachment and eating problems wasn’t verified. According to the results, education specialists should pay a great attention to the importance and necessity of mother-child relationship as a determinant factor in children’s mental health and prevention of behavioral and eating problems in children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of training of acceptance and commitment based therapy on depression, anxiety and stress among mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms. The study design was a quasi-experimental, with pretest, posttest and follow-up. Four boys’ state elementary schools were randomly selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Then, 40 mothers were selected as the research sample, based on the teacher and Parents' Child Symptom Inventory (Sprafkin, Gadow, Salisbury, Schneider & Loney, 2002), using screening procedure. They were randomly assigned to two groups of 20. The groups were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the hexagon model of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as the protocol. Participants in three stages completed pre-test, post-test and follow-up of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) and Child Symptom Inventory (). The results of Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) indicated that depression, anxiety, and Stress were significantly decreased in the intervention group. The results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder of children also showed a decrease in these symptoms in children. Overall, the results of the study indicated that training of the hexagon model of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) affects the performance of mothers, and the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder in their children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between parent's social health and psychological capital and prosocial behavior in adolescents. In this descriptive-correlational study, 369 adolescent high school students (within the age range of 15-18) in Tehran (180 girls and 189 boys) were randomly selected using cluster sampling method. They subsequently filled Prosocial Behavior Scale (Penner, Fritzche, Craiger & Freifeld, 1995) and Empathy Scale (Bryant, 1982). The parents (211 mother and 158 father) filled the Psychological capital Scale (Lutanz, Oliwi, Avolio & Norman, 2007) and Social health Scale (Keye, 2004) questionnaires. Finally, data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling. The results showed that high level of adolescents' empathy and high levels of social health and psychological capital of parents would increase the possibility of prosocial behavior in adolescents. On the other hand, empathy mediates the relationship between social health and the psychological capital of parents and the adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Findings indicates the importance of setting educational programs for promoting empathy and paying attention to the important role of parents as influential factors on adolescents in order to increase prosocial behavior. This factor plays a decisive role in reducing future problems such as antisocial behavior and delinquency in adolescents.