فصلنامه فرهنگی - تربیتی زنان و خانواده
سال پانزدهم شماره 52 (پاییز 1399)

This study was conducted to determine the mediating role of problem-solving-based communication in the relationship between parent-child communication quality and students' self-control. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the high school female students in Kermanshah, Iran in the academic year 2016-2017. A group of 240 students was selected through the multistage cluster random sampling method to participate in the study, and the data were analyzed using path analysis method. The required data were collected using the Barnes & Olson Parent-Child Relationship Scale (1982), the Humphrey Self-Control Scale (1982), and the McCobbin, Thompson & McCobbin Problem-Solving-Based Communication Scale (1996). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the research findings, and to develop an appropriate model, path analysis for predicting students' self-control was employed. The results of path analysis showed that problem-solving-based communication plays a mediating role in the relationship between parent-child communication and self-control. The results confirm that the quality of parent-child communication directly and indirectly affects self-control through the mediation of problem-solving-based communication. Therefore, students' skills in controlling and managing their behaviors and emotions can be improved by strengthening open and explicit interactions between parents and children.

The purpose of this study was to construct a scale for the assessment of the harmful effects of the family of origin on the engaged couples on the verge of marriage and evaluate its validity and reliability. To this end, at first the categories related to the scale construction were identified and the scale was formulated based on them by studying the relevant literature and conducting 19 semi-structured interviews with counselors, experts and 26 engaged couples in the form of qualitative research. Then from among the engaged couples referring to counseling centers in Tehran, 350 people were purposefully selected. To determine the reliability of this scale, Cronbach's alpha method was used, and to determine its validity, a family expressiveness questionnaire and the Family-of-Origin Health Scale were employed. The collected data were analyzed on an exploratory basis. The results of factor analysis by principal components method along with varimax rotation showed the existence of three factors including the negative role of the family of origin, unsuccessful experience in the family of origin and the negative modeling of the family of origin. These three factors explained 50.35% of the total variance of the whole sample. To evaluate the reliability of the scale and to assess the harmful effects of the family of origin, Cronbach's alpha coefficients and internal consistency methods were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.81 for the whole test and 0.78, 0.78 and 0.75 for the subscales, respectively. Its convergent validity coefficient with the family expression questionnaire was 0.62, and its divergent validity coefficient with the Family-of-Origin Health Scale was 0.55. The conclusion is that the researcher-made scale has acceptable reliability and validity, and it can detect the detrimental effects of the family of origin in clinical research and couple therapies. The importance of this research is due to the development of a local scale appropriate to Iranian culture to identify the interventionist and harmful effects of families in marriages.

The aim of this study was to validate the competency model of the counselors of general education system in line with promoting the role of family and school in educating the next generation. The research is applied in terms of purpose, and with regard to method it is descriptive survey. The statistical population included 1142 counselors working in the education system of Tehran. The sample consisted of 288 people determined on the basis of Morgan table and selected through the cluster random sampling method. The library method was used to review the literature, background and upstream documents of the public education system, and the survey method was used to collect data. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Content validity, face validity, convergent and divergent validity were used to determine the validity of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.943) and combined Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Cronbach's combined alpha coefficient of all dimensions was more than 0.70. To describe the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and graphs) was used, and to analyze the data, first the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used and to compare the data distribution of the research variables, the normal distribution was employed. Other default factor analysis tests were reviewed and confirmed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to answer the research questions and determine the validity of the final model. The findings confirmed the eight main competency components (dimensions) of public education system counselors including knowledge, ability, skill, personality trait, moral trait, attitude, insight and credibility at the significance level of 0.05. Out of 150 competency sub-components confirmed in the qualitative part of the research, 118 sub-components were confirmed at the significance level of 0.05, and the other 32 sub-components were not significant and were removed from the model. The final research model was evaluated with five fit indices and its fit was confirmed.

An in-depth look at what the Western world has done about disrespecting other religions in recent decades, especially the restrictions and barriers it has imposed on Muslim women's hijab</em>, doubles the importance of familiarity with human rights laws in this area. There is no doubt that Western countries are trying to legitimize their anti-human rights actions by enlightening public opinion through the media. At present, the observance of hijab</em> has been legitimized in some countries through the formulation of laws, and in contrast, in some other countries, the policy of governments is to decline the need to observe hijab</em> in society, and even in some Western countries, the policy of banning hijab</em> and punishing the people who observe hijab</em> is followed,  and they are trying to expand this policy and internationalize it as one of the standards of human rights. A clear example of the implementation of such policies can be seen in France where the passage of the law banning the use of religious symbols has effectively targeted the ban on the use of the Islamic hijab</em>. Hence, the present study seeks to answer this question: Can part of society be deprived of their most elementary rights, i.e. fidelity to their religious covering, under the pretext of observing human rights? Making use of the covering and the hijab</em> issue can be studied and scrutinized from diverse angles within the framework of human rights, but this study seeks to investigate this issue from the two angles of universalism and relativism and to analyze some documents at international level.

Recognizing the variations of motherhood experience among women as key family actors, this study examines the lived experience of disabled veterans' wives from the perspective of social sciences. The main questions are: ‘Basically what is the experience of disabled veterans' wives in taking on maternal role, what experience do these actors have in their daily lives, and what are the consequences of taking on motherhood and nursing roles at the same time in family life? The study has been conducted in a qualitative manner and on the basis of narrative research, and during the research, 30 wives of disable veterans living in Tehran were interviewed. The average age of the interviewees was 50 years, the average years of their living with a disabled veteran was 27 years and the average number of their children was 2.2. The results of coding the interviews show that role pressure and motherhood-nursing role conflict have had many consequences in the family life of disabled veterans' wives. Of course, women's experiences varied depending on their husbands’ type of disability, families’ financial resources, and children’s circumstances; however, the consequences of fathers’ disability on children and mothers’ trying to mediate between fathers and children is one of the main challenges for disabled veterans' wives. Suspension of maternal role, generation gap between fathers and children, economic dissatisfaction and social stigma are part of the lived experience of disabled veterans' wives, which increasingly imposes severe pressures and tensions on them. Overall, loneliness, worry and role pressure make the extended motherhood into the central theme of the disabled veterans' wives' lived experience in playing their maternal role.

According to the dual control model, sexual arousal depends on a person's readiness for sexual stimulation and inhibition. Individual diversity in sexual inhibition and arousal partly explains individual differences in arousal and experience of sexual problems. This study examines the psychometric properties of the Sexual Excitation / Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Men and Women (SESII-W / M) among Iranian women. For this purpose, a group of 172 married female employees, university lecturers and married students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were selected using the convenience sampling method, and they answered the questions of the Sexual Excitation / Sexual Inhibition Inventory, the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale and the Halbert Index of Sexual Desire Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS and Amos software using confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings revealed that the assumed 6-factor model (with the components inhibitory cognitions, important relationships, arousability, characteristics and behaviors of the spouse, relationship location, and couple elements of sexual interaction) of the SESII-W / M in the Iranian women's community has an acceptable fit with a slight adjustment (omission of questions 15 and 23), and its adaptive fit index (RMSEA = 0.05) and the standardized residual average (CFI = 0.91) were considered to be desirable. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the SESII-W / M questionnaire had an acceptable value, and the questionnaire had acceptable convergent and divergent validity indices (p < 0.001). The results show that the sexual arousal / inhibition questionnaire has acceptable validity and validity in the Iranian women's community of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

Today, child marriage has become one of the concerns of social activists. On the one hand, this issue has historical and religious aspects, and on the other hand it has psychological, social, educational and medical dimensions. This study shows that although child marriage is one of the indisputable jurisprudential issues, since it can have bad psychological, social, educational and medical effects on the child's body and soul, it has been criticized in many aspects, and the Iranian legislature has long sought to impose a ban or restriction on it. However, it should be noted that these criticisms are not related to the jurisprudential permission of child marriage, rather the abuse of child marriage is criticized. Given the ethical and cultural status of today's society, and the widespread abuse of child marriage, it seems that the legislature has rightfully taken the necessary measures to monitor child marriage more than ever, but they should not go to extremes in doing so. The suggested moderate way for the legislature is to prohibit child marriage, but to allow it in exceptional cases where it is expedient. In addition, it is necessary to take measures to establish the expediency and also to monitor marriages so that no sexual relationship occurs in childhood, and to determine punishment for the violation of this provision. In this way, while adhering to the holy Shariah (and consequently acceptance of the issue by the Council of Guardians and religious people in the society), the ultimate aim which is to prevent the abuse of child marriage can be achieved.