نشریه کارآگاه
پیاپی 51 (تابستان 1399)

Identity documents are among creations and manifestations of rights and civilization of recent era and a permission to enter the civil world. In our country, identity documents such as birth certificates, national identity cards, military service completion or exemption cards, passports, driver’s licenses and occupational identity documents like governmental departmental identity cards are documents which are used to verify the identity of people. These documents are the bases for other documents. On the other hand, forgery and abuse of forged documents are an important factor for reducing public peace, minimizing trust level of individuals from civil organizations and agencies and eliminating the security and health of a society, as well. The present research has been carried out with the aim of identifying modern methods of combating the forgery of identity documents. This research is of applied type from the standpoint of type and objective and of surveying from the standpoint of method and descriptive nature. The research statistical community includes NAJA and FATEB CID police officers with over 5 years of activity background in the teams and deputate in combating forgery and fraud numbering 80 individuals that were selected generally.Information collection was conducted in library form and using questionnaire in which single-sample T Test was used for data analysis and the Freedman Test was used for ranking. According to the research findings, the modern methods of combating the forgery of identity documents were identified in three domains of security, electronic and biometric parameters. The research results revealed the extent of each parameter and index presented in crime detection of the research subject.

The smuggling of cultural heritage has great economic value in the domestic and global markets and has always been threatened by profiteers and profiteering groups. The volume of these transactions is so vast that it is not possible to provide accurate figures. The purpose of this article is to provide the researchers with a living experience in the field of smuggling and the financial turnover of smuggling of cultural heritage, which the author can do in a field method to the extent that they understands the amount and variety of these transactions. The research results show that the economic security police and other cultural institutions of the country should try to replace the false rightful culture of anti-trafficking in the society with the false culture of discovering the treasure in the society. This important issue can contribute to the growth of general supervision of the society in preventing underground transactions and partnering with the police in detecting these transactions. On the other hand, paying attention to the State’s Laws in combating the smuggling of cultural heritage, concern of the Economic Security Police about the method of countering political, economic and legal kingpins active in the transaction of the cultural heritage, improving the abilities of the security and law enforcement organizations in identifying and infiltrating the type of financial turnover of profiteers in underground transactions and finally, we should mention the interactions of economic security police with judicial, regulatory and intelligence agencies that can increase the risk of underground transactions to a large extent, to prevent the smuggling of the country's cultural heritage.

Efficiency and effectiveness of criminal investigations depends on its condolidation and systematization.  Since the early 90s till now, various patterns on how to conduct criminal investigations by detectives and other criminal experts have been presented by criminal science scientists. Pollit started to design criminalistic patterns, for the first time, in order to codify executive operations of criminal investigations and later on, criminalistic patterns ranging from traditional to cyber criminal investigations witnessed a lot of changes. But in criminal investigations literature in Iran, these patterns have benn neglected or rarely put to use. Therefore; in order to use these patterns, this research reviews the existing patterns in this regad. This research is of applied type from objective standpoint and of descriptive-alalytical type from methodology standpoint which by referring to scientific documents and sources using note taking, the required data has been gathered and then their description and analysis have been conducted, as well. And at the end, conclusions and results have been presented which can help to develop criminalistics in Iran in terms of theory and application. The presented patterns in this research can drastically contribute to developing discourse an literature and can also improve the criminalistics knowledge of criminal experts and in conducting systematic and efficient and effective criminal investigations, as well.

The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the types of crimes in the context of the dark web and also the effective dimensions of the dark web in the spread of crime. Anonymity around dark web paves the way for illegal activities. Accessing this web requires particular methods and unexpected contents are usually exchanged on it. This content is in most cases illegal and immoral, and the reason for calling this section dark originated from there. The findings also show that the rapid growth of technology has posed a significant threat and challenge to cyberspace around the world. Access to woodpecker networks is not easy, but everything is traded; From counterfeit drugs and currency to human organs and even murderers! The important point about the dark web network is what can be bought or sold on these networks: Anything that you can not easily access in the normal world can be bought on these networks. These crimes have spread to some extent because the technical knowledge of criminals has also become more advanced. This research is intended, with a practical approach and qualitative method and using tools such as documentary studies, libraries and review of records, analytical review of news, interviews with experts and content analysis , to firstly provide general definitions of specialized and widely used terms, how to form dark web and its characteristics and then introduce all kinds of crimes committed in the dark web platform, markets and famous sites in this platform, illegal and criminal goods and services provided in this field and techniques for finding criminals in the deep web, as well.

Committing crimes as an unpleasant social phenomenon has economic and social causes and in regards to the importance of the issue of crimes in different countries, comprehensive studies have been carried out to identify and determine the causes of committing crimes. It is believed that economic factors are the main factor for all the social structures and have noticeable impacts on the individual activities including committing crimes. This issue has recently gained attention in Iran and the present research is an attempt in this regard. This research is of applied type from type and objective standpoint and of analytical reasoning type from descriptive nature using surveying technique which seeks to investigate the economic factors of the crime of document forgery during a ten-year period (1385-1395) in Iran in which the Spatial- Temporal Autoregressive Model is used together with random effects. In the investigated period, unemployment variances, relative poverty affect the crime of document forgery in Iran with the frequency of 17 percent and 10 percent respectively in a way that their increase causes increase in the rate of document forgery crime and the variance of industrialization as much as 30 percent causes the reduction of the rate of document forgery. Theoretical variances of unemployment, relative poverty have direct and meaningful relations with the committing the crime of document forgery, but industrialization has a reverse relation. Moreover, the economic variance of income inequality was not meaningful in the analysis.

Combating arms and ammunition trafficking is one of the important missions of the law enforcement force. Criminalistics is very important in this process. In regard to the complexity of the crime of arms and ammunition trafficking and the existence of certain problems in the process of investigating and detecting them, particularly in accessing to documents and documentations, the role of criminalistics science is very significant in throughout this process. This research is of applied type from type and objective standpoits and of descriptive-analytical type from nature standpoint and it deals with investigating criminalistics to detect arms and ammunition trafficking. To answer the research questions, all the existing documents and deeds related to the present subject have been collected using data collection forms and have been analyzed qualitatively. Many factors have been involved in various economic, socio-cultural, political-security and judicial measures in smuggling weapons and ammunition in the country, which in addition to having unfortunate consequences for the country requires the use of basic solutions to solve this problem at the national level. Criminalistics, as a modern science, uses technical tools to collect and discover evidence, record, investigate and regulate criminal investigations, therefore using it to identify, detect and prove weapons and ammunition trafficking isvery important as one of the missions of the police force using intelligence, operational and judicial measures.

Collusion in government transactions is considered as one of the economic crimes today. The scene of organized activities that design the whole process of committing the crime, gain huge profits while damaging the economy of the country and various areas of quality of government contracts as well as damage to society and government. In line with situational prevention, an effective factor in enhancing the effectiveness of these measures is recognizing the methods of committing this kind of crime. The model approach of crime perpetration, considering dynamics of organized crime perpetration holds that in collusion in government transactions, preparation, empowerment, target selection, perpetration (violence and corruption) or pre- and post- perpetration conditions can identify the manner in which crimes are perpetrated. This type of micro-analysis of organized crime helps to better understand the general knowledge of how to prevent such crime. The micro-approach in this format seems to provide considerable opportunity for the development and application of the five situational prevention techniques and provide significant systematic characterization of the implementation phase. The detection of the type of collusion perpetration in governmental transactions contributes to total identification of this kind of crime and presents preventive solutions in this regard. This study shows that in different stages of governmental transactions, there is a kind of organizational effort and this crime is committed cooperatively in many countries. Therefore; without plotting the stage-based process for governmental transactions, it would be impossible to attain situational prevention in governmental transactions.

Thermal paper is a kind of paper with special coating that allows printing without ink. The result of applying heat (via a thermal printer) to the coating on thermal paper is a clear image without the need for ink, toner or ribbon. This type of technology is used in various sectors. One of the ways fingerprints appear on thermal paper is to use chemical reactants such as Ninhydrin solution but the revealed fingerprint color does not usually show fingerprint features, therefore; in this way, fingerprints can not be detected. In this study, the use of Ninhydrin with Acrylamide in different ratios for developing hidden fingerprints in thermal papers was tested. The results showed that using a concentration of 0.020-0.060 g / ml Acrylamide in Ninhydrin solution with the appearance of fingerprints and the necessary separation of indicators after testing with thermal paper while creating a suitable background, separation and appearance of fingerprints work and fingerprints were identified with sharp resolution. Minutiae indicators (fingerprints) using an automated fingerprint recognition system (AFIS), detected between 59-87 points of the indicators. This method can be used as an alternative corrective method for detecting hidden fingerprints on paper and the heat paper should be used without any damage to the samples and with high quality, and while reducing costs, the efficiency of the Ninhydrin method should also help to increase the appearance of fingerprints.