فصلنامه مشرق موعود
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1399)

Although the culture of awaiting has a great impact on the human society, specially Muslim people, its Involved with some difficulties which need to be studied like any cultural phenomenon. On the other hand, in order to comprehend Ayatollah Khameneis theory concerning the awaiting, we need to achieve a comprehensive explanation of it from his point of view including side effects and difficulties. On this way the importance of historical background of awaiting and Mahdawiah according to Ayatollah Khameneis aspect gives more importance to historical researches of this phenomenon and its historical challenges. A glimpse of his speeches on this issues performs that he pays a great attention to these studies and insists on avoiding any side effect of awaiting culture. Superstitious and non-scientific issues, false claims about seeing or being Mahdi (peace be upon him) or being his deputy are some of the issues which are considered to be the most troublesome historical challenges on this regard. They have many examples in Islamic history. Ayatollah Khamenei has insisted on noticing them and preventing appearance or getting stuck in these challenges. In this article we want to probe historical side effects of awaiting and explain clearly what is Ayatollah Khameneis viewpoint concerning this issue through a research into his speeches.

The importance and position of waiting has caused it to be mentioned in the narrations as the best deeds of the ummah, with the most virtuous and best worships and the best jihad of the ummah. Accordingly, expectation has different individual and social effects that have an impact in different areas. By recognizing the effects and different dimensions of waiting and the duties of those waiting, it can be used in policy-making and planning for the future of Islamic society in order to revive Islamic civilization. Thus, in the following article, the question is answered: "From the point of view of the Supreme Leader, what effects does he expect and what are the duties of those waiting?" This question has not been answered from this perspective so far. To explain the answer, His Holiness Leh's written and movable works have been referred to and descriptive and analytical methods have been used. One of the most important innovations of this research is the explanation and explanation of the effects of waiting and the duties of those waiting based on the intellectual system of Ayatollah Khamenei.

Shaykh al-Tusi in his book "Al-Ghaybah" has narrated a narration about the will on the night of the Prophet(sa) passing away that Ahmad ibn Isma'il al-Basri, based on which he has considered himself one of the prophet trustees and he claims that because the narrator of the Will hadith is a Muslim, then his narration is correct, because the principle is that the Muslim narrator is just unless its contradiction would be proven. Accordingly, in the present study, in which the data collection was by library Method and the research was descriptive-analytical, this claim has been examined in three ways, which are: 1. A study of the theory of the authenticity of justice in the critical science of hadith narrators Biography(Ilmu-Rijaal). 2. Critique of the authenticity of the principle of justice in the witness from the perspective of some Shiite scholars. 3. Critique of the authenticity of the principle of justice in the narrator from the perspective of some Shiite scholars. According to the findings of this study, the authenticity of justice can not only be deduced from verses of Quran, narrations, consensus of Scholars and the Prophet's life style, but also according to the above-mentioned arguments and some rational ones , in Judging for justice of a Muslim, the principle is silence and that his justice is indefinite. As a result, the authenticity of justice cannot be proved by any of the three mentioned ways, and the correct theory in such cases is silence and patience to prove justice or injustice of the claimant.

One of the most prominent challanges in the field of narration is the entry of fake narrations and also plagiarising narrations issued by the Infallibles (as),and this is one of the most irreparable challenges in the history of Islam, which has caused distrust in the document and text of some narrations and a doubtful view of them. One of the areas that has been seriously damaged by the arrival of this pestilence is the narrations and the subject of Mahdaviat. Although many efforts have been made by the Infallibles (as) to keep people away from this harm, but the entry of this problem has changed some areas of Mahdavi education, albeit slightly. This research has been done in order to represent the extent of this effect in some of these areas and after reviewing some narrative data, has analyzed the document and their content. Findings show that in cases where the narration of the Infallible (as) is not certain, and there is a possibility of falsification and distortion, accuracy and reflection on the source, document and content of the narration seems more necessary. Because most of the harms that have befallen the teachings of Mahdaviat arise from the same counterfeiting and distortion in these narrations. And these harms have a negative and significant effect on the efficiency of the mentioned teachings.

One of the assertive narrations of the Messenger of God (Sa) which indicates the direct Imamate of Ali ibn Abi Talib (As) is the hadith "علی ولی کل مومن بعدی "(Ali is the leader of every believer after me) This hadith, which was stated by the Messenger of God (Sa) among the Yemen armies , has been narrated by more than ten of his companions, and has been recorded in first-hand Islamic sources. The adverb "after me" or "من بعدی" in this hadith has made it impossible for Sunni scholars to carry the word "ولی" in this hadith to mean help and friendship. Since the other meanings of "ولی" do not fit with this hadith, the only way left is to carry the word "ولی" in this hadith to mean leadership, taking into command, and Imamate, and to consider the hadith as a reason for the immediate Imamate of the Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (As), and this is a fact that some Sunni scholars have also admitted.

Uthman ibn Sa’id was one of the main elements of the representative body, which was introduced as a high-level Imamia agent during the life of Imam Askari (as) and the beginning of short Absence. During Imam Askari (as) period, he, as an agent, was able to carry out many main affairs of this time, including financial ones, by the order of the Imam and he tried to resolve the problem raised about 12th Imam Absence by Imam Mahdi (aj ) guidance and help of some of his agents .Uthman role in Shiite history was such that he can be considered as a complementary link in the history of the Imami Shiite period of Absence and presence, who by obeying the Imams of his period, in addition to solving many Shiite problems in this time, Immortalized his name as one of the most effective agents of the Imams.

The Antichrist, as one of the apocalyptic figures representing evil versus the savior of the greatest justice, is one of the common and challenging concepts in Islamic and Christian theology. With the difference that in the Bibles, the Antichrist is explicitly mentioned, while in the Quran, it is not mentioned; This may be the first reason for the differences and challenges surrounding the Antichrist and related issues. In the meantime, many details about the Antichrist have been narrated in narrative sources, especially in Sunni hadith communities. Muslim thinkers do not have the same views about the personality and physical characteristics of the Antichrist, the time and place of his departure and the events related to it, according to the basics of understanding the hadith. In the meantime, Rashid Reza, despite his attachment to the intellectual foundations of Salafism, has a critical approach to hadith and introduces rationalism as the most important component of measuring the narrations. He considers the hadiths of the Antichrist to be flawed and ultimately fake due to their conflict with other narrations, opposition to the Qur'an and rational reasons. The present study tries to paint a general picture of the subject of the Antichrist among Imami and Sunni thinkers using the content analysis method and then critiques it while accurately conveying Rashid Reza's point of view.