نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 45، پاییز 1399)

With increasing human’s knowledge about the importance of ecosystems especially wetland, the lack of complete and effective perception about them is an important issue that can damage them. To protect wetlands, it is necessary to have information about their changes over the time. Kiakallayeh wetland in Langeroud city, Gilan province was damaged due to human activities and it is necessary to monitor its changes. In this study, which was done in 2019, in order to investigate spatio-temporal changes of the mentioned wetland, Landsat remote sensing images of 1995, 2007, 2013, and 2019 years were employed. Vegetation, water, and build-up indexes of the images were extracted and used to analysis the condition of the wetland. Results show that during previous 24 years, vegetation and water covers were decreasing and build-up area is increasing. Therefore, a huge pressure is entered into the wetland, which would be a reason to damage human, vegetation, animals in the ecosystem.

The effect of wastewater from Saqez city on the physicochemical parameters of water in Saqez River was investigated. To do this, four stations, the station of the dam of the Cheraghvis, the station before entry the wastewater into the river, the station after the entry of wastewater into the river; and the station before the river entry to the dam Kazemi dam were selected. The physicochemical parameters of water, including nitrate, phosphate, alkalinity, ammonia, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen, oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured every 30 days from August to September 2017. The WQI NSF water quality index was calculated based on the results. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the stations in terms of temperature (P> 0.05). The parameters of nitrate, phosphate, alkalinity, ammonia, dissolved oxygen, pH and BOD5 were significantly influenced by different stations (P <0.05), so that the BOD5 and ammonia values in the effluent stations of Saqez were higher than the threshold for growth of warmwater fish. The highest and lowest levels of BOD5 in stations 3 and 1 were 12 ± 0.001 and 5.5 ± 0.707 mg L-1, respectively, and the highest (1.16 ± 0.156 mg L-1) and lowest (0.1 ± 0.00 mg L-1 ) ammonia levels was observed in stations 1 and 4, respectively. Based on the WQI NSF quality index, the first and second stations showed good quality status and the third and fourth stations showed lower (moderate) status. Therefore, given the direct entry of urban wastewater into the river, it is recommended that all these units be equipped with wastewater and wastewater treatment systems to prevent the destruction of natural ecosystems in rivers while exploiting the river.

One of the most common uses of forestry is to identify individual trees and compassions tree species using image analysis and satellite or aerial image classification. The aim of this study is to evaluate support vector machines (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT) classification methods in estimating the quantitative characteristics of oak trees in WorldView-2 images and UAVs. In this study, Haft-Barm forest, Shiraz, was considered as a study area to assess the potential of Worldview-2 satellite images in 2015. Estimation of forest parameters with a focus on single tree extraction using SVM and DT classification methods with complex matrix evaluation and area under operational characteristic curve (AUC) with the help of UAV4 Phantom Bird image was evaluated in two separate areas. Data were analyzed using independent T-tests, multivariate regression analysis, using SPSS 25, Excel 2016, eCognation v. 8.7, ENVI, 5, PCI Geomatica 16 and Google Earth 7.3 software. The SVM classification had the highest and best accuracy in estimating single tree parameters. The SVM classification method was a very useful way to identify the oak tree Zagros mountain forest. Using WV-2 data, the parameters of single trees in the forest can be extracted. The SVM algorithm using WV-2 also produced very promising result, with 96% overall accuracy and a Kappa index of 0.97. The results of regression analysis indicated that using WV-2 images (R2= 0.97) was suitable for estimating canopy area on the forest.  While UAVs have the potential to provide flexible and practical solutions for mapping forests, some issues related to image quality still need to be addressed to improve classification performance.

Ordinary Kriging (OK) has been widely used for prediction and spatial distribution study of surface water quality parameters. This method uses a constant mean to capture the trend in the model. In this method, the prediction can be poor if there are strong trends. To overcome this problem, an alternative model called Blind Kriging (BK) was developed. The mean function in BK is polynomial and the unknown mean function parameters are obtained using the Bayesian variable selection technique which requires a lot of calculations. To solve these problems, in the present study, OK was modified based on BK. In the modified method, the polynomial mean function parameters were determined using linear Regression instead of Bayesian inference method. Then, the performance of OK and modified Kriging in the estimation of trophic indices and water quality parameters in Anzali Wetland was evaluated using different statistical criteria (the coefficient of determination, the root mean square error and the mean absolute error). For this purpose, the concentrations of 14 parameters in six sampling points of Anzali Wetland water were analyzed during 2018. Subsequently, the modified and Ordinary Kriging were applied to water parameters and trophic indices. The results showed that the modified Kriging had the best results. In addition, the improvement of the modified Kriging compared to OK is achieved up to 88%. The results of the present study can be useful in the planning of the future monitoring program in Anzali Wetland.

This survey was done by using the two indexes involving IRWQI and NSFWQI in the 2017 year in two different seasons, spring and summer, in order to evaluate the characteristics of the water quality at Naseri wetland which is located in the north west of Kkhoramshahr city. This wetland is comprised of agricultural drainages of Mirzakochakkhan and Amirkabir sugar cane companies. The sampling was done from 7 stations (5 stations from wetland and 2 control stations) with 3 repetitions, and also the survey was accomplished by utilizing standard methods in July and May. In this survey, some characteristics such as pH, DO, nitrates, phosphate, BOD5, COD, Fecal Coliform, turbidity, total hardness, and electrical conductivity were measured. For evaluating the water quality parameters of naseri wetland, IRWQI, and NSFWQI (Iran sublime water index) indices were used. The results showed that the qualitative characteristics of measured water are at a bad level, in all wetland stations and control samples. However, the comparison between results have shown that the water quality in control stations is in the lower level. Based on NSFWQI index the lowest and the best quality was seen in control station 7 (38.79) and station 3 (42.4) in May respectively. In the case of the IRWQI index, among the surveyed stations, stations 6 and 7 represented the lowest water quality at 16.56549 and 16.54693 respectively, and the highest water quality was documented at 16.80906 in station 1 in May.

Wetlands are high-efficiency ecosystems that play an important role in the well-being of human societies. However, the health of these valuable ecosystems around the world, especially in developing countries, is severely affected by environmental pressures from human activities. Wetlands are known as one of the important centers for meeting the needs of recreation, On the other hand, given the growing demand of the people for the use of recreational resources and a study of the demands of the people to provide the necessary facilities and facilities, it is important. Economic valuation is a useful tool for estimating and comparing the benefits of wetlands and the costs associated with protecting them. In this research, the economic valuation of Pirsalman wetland has been investigated using the method of individual travel cost and linear functional form. 400 questionnaires were distributed among the visitors. Data were collected cross-sectionally and surveyally at the level of wetland visitors in 2019. Based on the results, marital status, occupation, age, income, distance to the lagoon and travel costs are the most effective factors on the number of annual visits. The surplus of individual consumers for the average number of visits was 1391500 Rials. Therefore, the surplus of the individual consumer is estimated at 347875 Rials per visit. Also, the total number of annual visits to the lagoon is estimated at 650,000 people. Therefore, the surplus of the expected total consumer is estimated at 22611875000000 Rials, which indicates the annual recreational value of the wetland. The results of this study provide valuable information to improve the recreational level of Pirsalman Wetland and can be useful for decision makers in long-term planning.

Groundwater resources are the largest available freshwater reservoir on the Earth. Therefore, the management of these resources and their quality control is an essential issue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of changes in groundwater quality parameters by Mann-Kendall test and qualitative classification of Boroujerd-Dorod plain using GQI index. For this purpose, the values of different parameters including chlorine, sulfate, acidity, total hardness and total dissolve solid from 41 sources during the period of 1993-2016 were used. The results showed that based on Mann-Kendall test, the acidity and chlorine parameters had positive Z value, and the acidity trend was significant at 95% level, while other parameters had negative Z value with decreasing trend. According to the GQI index, all parameters in the year 2016 were in accordance with ISIRI criteria. Based on the ranking of different parameters, it was found that TH, pH and EC had the greatest impact on the quality of groundwater resources in the studied plain. From the spatial point of view, the highest concentration of qualitative parameters except pH is in the center of the plain, and the northeast area of the plain is also prone to high pollution compared to other parts of the plain, especially in terms of cations and EC. Based on Schulerchr('39')s classification which was used to validate the GQI results, the quality is located in good and acceptable class, which confirms the result of this index.

Compared to other natural ecosystems, wetlands are one of the most valuable landscapes. Wetland ecosystem services could be categorized into four categories of provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services. Tourism is one of the cultural services of wetlands. Aiming at developing the tourism economy and protecting wetlands, governments and researchers have a special focus on wetlands. Climate has a very important role for tourism planning. Tourists usually seek to favorable climate in which the person doesn’t feel climate dissatisfaction. Depending on the climatic condition, Lorestan province has unique wetlands with extensive potential for tourist attraction. Therefore, by purpose of the better tourism planning, this study compared the bioclimatic potential of Lorestan wetlands during 18 years (2001-2019). In this regard, the TCI and Baker indices were investigated. According to the results, it is recommended to start visiting of Poldokhtar wetlands in September Gahar Lake visit is not recommended from December to spring due to the low TCI index in winter and the mountainous path of lake. The spring season is a good time for tourism activities in the Bishedalan and Tanoordar wetlands during the months of May and June and also from September to mid-November. According to the results while bioclimatic calendar of Poldokhtar Wetlands are assessed for fall and winter, Tanoordar, Bishehdalan and Gahar Lake are recommended for spring and summer tourism activities.This emphasizes the climatic potential of Lorestan wetlands for tourism activities in different seasons of the year.