نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی
پیاپی 74 (زمستان 1399)

As the stations measuring precipitation continuously are not regularly available, the best solution should be to investigate the points without statistics using optimal methods. Among these methods, we can mention geostatistical methods. Geostatistical methods have been approved as appropriate ways for studying precipitation data and estimating precipitation regions. Results of many studies have shown that geostatistical techniques are more accurate than conventional interpolation methods. Statistical context can also be used for precipitation variability. Accurate estimation of the spatial distribution of precipitation requires a dense and regular cell network. The spatio-temporal variation of precipitation is one of the most important issues of applied climatology, so the main purpose of this study is to monitor the spatio-temporal variation of precipitation in Iran in seasonal context by the application of the mentioned techniques.

In this study, the common statistics of 125 synoptic stations in the country with the statistical period of 30 years (1980-2010) have been used. Also, the station data were generalized to the 15 km cell spaces using the Kriging interpolation method in ArcGIS 10.2.2 software. To speed up the computational process, the capabilities of GS + software were used to fit the variogram, and ArcGIS software was used to map the precipitation regions of the country. In order to study the pattern of precipitation, spatial autocorrelation techniques (local Moran and global Moran) were used. Also, the skewness coefficient (G1) and the peak degree coefficient (G2) were calculated separately for each of the months studied.Cluster and non-cluster analyses and hot spot method were used to study the patterns and spatio-temporal variations of precipitation. Cluster and non-cluster analysis, also known as Moran local Anselin index is an optimal model for showing the statistical distribution of phenomena in space (Anselin et al, 2009: 74). For cluster and non-cluster analyses for each complication in the layer, the value of the local Moran index score, which represents the significance of the calculated index, was also calculated.

The value of the global Moran index for all 4 studied seasons and the annual total is above 0.95, which indicates the pattern of high clusters of precipitation in the country at the level of 95 and 99%. However, the highest Moran index in the world with a value of 0.970356 is related to the winter. Statistics for each of the five decades studied are high, between 255 and 261. Therefore, based on global trends, it can be inferred that the annual changes in precipitation in the country follow a very high cluster pattern. Consequently, due to the high value and low value, the hypothesis of no spatial autocorrelation between data in each of the five decades can be rejected. If precipitation were to be normally distributed in space for different seasons in the country, the global Moran index would be -0.000139.Moran's spatial autocorrelation only determines the type of pattern. For this reason, to show the spatial distribution of the pattern governing the distribution of precipitation in Iran, local Moran has been used during the studied periods. In winter (36.56%) there was no pattern or in other words it lacked spatial autocorrelation. This amount increased by 1.14% for spring and reached 37.70. This amount has increased significantly in summer, so that it has increased by 47.04% compared to spring. It has reached areas with no spatial autocorrelation in autumn (41.92) and winter (36.56). LL precipitation patterns have been distributed in the five studied periods with values of 36.53, 0, 34.64, 35.31 and 38.29% in the country, respectively, and in the form of nationwide spots in the eastern, southeastern and central regions. Precipitation values with negative spatial correlation in summer had the highest value (84.74%) and the lowest annual average (35.06%). However, values with high rate or positive spatial autocorrelation in all five studied periods were limited to the northern regions of the country, the highlands of Alborz, Zagros and had significant fluctuations in some parts of the country. Local Moran Anselin statistics have been able to well determine the process of precipitation (Masoudian, 1390: 97) and the era of windbreak slopes as well as adjacent areas with climatic contrasts such as north-south slopes of Alborz and slopes of east-west Zagros. Due to the complexity of precipitation patterns in the country, spatial statistics can well explain precipitation patterns. The general results of this statistic (local Anselin Moran) indicate that the amount of rainy areas in the country has been reduced during five study periods. It should be noted that most of these reductions were related to the Zagros region, the southeast of the country and the northern regions of Khorasan.

Iran has special conditions in terms of precipitation due to its vastness with respect to latitude and longitude, the configuration of unevenness and exposure to air masses. The general structure of precipitation in Iran is affected by latitude, altitude and air masses, so that with the change of any of these factors, precipitation will also change. In other words, the general conditions of precipitation are a function of latitude and altitude, and other factors such as water areas and land cover, which are referred to as local factors, play a role in the formation of Iranian precipitation. In the present study, spatio-temporal analysis of Iranian precipitation has been done using a new method of spatial statistics. For this purpose, high and low clustering methods, local and global Moran, hot spots and cluster and non-cluster analyses have been used. The present study focuses on the assumption that precipitation in Iran follows a cluster pattern and the pattern of precipitation distribution is itself a function of internal and external conditions. To achieve this goal, the average seasonal and annual precipitation statistics of 125 synoptic stations in the country during the statistical period of 1980-2010 were used. Then, to apply the methods used in this research, the capabilities of GIS were used. The results of the global Moran method and the K-function of some distances showed that the annual changes in precipitation in Iran follow the pattern of high clusters. According to spatial autocorrelation analyses, the areas with negative spatial autocorrelation in all studied periods are related to the southeast, the coasts of the Oman Sea to Abadan and parts of the northeast of the country. Areas with positive spatial autocorrelation were often located on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and the Zagros strip. In all the studied periods, less than one quarter of the country's area lacked a significant spatial autocorrelation pattern. Spatial analyses showed that Iran's precipitation patterns are divided into two precipitation spots of southern tabs (low precipitation spot LL), and Caspian coasts west and northwest (precipitation spot HH). The results also indicated that during the period under study, low precipitation spots (negative spatial autocorrelation) had much more frequency than precipitation spots.

Land use planning, especially land subdivision, plays a key role in making a decision on how to properly use the land and subdivide it. That is why such planning influences the state of the environment and can have positive and negative effects (Metternicht, 2018: 3). In simple words, with different street network patterns, land subdivision creates various lots in different shapes and with various advantages. In other words, at the execution stage, land subdivision affects the land price. So, some lots will have a higher value due to their advantages compared to some other lots (Evans, 2004: 75).Considering what abovementioned, this comparative study

1 – To evaluate the quality of the existing land subdivisions in the planned texture, worn-out texture, and informal settlements using the current land subdivision standards;2 – To assess the correlation between the opinions of experts, real estate agents, property owners, and non-owners on the quality of land subdivision with the current status of the land subdivision based on research indicators;3 – To evaluate the impact of human-managerial factors and the land value in the land subdivision process.

To collect data, a field study was used. To select blocks randomly as research sample, the Fishnet tool in ArcMap software was used. Totally, 353 blocks in district one and 386 blocks in district three were selected as research samples.To collect data on the status of the land subdivision in the selected blocks, a database was constructed for the study areas using the indicators of area, number of frontages, building orientation, chamfer or fillet, street width, street function, lot shape, aspect ratio, and distance to different land-uses, then the required analyses were performed.In the next step, using a researcher-made questionnaire, the three groups of experts, real estate agents and property owners, and non-owners were surveyed to align the observed advantages and disadvantages with the opinions of the three abovementioned groups. The validity of the questions was estimated using face validity. Its Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.76, which was within the acceptable range. The statistical population included the total population of the two studied districts (n=448,121 people) and the sample size was estimated to be 384 people using the Cochran formula at 95% confidence level and with a 5% error. Also, SPSS software was used for questionnaire analysis.
 

According to the analysis carried out for the first aim, the obtained averages revealed the inappropriate residential and commercial subdivisions. In this issue, streets play a very important role, because different street network patterns significantly affect the characteristics of lots. As observed,  for residential and commercial land-uses in both districts, the average width of the streets and the adaptation level of land-uses with the street function were below the standards, which also reduced the quality of access.
According to the analysis performed for the second aim, it was found that experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision.Also, property owners and non-owners on five cases in district three and two cases in district one were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision.Real estate agents' opinions on one case in each district were significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision.For the third aim, it was found that the respondents in district one and district three considered the land value and human-managerial factors as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions, respectively. In other words, it can be said that the land value and human-managerial factors, along with the lack of efficient solutions and proper surveillance of land subdivision, are considered as factors for inappropriate land subdivision in the study area.In addition, with an average of 3.5 in district one, experts and real-estate agents have assessed the land value more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the property owners and non-owners. Also, with an average of 3.7 in district three, experts and property owners and none property owners have assessed the human-managerial factors more effective in inappropriate land subdivisions compared to the real estate agents.

Findings showed that according to the land subdivision indicators used in our research, residential and commercial land-uses don’t meet the land subdivision standards. In this case, streets play the more dominant role than other factors. Measuring the alignment of experts, real estate agents, property owners and non-owners' opinions on the quality of land subdivision with its current status based on research indicators showed that with the highest frequency, experts' opinions on six cases in district one and seven cases in district three are significantly correlated with the current status of the land subdivision. Finally, according to the three abovementioned groups' opinions, the land value in district one and the human-managerial factors in district three were evaluated as effective factors in inappropriate land subdivisions.

 
One of the emerging phenomena of modern urbanization that has had a significant impact on various problems in metropolitan areas is the reverse migration from urban to villages locating in the suburbs of the cities. The continuation of reverse migration has reduced life quality and doubled the pressure on the rural environment. The rapid physical growth of Tabriz (called Urban Creep) has caused the uncontrollable development of rural settlements and has created a kind of new marginalization. Currently, the growth and development rate in the villages connecting to Tabriz is very high, so that the area of these villages has multiplied in recent years, and their population is several times more than that of Tabriz city. It should be noted that the average national growth rate is increasing. However, many of the areas built in these villages are outside the legal boundaries. Due to the lack of a local urban plan, illegal constructions and marginalization in these villages occur with an upward trend. If the trend of reverse migration in these areas continues, a turbulent and organic fabric will emerge in the next few years.

 This study aims to determine the effect of various factors on migration from Tabriz to the surrounding villages and explain the rapid development of these villages. A descriptive-analytical research method has been used in the study. The documentary-library tools and field studies, including questionnaire, was used to collect the information. The statistical population of this study includes the migrants returned from Tabriz to the seven studied villages. In the new comprehensive plan of Tabriz, the villages of Anakhaton, Alvar Olia, Kojovar, Sahlan, Oghli, Khilijan, Konduro (Kondrud), which were previously outside the city limits, have entered the city limits. Subsequently, the research questionnaires were completed from the seven villages connecting to Tabriz city. The components of reverse migration are physical, socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors, of which 114 were selected using the convenience sampling method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires, and the obtained mean reliability was 0.7.

 The average growth of the country's rural population during the last ten years (2006-2016) was 69.0%, while it was +43.83% for the studied villages in this period. This growth indicates that rapid physical development has increased in recent years in the villages surrounding Tabriz due to the high cost of land and housing in the Tabriz. The population of the studied villages in 2006 was 25892 people, which has increased to 37249 people in 2016. Furthermore, the area of other villages in 2006 was 284.61 hectares, which has increased to 552 hectares in 2016 and have grown 93.94%.

Based on the field studies and the data analysis results, in terms of population growth and population attraction, the highest population growth was related to Anakhaton village. According to the factor analysis model, twelve factors were involved in reverse migration to the villages connecting to Tabriz. In the economic and housing factor, the high cost of living in the city with a correlation coefficient of 0.731; in the ecological factor, healthy drinking water with a correlation coefficient of 0.813; in the recreational-tourism factor, the natural tourism spaces with correlation coefficient 0.8; in the entrepreneurship and employment factor, establishment of an industrial workshop in the village with a correlation coefficient of 0.705; in uniformity of social class factor, matching the village with the social class with a correlation coefficient of 0.739; in the urban pollution factor, pollution of the cities with correlation coefficient of 0.820;  in village enthusiasm factor; the existence of a happy rural life with a correlation coefficient of 0.774; in the job opportunities factor, the job potentials with correlation coefficient of 0.827; in the security and spatial affiliation, the village security with a correlation coefficient of 0.715; in the high density of the city, urban population density with a correlation coefficient of 0.704; in the cultural-behavioral factors and government support, the factor of government support from the villagers in the form of equity shares and subsidies with a correlation coefficient of 0.858 were the most important variables in reverse migration from Tabriz to the connected villages. Moreover, according to the factor analysis model, the economic and housing factor (Eigenvalue=9.61) determined more than twenty-six percent of reverse migration variance and was the most important reason for the reverse migration to the surrounding villages of Tabriz. The high cost of living in the city, low income, high land prices in the city, low purchase and rental prices in the village were among the economic factors affecting the reverse migration.

Urban regeneration to sustain urban spaces seeks to solve the economic, socio-cultural, physical, and environmental problems of distressed textures. On the other hand, urban regeneration with a focus on tourism has been proposed as an approach to protect the values of the historical texture and solve its problems. The historical texture of Tabriz, in spite of having many cultural and identity values, has suffered from inefficiency, exhaustion, environmental problems and economic crises. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of tourism on the regeneration of historical texture in Tabriz city. A questionnaire was designed to analyze the relationship between urban regeneration and tourism development from the historical texture of Tabriz residents after identifying the criteria and indicators of urban regeneration and sustainable tourism development in four economic, socio-cultural, physical, environmental dimensions. The statistical population of this study was 383 residents of the historical texture of Tabriz in 1398. Analyzes were performed using SPSS software and with a two-way test. The results of the research show that tourism is a factor in economic growth and socio-cultural dimension, which increases the sense of place and security of space. In the physical aspect, tourism development eliminates abandoned spaces and creates a connection in the historical texture, enhancing the quality of public services and enhancing the urban landscape, and reducing environmental pollution and increasing per capita green space, consequently.

Economic growth is one of the goals pursued by every country, and this is because of the many benefits that come with the growth process. According to World Bank reports, more than 80 percent of people live in developing areas. Unfortunately, in developing countries such as Iran, balanced development has not taken place, which has created regional inequalities and economic divisions between regions. The increasing inequalities between different regions of a country indicate that part of the country's population is not benefiting from the consequences of economic growth and development.

 The discussion of development and underdevelopment is one of the most challenging issues in today's world that is influenced by various spatial, temporal factors, and the varying value of different criteria in measuring development. The expansion of development concepts and policies has led the past decades called the era of development. This era has begun in the mid-20th century. Many indicators have been provided for measuring development and underdevelopment; however, based on most thinkers, especially thinkers of the 20th century, economics is a significant development factor. Moreover, there is a close relationship between human and the economy; as economic development cause the development and improvement of human living conditions, humans are the main factor of economic growth and development. Nevertheless, economic development happens when all regions of a country benefit from that. Therefore, to achieve comprehensive economic development, economic policymakers must create a kind of economic balance and cohesion in different regions and provinces so that with coordinated economic growth, the economic development differences can be solved in provinces of Iran.

A descriptive-analytical approach was used in the present study. The required data from the statistical yearbook of 1395 have been collected in the form of 30 indices. Shannon entropy, coefficient of variation, and Vikor were used for weighting, distribution analysis, and developmental level determination, respectively. ArcGIS software was also used to display the map.

The coefficient of variation was used to determine the status of the distribution of indicators in the provinces. According to the results, about 11 indices have a coefficient of variation above 1, and two indices have a coefficient of variation above 0.9, indicating a lack of balanced distribution of economic indices in the provinces. There are the highest inequalities between the indicators of incoming tourists, durable housing, and mining workers with 2.00, 1.55, and 1.54 scores, respectively. In contrast, there are the lowest inequality levels between the indicators of male economic participation, economic participation, and working population with 0.6, 0.7, and 0.7 scores, respectively. Overall, 36.67% of the indices scored above 0.9 indicate inequality between more than two-thirds of the indices studied in the provinces. Based on economic indicators, the Q average for 31 provinces was 0.76, which is above average. Isfahan province with Q equal to 0.253 is at the highest level, and Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces are in second and third place with Q equal to 0.322 and 0.434, respectively. In contrast, Ilam province is at the lowest level, with Q equal to 0.996. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Ardabil provinces are ranked second and third most economically deprived, with Q equal to 0.977 and 0.964, respectively.

 The results of this study showed that mainly central and populated provinces, including Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran, Kerman, Fars, East Azarbaijan provinces had a higher level of development, and the rest of Iran provinces had medium and lower economic development level. Among the 11 provinces with low development level are Gilan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Alborz, Lorestan, Hamadan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan and 7 provinces with lower development including Ardebil, Qazvin, Qom, Kermanshah, Ilam, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad require special attention and efficient policies and programs for faster and more effective economic development. Overall, 19.35% of provinces were at the highest economic development level, about 22.58% at a medium level, 35.48% at a low level, and 22.58% at a lower level. The interesting point is that the absence of any of the provinces in Iran at a high level of economic development. This point clearly indicates the inefficiency and hierarchy of economic development and other aspects of the imbalance of economic development in Iran.

The global warming of the Earth due greenhouse gases diffusion (GHGs) is undeniable now; over the past century, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased significantly and caused an increase in global temperature of 0.44 ° C compared to Pre-industrial era. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) shows that there is a positive correlation between the amount of CO2 and global temperature rise. Today, climate change has attracted many scientists and researchers. The reason for this is the huge impact this phenomenon has on life on Earth. Potentially, climate change can endanger drinking water supplies, food production, and sustainable development in many parts of the world, For this reason, the International Committee of Climate Change (IPCC) calls for studies on climate change at the regional and local scale. Studies have shown that the mean temperature of the Earth has increased by about 0.18 ± 0.74 °C during the twentieth century And an increase in the temperature of the 21st century is estimated to be 1.8 to 4 degrees centigrade.

In this study, the three-hour temperature data of the synoptic station of Tabriz for the statistical period of 67 years (2017-1951) was prepared. Using Matlab's coding, seasonal and annual time series were prepared for each synoptic. Then, in order to provide the seasonal and annual time SYNOPs for the daily and night temperatures, the data are divided into two groups of nightly temperatures (including mean SYNOPs temperatures from 00:00, 03:00, 18:00 and 21:00) and daily temperature (including average SYNOPs temperatures at 06:00, 09:00, 12:00 and 15:00).

Temperature is one of the most important elements in climatic zonation and classification, and it plays an important role in the distribution of other climatic elements. Accordingly, fluctuations and temperature changes are very important. In recent decades, the applied results of temperature analysis have led to a study of its long-run fluctuations, especially in the global arena. Therefore, in this study, the temperature fluctuations of three hours (SYNOPs), night temperature and daily temperature of the synoptic station of Tabriz during the statistical period of 1951-2017 and the seasonal and annual time scale were studied.The results of the study show that SYNOPs, (3:00 pm local time), have more severe changes than other SYNOPs, which in summer increases at 0/66 °C per decade. Most annual changes are related to SYNOP 00:00 (an increase of 0.47 °C). Seasonal variations in daily and nightly temperatures also indicate that the highest changes in the night temperature were observed in summer (an increase of 0/62 °C), and the highest daily temperature changes were observed in spring and summer (an increase of 0.3 °C) Is.the findings of this study are largely consistent with the findings of other studies in the study area. For example, Dinpajoh et al. (1394) obtained the same results by analyzing the process of weather parameters in Tabriz, indicating an increase in the minimum, maximum and average temperature in Tabriz. The results of the study, Sari Sarraf et al. (1394), also show that in the Urmia Lake basin, the minimum, maximum and average temperature has experienced an increasing trend in the annual and seasonal scale. Jahanbakhsh Asl et al. (1396) also studied the trend of variations in the average monthly cold-year average temperature in the northwest of Iran, with the result that the average minimum temperature in most parts of the northwest is increasing. Therefore, the results of this research and previous studies indicate that the temperature in the study area is increasing. The important thing about this research and its difference with previous studies is the use and application of temperature data. So, using daily temperature data (SYNOPs), the temperature changes were dealt with, while in other studies, the average temperature or minimum and maximum temperature parameters were used, so the results of this study could be information It will provide a more accurate description of the process of temperature variation in the Tabriz Synoptic Station.

According to the results, it can be said that the signs of climate change in Tabriz city, especially in terms of temperature, are visible. Considering the role of temperature in increasing evapotranspiration and urban energy consumption, over the next decade, there should be solutions to better manage water and energy resources, especially heat energy during the warm season.

Similar to other parts of Iran, Azerbaijan Plateau is active tectonically due to the Eurasia-Arabia cluster convergence, and its hydrogeomorphological impacts are evident as a strike-slip fault, folding, horst, graben, changes in the topography, and drainage system (Abedini, 2016: 75). Therefore, investigating and understanding the function of faults can significantly contribute to analyzing the tectonic activities, the occurrence of earthquakes, their geomorphic hazards as well as the environmental planning and management, the adaptation of the land use, and constructions regarding the tectonic situation of the regions and reduce their hazards.The current research aims to identify the geomorphic hazards caused by the tectonic activities, especially the behavior of faults, for the planning and management before the occurrence of hazards and their resulted crises. In this regard, the principal purpose of this research is to study and identify the faults of the Qoshadagh fault zone and their geomorphic impacts in the northwest of Iran and a part of the structural block of Aras Fault Zone (Berberian & Yeats, 1999).
Data and

Three methods of manual, automatic, and mixture were used to precisely extract the region's faults, affected by the doublet seismic activities of 12 August 2012 with the magnitude of 6.4 and 6.2 Richter that had only 6 kilometers and 11-minute distance from each other (Donner et al., 2015). Moreover, survey study and manual measurement of the replacements were used. Hence, Envi 5.1 software was used to apply the techniques and process of images. Also, PCA Geometrica was used to automatically extract the lineaments, and ArcMap 10.4.1 was applied to draw the output map. In the automatic method, Landsat 8 satellite image of OLI sensor with 33 rows and 168 paths was fused with its panchromatic band (15 meters). Then, the edge detection, thresholding, and extraction of fractures were conducted using algorithms. The map of lineaments was prepared using filtering, PCA, and RGB color model in the manual or visual method, and, was adapted using the automatic method.  Images of Sentinel-B2 and Spot were also used due to some properties to ensure. Finally, the obtained lineaments were checked by the field data.  

After analyzing the automatic method results, applying the lineaments manually along with the field controls, the obtained result is displayed in an overlaying map. Then, by investigating the obtained lineaments and removing the repetitive and incompatible lineaments automatically, and consultant with the tectonics experts and geomorphologists familiar with the region, the lineaments with 80% possibility of being a fault were drawn in a final map of the region’s faults. It is evident that the extraction of the definite faults of the region requires different RS sources, such as radar data, GPS, gravimetric satellites, etc. Rose diagram was used to understand the length and direction of the faults. As a result, the length of the faults was more in 100-280 degree and 145-325 degree, and no-fault was extracted along the 80 degrees, although this length can be seen in the field observations. The results of the field study, overlaying some of the geomorphological effects, including the obstruction and deviation of the waterways, formation of the pressure ridges, and fault pools, have confirmed and improved the software outputs.

Using purposive remote sensing along with the field studies can play a significant role in identifying the structural ruptures that are usually hardly visible and emphasize the spatial-temporal changes after the earthquake and its role in reducing the ground hazards (Yang et al., 2017). In this regard, the faults of the Qoshadagh zone were extracted using automatic, manual, and semi-automatic methods with satellite images. The obtained results were compared with the field study and adapted to the effects and fractures caused by the earthquake and the new faults were also identified. The obstruction and deviation of the waterways, fault edges, tension, and pressure ridges, etc., are the most significant evidence that contributed to extracting the fault lineaments using the satellite images. In the current study, the faults of the region were displayed as the fault system instead of single fault lineaments that were in line with the previous studies with a different purpose (Copley et al., 2012; Ghods et al., 2015). Also, the privilege extension of faults in western and eastern directions was identified. Using automatic and manual methods is not sufficient. Therefore, the mixture method was used to obtain better and more precise results. It is evident that the extraction of the definite faults of the region cannot be obtained only by having optical images and other RS resources are required, such as radar data, GPS, and gravimetric satellites (with a high spatial separation). Furthermore, the field control and survey and investigating the geomorphologic forms must be considered an inseparable part of these studies.

Geography is like a bridge between the past and the future, as a crossroads between the natural and social sciences. In recent years, geographers have become increasingly interested in literary texts as a means of exploring the concept of landscapes. The study of a landscape as a text places the interpretation of a landscape at the center of interdisciplinary studies and uses concepts such as objectification, representation, awareness and ideology, and the interrelationships between these concepts.
Data and

Dynamic and timeless interpretation of visible and invisible aspects as well as forgotten and overlooked aspects of a perspective can show changes and developments in social, political, intellectual, architectural, as well as choices, behaviors, and attitudes of a human group in different periods and its impact on the place, environment and geography.By case studying the ode "Ivan Madain", several dynamic and interpretable images of this cultural landscape are presented instead of a fixed and stereotypical image, and many facts from the interpretation of this cultural perspective are obtained. In the present study, the research method was documentary-analytical in terms of purpose and nature.

The components of the cultural landscape can be divided into two categories: the visible components and the invisible components. Some of the components of cultural landscapes leftover from this magnificent building of the Sassanid period can be seen and reported for Khaghani Shervani; such as the iron ring that existed inside the porch roof until 1812, and this ring was taken out of the roof by the local Bedouins, thinking that it was a precious metal. Invisible aspects of these cultural landscapes are linguistic species that can identify the geographical area of the language of the peoples who spoke it. Khaghani mentioned the name "Tigris" several times in this poem. Tigris is an ancient Persian word that was originallly "Tighreh" and due to linguistic changes, has become the modern form of the Tigris.

In describing Iwan-e Kasrā, Khaghani did not limit himself to cultural concepts. In addition to ecological interpretation, he has studied the elements of indigenous architecture, historical past, cultural entanglement, culture, and conditions of different eras. As a cultural geographer, he has pointed out both the visible aspects of this magnificent Sassanid building and the invisible aspects of this cultural landscape. Throughout his poems, he has presented a different way of looking at the world that is not limited to a tasteful, empirical, and emotional perspective. Thus, it can be argued that literature has more to do with providing an emotional counterpart to the objective knowledge of geography, and the cultural perspectives described in the literature, which have emerged from the combination of literature and geography, are the best place and possibility for thinking.

Informal settlements are home to about one billion people in the world. In other words, about one-seventh of the world's population and one third of the world's urban population live on margins. In our country, informal settlements have been officially interpreted more rapidly than urban growth, and it is estimated that one-fifth of urban populations are located in such settlements. The emergence of informal settlements reveals the existence of structural barriers and inefficiencies in the current policies in providing the necessary housing and services for the low-income urban population at macro level. The 2002 United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development emphasized that contemporary cities are sustainable if they resist natural disasters. Today, the crossroads of environmental, economic, social, and urban spontaneous settlements on a global scale have attracted attention to the urban widespread approach with a more comprehensive look at previous approaches such as crisis management in these settlements and in The world agenda has been considered. In fact, "Resilience as a framework is about a concept that can easily be associated with all stages and sections of disasters and crisis management, and has been introduced with four institutional, social, economic, and infrastructure dimensions. Sanandaj is one of the middle cities that has been growing fast over the last few decades, along with many parts of the country. This rapid growth has led to the formation of automobile neighborhoods in different parts of the city. The purpose of this article is to investigate and evaluate resilience indices in these settlements. In this regard, the main research question is what is the status of resilience of informal settlements in Sanandaj? And how important are the resilience indicators and dimensions?

the type of research is applied-development and its method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of information acquisition method, it is located in the field of library-field studies. The data needed for research is obtained through library and field methods. In the library method, internal and external articles and books were used. In the data collection section, data were collected from the statistical blocks of the Population and Housing Census of 1395, Statistics Center of Iran, experts' questionnaire, comprehensive and detailed plans of Sanandaj city, household questionnaire, and so on. In this research, internal and external library studies were used for extraction of indicators. In this study, internal and external library studies were used to extract the indices and the experts were provided with a questionnaire. AHP test was used to analyze the questionnaires and the scores were analyzed in Expert Choice software. In the next step, in order to study the indicators in the area of ​​informal settlements of Sanandaj, a household questionnaire was prepared and according to Statistical Society (30539 families), based on the Cochran formula, 379 questionnaires were completed from the households in the study area. The questionnaire was based on the six-level Likert scale. Reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.73 which indicates the reliability of the questionnaire.One-sample t-test was used to measure resilience. The one-sample t-test (the test of comparing the mean of a population with a number) is one of the tests used in most applied research. This test determines whether the observed average is significantly different from a specified value or a standard value. Confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software was used to determine the impact of resilience dimensions. In confirmatory factor analysis, the researcher seeks to develop a model that is assumed to describe, describe, explain, or justify empirical data on the basis of relatively few parameters.

According to the AHP test, the highest weight was found to be 0.593 in human dimension and the lowest weight was 0. 113 in natural dimension. The findings indicate that the level of resilience is 3.03 in the area, which is less than the mean of 3.50, but it can be said that the informal settlements is not resilient. In terms of dimensions, only the socio-cultural dimension with 3.72 is higher than the average of 3.50 and is resilient. The lowest level of resilience related to the economic dimension at 2.47, followed by the managerial dimension with 2.66. also, Physical dimension is not resilient to have an average of 3.28. According to the studies, the total level of resilience in the informal settlements of Sanandaj was 3.11 and below 3.50. Factor analysis of factors affecting resilience showed that social factors with 0.81 had the most effect and economic factors with 0.50 had the least effect.

Research results in these settlements indicate that the level of resilience is at a low level. Among the different dimensions of resilience, the social dimension has a better status than other dimensions. In the economic field, due to the low level of income of the residents, the lack of insurance, the low level of savings, the lack of job security, the volatility in income, the seasonal nature of the occupation of many residents and ... has led to a low level of economic resilience. Organizational-administrative dimensions also have very low resilience. The lack of institutions at the local level, the weakness of the relationship between managers and the local population, lack of training in preparation for crisis is the reason for the low level of institutional resilience in these settlements. Physically, due to low level of resistance of residential units, lack of proper access to infrastructure, lack of suitable open spaces in neighborhoods, low strength of infrastructures, etc., has led to a decrease in the level of physical resilience.

The concept of a livable city means to be suitable for living or habitable, which has been very strong today by expanding and intensifying the problems human societies and the loose of quality of life. The phrase "livable cities" was used for the first time in 1970 by the national Arts organization to achieve their urban ideas and looking for it by other centers and research organizations such as the environmental protection organizations that has done extensive studies regarding the most of American cities was gone. Following the influence of this word in the literature related to this field can be searched in 1975 and the writings of William Marlins on the fields of livable in Saturday Review and Christian Science Monitor.In recent years, research and development in the area of ​​sustainable cities has attracted much attention. The continued growth of urbanization with social, economic, physical, and environmental problems is creating a crisis leading to metropolitan instability, which in turn reduces the viability of metropolises. According to the standards, Tabriz's livelihoods were at a low level, and lack of proper planning would make it a city in the not too distant future where it would be difficult to live. Therefore, the necessity and importance of biodiversity debate in the Tabriz metropolis is increasing. In addition, given that Iranian cities are currently suffering from a lack of attention to existing urban contexts. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the viability of Tabriz urban texture. This article is based on scientific study and tries to answer the following questions.In terms of the subjective dimension of living (objectively satisfied residents) what is the status of Tabriz urban context?

This research is applied in nature and is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The measurement tool in this study was a questionnaire developed based on the subjective-psychological dimension of living (objective satisfaction of residents).  The statistical population of the study is based on the empirical view of urban environment quality assessment, the inhabitants of old and new urban texture based on Morgan table number of  1558693 people according to the size of community and according to Morgan table is 384 people, Classified by sampling and assigned appropriately to each of the low-lying, semi-rich and rich neighborhoods respectively, 39, 70 and 42 (old tissue samples) and 100, 71 and 62 (new tissue samples), respectively  given. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Multivariate analysis of variance is the extension of variance analysis to situations in which there is more than one dependent variable.

What exactly is more socially viable, according to Winnewon?  It's not completely clear, and people are happier and more satisfied in communities where their needs are better met. In this regard, due to the lack of attention to urban texture biodiversity and the increasing expansion of urbanization, upgrading the viability of Tabriz metropolitan area requires an examination of the status of urban tissues; And provide the basis for new urban development, insights, and cognition on the nature of Tabriz metropolitan urban biodiversity that identifies priorities for action to make these tissues viable in the decision environment.The results of the present study show that the overall life expectancy in Tabriz textures was below average, while the analysis of the current status of Tabriz's biodiversity in different dimensions shows that the average is generally achieved. In all aspects (urban services and infrastructure, urban environment, urban economy, urban management, urban history, and urban community), the findings were lower than average, and this is consistent with the findings of Rashidi et al (1395) who have estimated the biodiversity of Tabriz metropolitan area in comparison with Osco, Azarshahr, Bostanabad, Tabriz, Shabestar and Harris. This finding indicates that this metropolis will in the future be governed by the same current practice and managers and citizens will be not reinforce the deficiencies in the status queue, in the future the city will never move towards sustainability and sustainable development.According to the assessment made between the old and new textures of Tabriz metropolis, there is a significant difference in the viability. The results showed that the old tissue viability was higher than the new tissue based on the results due to the higher average ratings of services and urban infrastructure, urban community, urban history, urban economy, and urban management in the old tissue neighborhoods; This finding is in line with the findings of Dalir et al (1388) based on indicators of access to educational, health, daily shopping centers, weekly shopping malls, green spaces, recreational and sports centers, downtown and public transport to measure people's satisfaction with the new context Low level of evaluation, alignment.

The findings also indicate that in order to sustain the new texture, urban community, and urban management indices that have a significant difference with the old texture should be given more attention by city officials and managers. And in order to make old tissue more viable then the urban environment, which is less ranked than new tissue, must be taken into consideration by urban managers, so that proper planning for resource allocation and viability in these tissues should be emphasized. At the core of the indicators are the lower levels, so that by utilizing the available forces and potentials to achieve a comprehensive development that will bring prosperity and prosperity to all citizens.

Rainfall is amongst the most important climatic elements with a lot of spatial and temporal changes; in contrast to the other climatic phenomena, rainfall features more notable movement complexity. The studies performed in this regard indicate that such a climatic element as rainfall features a non-stationary behavior with a vast part of this non-stationariness being the result of the rainfall’s being influenced by the spatial properties and the complex pattern of the spatial organization causes the emergence of complex behaviors in the precipitations. The importance of the rainfall as the country’s water resource and the daily increasing reduction of the country’s water reservoirs demands the study of the rainfall’s behaviors. In the present study and by the assistance of the methods of spatial statistics, the spatial pattern of the spring rainfalls in the northwest of Iran will be elaborated. 
Data and

The study area of the present study is the regions in the northwest of Iran (Azerbaijan-e-Gharbi, Azerbaijan-e-Sharghi, Ardabil, Kurdistan and Zanjan Provinces) and, to perform the study, use has been made of the monthly precipitation data acquired from 121 synoptic stations as well as climatological investigations and precipitation studies for a period between 1994 and 2014.In order to perform the spatial analysis of the precipitations, use has been made of the digital map of the elevation in the environment of ArcGIS software for extracting slope and dip. In the next part and in order to analyse the spatial structure of the rainfall and investigate the degree of similarity between the data acquired from 121 station points, use has been made of the half pseudo-variance spatial correlation index. The Semivariogram has been estimated based on the arithmetic mean of the intervals.In the present study, use was made of the longitude and latitude of every station point and the rainfall rates of every point for delineating the empirical Semivariogram for three months, namely April, May and June in the environment of Variowin Software, version 2.2; then, various theoretical models were estimated in terms of their goodness of fit and the exponential model was selected as the best model for every month.In order to analyse the spatial factors influencing the spring rainfalls in the northwest, the balanced geographical regression model was estimated in terms of its goodness of fit with its output being the indicator or indicators influencing the occurrence of spring rainfalls according to the explanatory variables of slope, dip, elevation and latitude.

Following the investigation of the data related to April, it was made clear that the effect of the elevations on the rainfall variations is significant in this month in the entire parts of the region. The highest significant effect of the elevation has been in the central parts of the region for such a reason as the large density of the mountainous masses in this part and the passing of precipitation systems from these regions. In parts of the region’s north (north of Azerbaijan-e-Gharbi, Azerbaijan-e-Sharghi and Ardabil), the significance rate of elevation is reduced because these regions are plains and plateaus and lower in elevation than the other areas. Latitude has been found having a significant effect in the southwestern sections of the region (south of Azerbaijan-e-Gharbi, Kurdistan and Zanjan) and, in a more scattered manner, in the north of Urmia Lake and it seems that the reason for such a significance is the passing of the precipitation systems from the southern sections of the region.As in April, the effect of the elevation on the rainfall has been also found significant in all the sections of the region in May. The highest rate of significance has been found centered in the western and central sections of the region (particularly in the central parts) and this is completely due to the existence of the mountainous air masses. Considering the gradual displacement of the western winds towards the northernmost parts of the region and the vertical irradiation of the sunlight onto the sun-facing foothills, the role of the elevations becomes more accentuated in the creation of convectional rainfalls and the regions with lower elevation would receive lower precipitations. In June, as well, except the south-eastern section of the region (eastern half of Zanjan Province), the other regions have been found with the significant effect of elevation on the creation of rain. In this month, the conditions fit the occurrence of foothill convection in the studied area. The highest effect of the rising and falling lands on the creation of the rain has been evidenced for the north-western sections and this is in match with the path through which the western winds pass on these days; that is because the rain-causing winds are present in this section in this month and, considering the region’s elevations, cause the occurrence of rainfall. The effects of latitude in June is like those in May and the presence of the western winds and setting of the ground for the foothill convention causes rainfalls in the northern and central section of the study region.

Elevation has been found influential in the entire studied region on the rainfall because the high density of high grounds causes the ascension and condensation of the humid air that causes rainfall. Besides elevation, the dip also influences the rainfall in Kurdistan and south of Azerbaijan-e-Gharbi because the orientation of the foothills in this section sets the ground for the dynamic ascension of the humid air. In Ardabil and north of Azerbaijan-e-Sharghi, slope is also an effective factor. The high slope of these regions causes the acceleration of the humid air masses’ ascension. The effects of the latitude on rainfall during spring are different and mostly related to the presence of the western winds; in April in Kurdistan and in May and June in Azerbaijan-e-Sharghi, latitude has been found with the highest effect on the rainfall.

The growing population in cities and the increasing need for goods and services, has increased the traffic of freight vehicles, and on the other hand, a large part of the intra-city freight transportation network is done by various vehicles, which disregarding it causes irregularities in urban transportation, car accidents and events, psychological problems and insecurity of citizens, air pollution and pollutants increase, high fuel consumption, congestion and delay in the road network and dozens of other cases. Although the intra-city freight transportation fleet comprises only 20 percent of the vehicles traveling within the urban network, it has allocated 40 percent of emission of pollutants and noise pollution, and 35 percent of accidents to itself. One of the solutions to manage and promote the quality level of freight and goods transportation system is to use smart tools and systems in freight and goods transportation system. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to find the best solution to smarten the intra-city freight and goods transportation according to the criteria of sustainable development.

The research method has been conducted based on 7 stages of multi-actor multi-criteria analysis. Using library study and interview, at first the methods of smartening intra-city freight transportation and stakeholder groups were identified, then the criteria of sustainable development related to each of the stakeholder groups and related to smartening intra-city freight transportation were determined. After specifying which group each criterion belongs to, the weight of each criterion was determined for each group using the method of Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). For this purpose, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was designed for each group separately and distributed among the participants. The weight of each criterion was determined as a percentage, which indicates the importance that the stakeholder groups have attributed to these goals. After determining the weight of the criteria, a questionnaire was designed and distributed again to measure the impact ratio of each of the solutions on each of the criteria. This questionnaire is also of pairwise comparison type and has been analyzed by AHP method. In this research, by consulting with experts and elites, the weight of all groups was considered the same. The average of desirability ratio of each method from the perspective of stakeholder groups was also determined, which provides an overview of the perspective of all stakeholder groups. After specifying how much desirability each solution has in the view of each stakeholder group, this issue was addressed that what is the best solution to smarten intra-city freight transportation, so that by using it the current transportation system can also be improved, and can attract the satisfaction of all stakeholder groups as well. For this purpose, multi-actor multi-criteria analysis method was used. By averaging the percentage of desirability ratio of the proposed solutions among various groups, the most desirable method for smartening freight and goods transportation was specified.

In this research, four solutions have been introduced for smartening the intra-city freight and goods transportation, which are: 1- smartening urban roads, 2- smartening freight vehicles, 3- smartening warehouses, 4- designing mobile application for ordering freight vehicles. In the next step, individuals were classified into four groups under the title of stakeholder groups, which are: 1- City managers and officials, including mayors, transportation deputies, officials of the Freight and Passenger Transportation Organization, and officials of the Freight Transportation Terminals Organization, 2 - Freight and goods transportation operators, including freight companies and drivers of freight vehicles, 3- Goods consignors, including manufacturers, wholesalers and warehousemen, and 4- Goods recipients, including retailers. The sustainable development criteria were divided into four sections according to the goals and views of stakeholder groups in relation to smartening freight transportation, in a way that it was specified to which group each criterion belongs. Thus, both the goals and views of the public sector and the goals and views of the private sector were examined. Based on the analysis of data collected from the questionnaires, it was specified that the most important criterion according to the public sector (city managers and officials) is traffic management, while the criterion of traffic considerations has never been located in the first priorities of the private sector (senders, receivers and operators of transportation). Based on the one-actor analysis, the application design solution has the highest desirability from the point of view of senders and transportation operators, and from the point of view of city managers and officials, it is in the second place with a slight difference compared to smartening city roads. But from the point of view of the recipients of goods, smartening freight vehicles has allocated the highest desirability to itself. Based on the multi-actor multi-criteria analysis method, application design has generally been introduced as the most desirable method for smartening freight and goods transportation. This method has been at priority not just from the point of view of freight recipients and has been able to attract the view of other stakeholder groups to itself. The next criterion is smartening freight vehicles, which has the highest desirability from the point of view of freight recipients and is in the fourth rank in the view of city managers and officials. Then there is the criterion of smartening urban roads, which has the highest desirability from the point of view of city managers and officials. Finally, there is the criterion of smartening warehouses, which has been able to achieve relative desirability only from the point of view of freight transportation operators.

In this research, by measuring the importance ratio of criteria from the viewpoint of all stakeholder groups and comparing these views with each other, it was specified that there is a disagreement between the private sector (senders and recipients of goods and transportation operators) and the public sector (city managers and officials). From the perspective of the private sector, traffic considerations have the least importance compared to other criteria, while traffic management is the most important criterion from the perspective of the public sector. This disagreement has also been observable in choosing the best solution.

 Considering that the population growth rate of the surrounding cities of Tabriz metropolis in 2006-2010 Sardroud, Ilkhichi, Osku, and Basmanj cities is 2, 1.8, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively, that the growth rate of Sardroud city is more than other all surrounding cities of the metropolis of Tabriz. The study of statistics related to Sardroud city shows the changes in population growth and stages of growth and development of the city so that the population has increased 2.6 times and the area of the city has increased 2.7 times during the 35 years (1976-2011).The increase of industries of Sardroud has played a significant role in the spatial-physical changes of Sardroud. By comparing the position of different economic sectors in Sardroud with East Azerbaijan province, the total growth rate of the reference economy in 1996-2006 has been equal to 1.6. Also, the province's economic structure during the mentioned period has always been negative and has had a downward trend. The variation rate of the economic structure in the province has been 3.126% in 1996-2006, in comparison with Sardroud city with a high variation coefficient of 7.164%.Population growth and increase in industries in Sardroud city have led to the unplanned constructions and many changes in the spatial-physical structure of the city, the destruction of agricultural lands (so that the area of agricultural lands and gardens in 1999 has been 6382180 square meters (65.2%) and, 3252635 square meters (26.35%) in 2011), and the emergence of various spatial-physical, environmental, social and economic problems, including land-use change, air pollution, water, soil, negative effects on green space, etc. Therefore, the current study can contribute to the logical understanding of these factors and recognizing the urban issues and problems, proper and rational dealing with these issues, and the thoughtful and tactical design for the future development of the city by recognizing and assessing the physical-spatial growth of the city in two periods of 1998 and 2012 and its changes over time.

The research method is adjusted based on the nature, subject, and objectives of each research. Therefore, the current study is comparative-analytical research and is applied- developmental in terms of nature. The information related to the area, etc. were collected from the master plan (provided by the Rajan Ab Zagros consultant engineers) and other researchers and is classified based on the research requirements. Relative quantitative entropy model, Gini coefficient. Moran, Gary, and adjusted Gary coefficients were used to analyze the data.

Based on investigating the density ratio of Sardroud neighborhoods in 2011, the entropy value of Sardroud was 0.91 in 2011. The entropy value in 1999 has been 0.85 for Sardroud neighborhoods. Although it has had more concentration compared with 2011, the entropy value has been towards zero. However, its value is high and indicates the sprawl in the neighborhoods of Sardroud city.The obtained Gini coefficient for 1999 and 2011 is 0.35 and 0.36, respectively, indicating the unequal distribution in two decades.However, the Gini coefficient value for 2011 shows the unequal dispersion of the population comparing to 1999. Moran coefficient was calculated for 1999 and 2011. The obtained value for 1999 is 0.03, indicating the unipolar random accumulation pattern of Sardroud similar to most of the cities in Iran. Also, the obtained value for 2011 was 0.01, indicating the movement of Sardroud towards being multipolar in the future. Gary coefficient was also calculated for 1999 and 2011. The obtained values for 1999 and 2011 are 0.05 and 1.99, respectively. It indicates that in 2011, the city was closer to the sprawl dispersion pattern and shows that accumulation and density in Sardroud were more in 1999, comparing to 2011, and the urban sprawl increases in 2011.
The calculations show that Sardroud city has been towards sprawl development, and this dispersion leads to the destruction of the agricultural lands and gardens.

According to the research findings, this type of urban structure has had many negative consequences in different environmental, social, and economic sectors, including destruction of the agricultural lands around the city and so on.  Taking efficient urban management policies to consider density, public transportation and land use that affect the urban form of Sardroud city. Since the city is inevitable to grow and expand and population growth is always present in cities, it is necessary to use specific strategies and tools to manage the growth of cities and effectively control the sprawl expansion of cities, to avoid further waste and destruction of suitable suburban agricultural land around the cities and reduce the negative consequences of this type of urban development.

Soil erosion is a process of moving soil by water or wind - when the soil particles are detached and is one of the main forms of soil destruction around the world which restricts sustainable development of the earth resources by creating negative environmental effects (Marques et al, 2018). Every year more than 75 billion tons of soil is eroded from the earth's surface which is amounted to 134 tons per square kilometer (Sobhani, 2002,18). In Iran too nearly 2 billion tons of valuable soils are lost annually and damages resulted from soil erosion is amounted to 56 billion dollar (Gholami, 2002,20). Karst areas have their special conditions due to their special hydrological and geomorphological conditions. Alvand basin is a distinguished karset basin in the west of Kermanshah province and the problem of soil erosion has existed in this basin for long time and exerted destructive effects on the environment. It is feared that by continuing current trend and its intensification due to human activities and destruction of oak forests, this basin faces with stone desertification in addition to disturbance in karst water resources and hydraulic constructions of the basin face with problems resulted from sediment. Meanwhile no study has been conducted in the Alvand basin surface to assess soil erosion by taking in to account karst condition, then conducting this research is essential and necessary. The goal of this study is to evaluate and zone soil erosion by taking karst geomorphological condition in Alvan basin in to account.

Methods and materials:

Library, descriptive-analytical, field methods as well as SMLRK model were used. Above model includes influential internal parameters (infiltration, erodibility and morphology) and external parameters (land use and rainfall erosivity). In this study above model is conducted in two modes with and without involvement of infiltration parameters. For verification of the maps error matrix of two maps were calculated. Research data includes Landsat satellite image, 10 meters DEM, geological and pedological map and rainfall data from climate stations of the region.

In the zoning map obtained from equation (5) infiltration parameter which covers karst aspects has been neglected (Fig.7). Classes with low and very low erosion constitute 44.68% of the basin area, class with moderate erosion 21.9% of the basin area and classes with high and very high erosion 33.4% of the Alvan basin area. Totally, nearly 55% of the Alvand basin area is exposed to the risk of moderate to high soil erosion. Low erosion class conforms to plains’ surface and hilly regions of the basin. These regions generally have agricultural and rangeland and semi-dense forests use.Texture of the soil in these regions is heavy with lot of mineral materials and very deep. This karst class morphologically has low sleep and the directions are back to the sun and are less in the realm of the karst regions. Zone with moderate erosion conforms to erosive plains in the west of the basin, hilly regions and low hillsides of the zone’s mountains. The usage of these regions is usually rangeland- forest and includes parts of the karst regions of the basin. From morphological point of view, it has medium slope and soil texture is moderate with mineral materials and moderate depth. Zone with grate erosion exists both in karst and non-karst areas. These regions are usually steep and have rangeland and thin forest use with light soil texture and shallow. Karset regions are located in Sirvan, Ghalaje, Sarkesh, Deh Nooshak, Navakooh and Dalahou heights. Highly erosive zones conforms to rocky and steep regions with thin rangeland use, soil texture is light and very shallow (Fig.7B).  Low and very low erosive zones occupied 38.75% , moderate erosive zone 29.86% and high and very highly erosive zones 31.37% of the Alvan basin surface (table. 8). Land use, morphology, geomorphological, rainfall and soil condition in each of these zones is the same as erosive zones of the previous map.

In SMLRK model unlike most common models, karst geomorphological conditions have been involved in its sub-parameters. In this research final map of the erosion results from this model has been provided in two ways with and without involvement of the infiltration parameters. In the final maps of the soil erosion obtained from two methods, there are five erosive zones. Providing soil final erosive map for the Alvand basin using infiltration parameters causes changes in the surface of the erosive zones and their special distribution. With involvement of the infiltration parameters in modeling soil erosion of the Alvand basin, surface of low and high erosive zones in the map with five factors compared to the soil erosion maps with four factor has decreased and  surface of the very low, moderate and very high erosive zone has increased 2.04%, 7.96% and 5.98% respectively. In order to evaluate exactitude of the obtained maps their error matrix and similarity degree were calculated (Table 9). Accordingly, two maps and their classes were compared based on pixel and total sum of table diagonal is divided to total sum of the tables which expresses similarity degree of two maps. Similarity degree between two maps is 54.85% which reflects the main effect of infiltration parameter in amending result. Indeed, karst developed areas in east and north heights of the basin with involvement of infiltration parameter are located in highly erosive zone. Therefore, karst zoning results obtained from involvement of the infiltration parameter and consequently karst geomorphology have better performance and the results of this mode of model reflects more soil erosion in the area having karst geomorphology.

Urbanization as a revolution in human culture has transformed human interactions with one another. As the urbanization population grows, the use of the environment is intensified. Studies have shown that increasing population and expanding urbanization are turning urban green spaces into rough and impermeable concrete surfaces, and this trend is especially serious in developing countries and the Third World. Since urban growth is a complex phenomenon in which a number of variables interact nonlinearly, the use of ANNs to model urban development and growth is perfectly reasonable. Artificial neural networks with nonlinear mapping structure have been developed for modeling interconnected systems such as the brain consisting of neurons. The artificial neural network is independent of the statistical distribution of data and does not require any specific statistical variables, so this feature facilitates the combination of remote sensing data and GIS. Currently, remote sensing science is changing a fundamental paradigm in which one- or two-image interpretation approaches pave the way for a wide array of data-rich applications. These improvements are facilitated by the GEE Satellite Image Processing System. The purpose of this research is to introduce a new system (GEE), to investigate and analyze this web portal, its application in monitoring and evaluation of human habitat changes (GHSL) and to map the relationship created using MLP model to predict physical development changes in Tabriz.

In this study, the Google Earth Engine (GEE) satellite image processing online system was used to process and extract the global GHSL product, and then the MLP model of Terset was used to predict changes.

In this study, it was attempted to analyze and analyze Landsat satellite images in a few minutes in order to prepare physical development map of Tabriz city without using hard data and to predict future development changes using the data available in Google Inheritance Satellite Image Processing System. Physically measure the city using the MLP model. GEE online processor has been able to map the growth of urbanization in the Tabriz city over the past six years. With the increase in urbanization over the past 40 years in the city of Tabriz, we have seen the destruction of about 38% of gardens and agriculture in the city, and even this system of rapid population growth in recent years (2014) on the outskirts of Tabriz as the main center of recent earthquakes.

 It has shown the city of Tabriz and is also witnessing a growing trend towards physical development of the city in this part of Tabriz. The results of the MLP model show that the physical development of Tabriz in the future is northeastward and on the outskirts of Mount Aoun bin Ali.

Sport has always been an important part of the culture of any society that can have a significant impact on the individual and social levels. The increase in the population of cities and the change in the pattern of work and machine life has created one of the biggest problems. It has brought with itself the diseases of the present age, that is, inactivity and many problems such as physical, mental, educational, and so on problems. Therefore, proper status, rational distribution of sports spaces and the creation of sports places ensure the health of the community. The use of sports lands is one of the most important uses and is very important and it is very important to pay attention to it in urban space in urbanization processes with increasing demand of population for cities. Residential areas, land, commercial buildings, sports spaces and leisure times, roads and parking lots, and so on will replace vegetation, to the extent that today in terms of green space and open areas between urban networks and natural patterns, no vacant space is found. Undoubtedly, paying attention to sports and recreational spaces and urban services is the most important point. Sports spaces are places in which the fields of sports perform leisure times or participate in various competitions. 

The purpose of the present research is to analyze the status of sports places and uses in Izeh. The research method is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and library, questionnaire, interview and observation methods have been used to collect data. The statistical population of the research is elite experts in the field of urban and sports in this city. The sample size has been considered 27 people and through personal estimation method. For data analysis, Williamson’s model and SPSS software and one sample test were used.

Urban land use planning, spatial organizing of human activities and performances should be defined based on the demands and needs of urban society. Attention to sports and recreational spaces is considered as one of the most important service uses in the city. Sport has regained its role as a part of the city's recreational performance along with other service spaces. Sports can make people enthusiastic to spend their money by bringing people together for a variety of sports events, from making sports public to holding sports competitions. By exercising and attending sports events, people need the proper sports infrastructures, environment, places and facilities. Per capita sports facilities vary in various countries from European to American countries. Therefore, in this research, the status of sports places and uses in Izeh has been evaluated and analyzed. The proposed criteria for analysis and evaluation of sports places in Izeh were selected and determined in 14 indicators.

Sports spaces are considered as one of the most important uses at the city level, which have allocated a significant level to itself. According to conducted studies, out of 15 neighborhoods in Izeh, four neighborhoods do not have sports space and 11 neighborhoods have sports space of 67,653 square meters. Also, from the analysis of 14 selected components using Williamson’s model, it was specified that the average of Williamson’s index for Izeh is 0.21, which indicates the shortage and inappropriate distribution of sports space and use in this city. Also, based on the results of one-sample t-test, the status of the number of sports places (hall/indoor) with -2.819, the status of holding sports competitions at the neighborhood level with -2.787, the appropriate distribution of sports uses at the city level with -2.767, the status of sports equipment at the parks and gardens levels of the city with -2.760 had the most severe dissatisfaction among experts, respectively, while the components of the status of donors’ welcoming to build sports places at the city level with -1.01, the status of financial cooperation between government and semi-government departments with the sports sector of the city with -1.023, the status of sports activities in the dimension of health at government and semi-government departments level of the city with -1.03, had less intensity in dissatisfaction in this regard.

In today’s world, the growing trend of urban population and urbanization process on the one hand, and the need to maintain land located in the suburbs and valuable  natural area and the need to save the land on the other hand, has put high-rise construction and dense urban development on the agenda of the urban management. The provision of housing and the issue of population housing have always been the most significant factor in the nature and objective of such planning, and may have marginalized considerations and observance of various physical, social, cultural and environmental criteria. Because of factors such as the reconstruction of the ruins of the eight-year war, the process of migration from rural areas and other cities of West Azerbaijan province to this city, at a time, the city of Urmia first began to develop horizontally through numerous changes in urban uses, after that time, due to huge costs, the existence of natural barriers from a geographical point of view, the inability of the local executive body in providing infrastructure networks, the tendency to develop high-rise buildings within the urban management setting and consequently among the private sector becamemore powerful. The process of dense construction of Urmia began more or less in the late 1990s, and since then, the city of Urmia has been the bedrock for the construction of high-rise residential buildings in high and relatively high areas; and during this period, natural resources and barren lands underwent land use changes and dense development; consequently, the development of high buildings, apart from social and cultural inadequacies, has imposed congestion and traffic problems in the alleys, as well as the inconsistency, heterogeneity and ugliness on the city.

This research is of cognitive type in terms of purpose, and is of evaluation type  in terms of method; it is of cross-sectional in terms of time; and, is quantitative in terms of data type. Primary data were analyzed in SPSS software, specifically through using one-sample t-test and Friedman test. The statistical population of the study includes citizens living in district 1 of Urmia Municipality, and based on Cochran's formula, the sample size has been calculated and determined to be 384 people. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was prepared based on simple random sampling method in the number of the sample size, and it was distributed in the study area. And its face and content validity has been estimated based on the purpose of the research through consulting with professors and experts, and its reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha test to measure the internal consistency of items, and was found to be 0.81.

Nowadays, the need for a high-rise construction strategy is more apparent due to the increasing population growth and land constraints. High-rise buildings, as the result of technological advancement, can increase pollution due to the negative environmental consequences associated with high population and building densities, if not properly controlled and supervised. In this study, according to one -sample t-test, all four dimensions include a moderate to high status (social: 30.4; economic: 28.7; environmental: 26.8; and physical: 45.6). According to Friedman test, the reason for the moderate to high social status is the proportionality of the security situation and the low rate of conflict, but the sense of belonging and life suitability in the units is not very satisfactory. The above-average economic status is due to the profitability in construction and the existence of seasonal jobs, which is associated with a service-oriented economy in strict 1 of the city of Urmia. Regarding the environmental dimension, the relatively good health status has taken an average to high score, and at the same time the quality of waste collection in strict 1 of Urmia is appropriate. But noise pollution is on the rise in the strict. In terms of the physical dimension, the proper quality of the water, gas and telephone network has given it a moderate to high status. But the physical dimension of district 1 has been problematic for high-rise buildings in cases such as neighborhood , emergency stairs, building strength, impact on street congestion due to shortage of parking areas.

According to the criteria studied and what is highlighted in the principles of high-rise construction, more density of the city leads to the lower transportation, while the case study in this research is one of the busiest parts of the city in terms of traffic, daily and night movement of personal vehicles. Despite the possibility of better and more use of urban lands, district 1, which has a higher slope and is at higher altitude comparing to the other areas of the city, does not have much power and possibility to get natural light, and has increased shading. It has inevitably failed to achieve urban sustainability. It can be acknowledged that despite the expansion of high-rise buildings and the vertical growth and density of the city, the location allocation of these units has not been done properly; and in the field of construction, the obvious principles such as height proportion, facade proportion, neighborhood, distribution of facilities and services, etc. have not been observed, and this issue has distorted the urban landscape. In addition, the lack of infrastructure such as multi-storey parking areas and the lack of parking in the buildings have contributed to the congestion of the streets. And all of theses issues are due to not following a distinct and standard pattern, and the process of transformation of the district has been mostly subjective in terms of high-rise construction.