فصلنامه مدیریت بحران و وضعیت های اضطراری
پیاپی 37 (تابستان 1399)

Successful crisis management call for communication between the managing system and the stakeholders involved in the crisis aiming at information establishment, justification, calming down, stimulating appropriate behavior, and the like. Probably the most important communicational concept used in this process relates to the emotional concept of fear excitement. The effectiveness of this sort of messages in persuasive communication, including communication in crisis, has always been subject to arguments leading to various studies. Explaining four main research approaches to persuasive effectiveness, frightening messages, and the role they play in communication at crisis are investigated. Afterwards, referring to some moderate variables in such effectiveness, the researcher tried to propose a general understanding of the frightening stimulations in crisis communication.

Crisis management is a very substantial issue being emphasized seriously by managers in the field of action and thought in recent years. The reason is that discussing this issue helps us identify solutions for community management problems. The Shiites believe that their Imams have solved and managed political and social crises for the survival of Islam and the Shiite religion in their times. Based on crisis management theory, this study is aimed at investigating the role of Imam Sajjad (AS) in managing and directing the political and social crises after the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (AS). The results confirmed the hypothesis that the Shiites re-energized themselves for clarifying their beliefs after Ashura.

Having aimed at explaining the planning and decision-making of the media organization in the management of natural disasters, this study has clarified planning processes through a descriptive-explanatory method. The research findings indicated that media administrators must predict all probable crises, and plan to deal with all possible incidents. Media administrators are supposed to design certain plans of action for achieving the goals, and to get prepared and have plans even for unpredictable tasks and potential social crises. It seems necessary for planning in the field of news media, on the one hand, to identify the main components of the working groups of news message production, and on the other hand, consider the organizational objectives and the type of audiences and the crisis situations. Then, having the organizational objectives in mind, the messages can be managed to be delivered through appropriate means and channels.

Political crises are significant issues causing serious challenges for the Islamic Republic of Iran. A review of the US approaches during the past 36 years, and the methods that the Supreme Leader of the Islamic revolution has selected to manage these threats are quite considerable and must be analyzed deeply. It is necessary to realize how the Supreme Leader, as the Vali Faqih, been able to withdraw the enemies from all their positions. Hence, the appreciation of all these blessings from Almighty God, as well as a perfect obedience to the commands of the leader in fighting against the enemy plots, make the outstanding priorities of the country. This study is aimed at investigating the political lives of Imam Khomeini and Imam Khamenei, and pointing out the capabilities and soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

As an unknown widespread critical disease, the Corona (Covid 19) has embarrassed all peoples throughout the world. This unidentifiable virus has created challenges for the authorities responsible for confronting with it.  Crisis management, too, is facing great problem in dealing with it. This study is intended to explore and identify the challenges of corona crisis management at the local level. This is a qualitative research for the implementation of which grounded theory is employed. The sample population is selected on the basis of targeted snowball and availability sampling methods. The research is conducted with the participation of twenty people as a sample community by semi-structured interviews. Theoretical coding method is used for data analysis. Eventually, eight main categories were discovered, including social dissatisfaction, contingency decisions, organizating weakness, inefficiency in crisis management, negligence of popular movements, lack of special funding, non-empowerment of local administrators, inefficiency of laws, and islanding operation. These categories cover eight more other components. The relations of these categories are drawn in the paradigm model.

This research is aimed at identifying the measures which officials have to take in order to promote public satisfaction in times of crisis. This is a quantitative-qualitative combined research. Data collection tools include content analyses of internal and external studies as well as interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. The statistical population of the study includes students and professors of the University of Semnan from whom 12 professors of psychology, organizational behavior, human resource and communication were selected as sample by judgment purposive sampling method for the qualitative section. A sample of 375 people was selected for the quantitative section by cluster-random sampling method. One-sample t-test and TOPSIS technique were used for data analysis. According to the data evaluation, the following measures were identifies as the effective ones of the 20 identified measures:  "humane and noble conduct", "avoidance from guesswork", "avoiding immediate interviews", "avoiding uncontrolled interviews", "establishing a platform for reporters "," avoiding any sort of tensions with reporters", "assuring people that the situation is under control", "predicting probable crises, considering the requirements of people and the characteristics of the audience"," 24-hour presence”, "announcement of results and news", "non-exclusive control of news coverage by special media and announcing any news and outcomes", "avoidance of exclusive reference to special news agencies, “abdication", "apology", "introducing responsible authorities to people until the crisis is resolved", "proposing accurate practical, clear program with  action plan for its performance”, “attending the situation in an informal simple appearance fitting the miserable situation of the crisis", "communicating with the families of the victims properly and honestly", "avoiding generalizations and ambiguity in words and programs", and "punishing or dismissing those who endorsed the crisis.