نشریه پژوهش گردشگری
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار 1399)

The purpose of this paper is to show which discourses are influenced by tourism media texts produced. The method of this research is critical discourse analysis based on Fairclough theory and the three stages of Fairclough critical discourse analysis have been completed. The data of this research are qualitative and from media texts; Lectures, reports, interviews with experts and tourism managers of Iran during the Corona have been obtained. In this paper, based on Fairclough three-step method (description, interpretation and explanation), it was shown that the texts of Iranian tourism media in the Corona period, which represent the reality of the tourism economic crisis in the corona pandemic, are influenced by two discourses. Discourse 1: We will probably encounter a large volume of tourism in Iran in the post-Corona space; because the citizens are very tired of housekeeping, quarantine, cyberspace, virtual tours, etc., and after Corona, with the provision of relatively stable conditions, they will have tourism in their program. The second discourse; the model of tourism in the world and consequently in Iran will change, so that even the way tourists choose their tourist destinations will change.

Various environmental factors influence the outbreak and spread of epidemic or even pandemic events which, in turn, may cause feedbacks on the environment. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic on 13 March 2020 and its rapid onset, spatial extent and complex consequences made it a once-in-a-century global disaster. Most countries responded by social distancing measures and severely diminished economic and other activities. Consequently, by the end of April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous environmental impacts, both positive such as enhanced air and water quality in urban areas, and negative, such as shoreline pollution due to the disposal of sanitary consumables. This study, while presents an early overview of the observed and potential effects of the COVID-19 on the environment, focuses on its effects on the various sciences study fields during the corona virus epidemic, with an emphasis on the methodology of heritage sciences. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the study patterns of various branches of heritage and identity sciences have changed significantly. This transition involves a wide range of changes, such as a decrease in the tendency to field interpretations. In heritage sciences quantitative researches are very important, as the researcher is confronted with the data collected from heritage objects, the contamination of these objects, persistence of the virus on the surfaces and instructions for removing them. In heritage science qualitative researches, many researchers may have stopped their data acquisition or redesigned their project methodology. The outbreak of COVID-19 has led researchers to find the way how they can use remote techniques to gather the data needed for their research and perform appropriate analyzes.

The emergence and prevalence of COVID-19 affected all tourism activities, including ecotourism. What has prevailed so far in the literature of this field of study is indeed, the study of ecotourism development in order to reduce the negative effects of COVID-19 and to start the development measures. However, the relatively long cessation of ecotourism activities in the country raised the question of how to resume ecotourism activities in the post- COVID-19 era. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the questions in the fields of ecotourism activities, the effects of the coronavirus and the strategies for rehabilitation of ecotourism in the post- COVID-19 period. The statistical population of the study consists of ecotourism areas in the east of Mazandaran, and the purposeful sampling method was used to select the samples. A qualitative interview method was used for data collection, in which a number of eco-lodge owners were interviewed. The results showed that: (1) Beneficiaries did not see the need to complete recession of ecotourism resorts and believed that the operation and use of ecotourism was possible due to observing natural social distance by observing minimum health protocols; (2) The health safety of ecotourism resorts is the same as staying at home; (3) At least a three-year period is required to return to the normal situation, since the peak return period is not expected in the near future; (4) The re-creation of ecotourism activities requires the establishment of a strong regional organization such as the East Mazandaran Ecotourism Corporation, in order to establish a constructive interaction with the government; (5) Providing financial facilities for the newly established ecotourism, so that it can resume ecotourism activities. While other studies have used secondary data at the national and macro levels to examine COVID-19chr('39')s effects on economic indicators, the present study uses primary data and field study findings to analyze original personal experiences of the economic impact of COVID-19 on ecotourism at the local community level.

Invaluable Hyrcanian Forests in North of Iran, with a history of several million years, inscribed on the UNESCOchr('39')s World Heritage List, according to criterion (ix), Ref. 1584, in July 14, 2019, in the 43th session of the World Heritage Committee in Baku, Azerbaijan Republic, as the second natural World Heritage of IR of Iran. Inscription on the World Heritage List not only is a unique chance for appropriate introduction of these ancient forests to the world, but also led to economic and tourism development in the country and local communities around the inscribed sites. However, outbreak of COVD 19 has created many challenges for global economy and tourism industry. Outbreak of COVID 19 has positive and negative impacts on natural environment and resource. The aim of this study is assessment of the Corona Virus outbreak impacts on the Hyrcanians World Heritage sites.

Today, threats facing humanity are fundamentally different from those in previous years. The risks associated with these brand-new hazards cannot be kept under control and look to be far more serious and deadly than the risks posed by age-old or natural hazards. Some of them have become a global crisis and had a far-reaching impact on tourism. The coronavirus crisis (COVID 19) is one of the most effective global crises that has profoundly affected tourism and paralyzed many tourism activities. Getting back to normal and the time before this crisis seems to take a long time. The purpose of this article is to investigate and identify the impact of the COVID 19 virus on tourism industry, which has been done using a descriptive method and data collection. In this review, the issue has been explored within the framework of the Sendai Treaty. In this treaty, health is a key element of the Sendai framework for reducing the risk of crisis in the 2030-2015 perspective. This study shows that the humanitarian crisis of COVID 19 is the most serious and devastating global challenge after World War II. Prevention and treatment of this virus have not yet been developed. It is therefore very important that we continue to share, learn, and innovate so that we can improve monitoring, prevention, and treatment. The importance of responsible behavior and international cooperation to reduce the effects of the virus is a new approach in global decisionmaking. The tourism industry cannot achieve much success without this vision. On the other hand, gaining customer trust in tourism companies requires new skills and learning methods in the field of hospitality and responsibility at different levels as an international protocol.

The tourism industry is one of the activities that has faced a crisis due to the outbreak of COVID-19 disease. Most studies have focused on the economic aspect, while events show that global socio-cultural crises caused by COVID-19 will make this industry even more challenging in the future. These concerns include tourist behavior. In this article, which is a qualitative and descriptive-analytical research, collecting the data by interviews with fifteen experts in the fields of tourism, psychology and sociology, the tendency of people to travel after the COVID-19 and psychological damage affecting tourist behavior have been studied. Mental disorders caused by this disease have caused many problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, obsession, fear, anger and rage. The results of the interviews indicated that the post- COVID-19 tourist behavior, in most cases, will lead to a greater desire to travel; however, affected by the COVID-19, different tourist personality traits, negative or positive destructive behaviors can be seen. Also, due to the nature of tourism, religious and natural destinations will be a priority for travel.