نشریه راهبردهای توسعه روستایی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، تابستان 1399)

paper aims to study and analysis of effects good governance on sense of social security improvement in the rural areas of Ardabil County. This study is descriptive - analytical in terms of research methods, practical in terms of nature and is a library and field kind of research in terms of the type of data collection. The tool used in measuring the questionnaire was made by the researcher.Statistical society of research included all of villagers residing in the rural areas of Ardabil County (N=85053). In addition for determining sample size the villagers of residing in the rural areas of Ardabil county was used Cochran formula. Finally, the sample size of rural youth 383 was determined. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.74-0.88). For data analysis, SPSS software was used.The obtained results from descriptive findings show that between average of good governance components, average of transparency component (11.25) stand in the first order and average of law domination component (4.26) stand in the last order. And also, from between average of social security sense components, average of personal security (10.8) stand in the first order and average of Judicial security stand in the last order. Also, the results of research showed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between all variables of research except for rule of law and effectiveness and efficacy variables and improvement of social security sense

Equivalent scale is a good solution to this problem and provides an indicator for comparing the well-being of households with the number of different members. Equivalent scale indicates how much extra money is needed to increase the size of a household so that it can be as comfortable as a reference household _a family with two children_. Since the poverty line has been growing in Khorasan Razavi in 2018 and also the poverty line in different parts of Iran is very different from each other and therefore policies to support the poor should be considered in accordance with the conditions of each region. Therefore, a study that examines poverty in this province is necessary. Data used for income and expenditure of urban and rural households in Khorasan Razavi in 2018. The results showed that first, by choosing a reference household, the number of children and the elderly has a greater effect on the poverty rate than the per capita expenditure method. A simulation was then used to examine the change in average household expenditure by changing household size and transferring children and adults to higher levels. The results showed that by changing the size of the household, reducing the size of the household, the average cost increases. Also, with the transfer of children to the adult category, the average cost decreases, while with the transfer of adults to the elderly group, the average cost increases.

One of the major problems in agriculture in Guilan province is land use change. The change of use of agricultural lands in this province annually removes part of the fertile lands from the production cycle. The main purpose of this study is to identify the factors which affects the change of use of agricultural lands in the village of Belgor. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and has a descriptive -analytical nature. Survey was used to collect information. The statistical sample of the study include local experts of the village and n=50 people were selected. The research instrument is a research-made questionnaire whose formal validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by pre-test and Alpha Cronbach (0.86) coefficient. The factor analysis technique was used for analyzing data through SPSS software. The results of factor analysis determined four elements as the most important factors affecting land use change including ; the governing Factor , the cause of life problems in the village, economic Factor and environmental Factor. These four factors identified 66.57% of the agricultural land use change factor. According to the results, the most important driving force in changing the use of agricultural lands in the village of Belgor is the governing Factor. By focusing on this issue, amending and enacting new laws can prevent the upward trend of lands use change in this village.

Women's participation in agricultural activities is important. The purpose of this study was Canonical Analysis of the social factors affecting the participation of rural women in post-harvest operations in Moghan plain. The statistical population of this study was all farmers of Moghan plain (N = 1303). Using Cochran's formula, 210 of them were selected as sample size. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to determine the validity of the questionnaire from experts' point of view, its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (0.89). Research variables included transportation, storage, processing, packaging and marketing. Membership in the production co-operative, village council, microfinance fund and parent association were also considered as independent variables. The results showed that horticulturists working in production cooperatives had less marketing skills, while village gardeners had better skills. According to the findings of the present study, external education (comprehensive training of members and co-operative directors by the Cooperative Office, Agricultural Jihad and Promotion Organizations, ... in the field of sales and marketing of their products) and internal training (mutual learning of cooperative members And rural councils on marketing, etc.), networking at the individual level (social capital) and institutional level (political capital), adopting supportive policies of the cooperative sector and village council (insurance Products, marketing, credits) and the creation of infrastructure with the involvement of rural microfinance funds with government support.

In this study, the amount of energy consumption and its efficiency for pomegranate fruit production in areas of Mahwalat city of Khorasan-Razavi, was investigated by data envelopment analysis approach. The information required for the study was completed by completing 80 questionnaires among pomegranate orchard farmers in 2017. According to the data collected from the field study on how to perform agricultural operations on this crop, the amounts of input and output energies were calculated and their efficiency was evaluated. The results showed that the energy of two inputs of fuel and nitrogen fertilizer with 44.15 and 29.64%, respectively, were the most consumed energy inputs in production. The average production of pomegranate in Dughabad village was 7043.75 kg / ha and the total energy consumption in pomegranate orchards was 13383 MJ / ha. The results also showed that with decreasing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the use of machinery in pomegranate orchards, the average efficiency increases. Therefore, it is recommended to use less chemical fertilizers in pomegranate orchards. It is also suggested to increase the use of agricultural machinery to save time and increase efficiency.Keywords: Energy, Performance, Pomegranate, Mahvelat city, Consumption Pattern

Establishing food security of households is one of the goals of economic, social and cultural development programs of the country and therefore it is important to estimate the level of household food security. In the present study, food security of rural areas of Zahak city was assessed using Coping Strategy Index in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that about 80% of the studied households are in poor nutrition and have used strategies to cope with food insecurity. In addition, the variables of annual income, household head occupation, type of household head occupant, rural to urban distance, number of households, access to mobile phones and household head addiction status are among the factors affecting food security level. Accordingly, effective steps can be taken to achieve the desired level of food security by trying to empower the villagers, improve the job situation and income of the head of the household and raise the level of awareness of the people by agricultural promoters.

The dominant form and the first step in smartening rural areas is the establishment of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) offices. Rural areas have been deprived of many facilities due to distance and dispersion, and the use of smart technologies can effectively play a role in providing services (educational, administrative, banking, etc.). Since the performance of offices is effective in accelerating the process of rural intelligence, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the performance of rural ICT offices in the field of intelligence to expand ICT in rural areas. The present research is one of the applied researches and the descriptive-analytical research method is a comparative research that has been achieved through documentary and field studies. The statistical population of the study includes 24 villages with ICT offices in Tabas city. Data were collected through field interview methods and completing a questionnaire and then the data were analyzed by SPSS software. The indicators studied are the personal characteristics of the staff, the characteristics of the village and the equipment available in the ICT offices. The results show that the performance of the 24 rural ICT offices studied are not significantly different in terms of customer acquisition and familiarity with the smartening process. Other results indicate that at 95% confidence level and significance level more than 0.05, none of the factors of office staff characteristics, village characteristics, facilities and equipment had a significant effect on office performance in attracting customers and promoting rural intelligence. Researchers are advised to use qualitative research methods such as participatory methods and in-depth interviews with staff and customers to better explore the factors affecting the performance of offices.

For sustainable development plan, we need to consider the role of local community and participation of local people in decision making. In this study, possibility of using five local non-governmental organizations, village councils, Basij (one of the five forces of the Islamic revolutionary guard corps in Iran’s villages), agricultural production cooperative, mosque board of trustees and the organization of agricultural well management, as intermediate organizations for agricultural extension was investigated in Kerman province. The data used, were prepared from the managers of the surveyed organizations as well as 1099 farmers participating in the meetings of these organizations through two types of questionnaires of organization and farmer. Variance analysis and regression model was used for measuring the effects of socio economic factors on NGOs efficiency. The results showed that 74% of farmers, in addition to other resources, use the experience of other farmers. Participating in training classes, studying extensional and technical journals and referring directly to experts have a significant positive effect on pistachio crop yield. The results also showed that more than 90% of the surveyed farmers considered the use of non-governmental organizations to promote and transfer the findings of agricultural research useful. In terms of farmers' acceptance of the meetings of the organizations and the number of people present in these meetings, village council and the organization of agricultural well management have a higher advantage. But, none of these five NGOs, solely, can be considered as an intermediate organization for agricultural extension. So, a formal or informal combination of these NGOs should be constructed.