پژوهشنامه نقد ادب عربی
سال نهم شماره 19 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

The Wise Qur'an is the word of the Wise one. The end of each verse, or the distance, represents the miraculous features and unique rhetoric of the Book and plays an important role in the representing the beauty, orderliness and consistency of the verses. Each part of the Wise Book must be related to and in full harmony with what comes before and after that. The distance is not an exception. However, it is important to understand the nature of the aforesaid relationship and harmony. Ibn Abi al-Asbah (7th AH) believed that the distances were of four types: Tasdir, Toshih, Ighal, and Tamkin. However, given the breadth and diversity of distances, the question is whether the afore-said categorization can still be effective or some other categories can be added to it. It is noteworthy that some scholars have added new categories such as Tatmim, Takmil, and Tashim. In this article, we have critically analyzed the monopoly or non-monopoly of the aforesaid categorization of distances in Qur’anic verses.

Religious and tribal wars and conflicts as well as sanctions, and consequently starvation, are factors in contemporary Iraq that have led large numbers of people to migrate and flee from their homeland. This made Iraqis felt angry, anxious, and afraid of losing their identity in exile. These humanities materials became the raw material of sociologists, philosophers, poets, and writers for the purpose of doing research on the immigrants’ personality. The emergence of alienation in contemporary poets' poetry has been the result of abnormal political theories in the last few decades, because the term "alienation" has had a profound effect on poets. The escape from the homeland, the sensation of life's absurdity, makes one feel isolated and alienated, and all these principles are defined in the framework of alienation. Abdul Razzaq al-Rubaye, a 1980s poet who spent his life in Iraq during the war and sanctions, found many prominent literary figures in the prisons of the Ba'ath Party. He was a poet who observed in Iraqi history a prominent civilization and culture, seeing his homeland’s cultural, economic, and social beliefs in crisis. This made him appear in his life and poetry, even before leaving the country, bringing his home opaque and bringing nostalgia to his homeland and past. Using a descriptive-analytic approach, the present research attempts to observe the signs of alienation in Abdul Razzaq Al-Rubaye’ poetry and examine related theories, including social, mental, sedentary, altruistic, temporal, and spatial ones, as well as their negative consequences.

New Historicism is one of the new approaches in the field of cultural and literary studies, which mainly in the 1980s based on Green Blot's theories and other critics of new historicism. This new approach intends to delete the boundary between history and literature, and revision the relationship between them of new aspect, and thus provide a basis for criticism of the text. New historians quit the author when analyzing a text, and they know the writer is affected by discourse forces, and they pay attention to the tension relationship of discourses to analyze the meanings in the text. One of their main concerns is the power structures. Foucault, one of the most important theorists of this way of thinking, sees language as the field of power relations and the determinant of the dominant subject and Subordinate subject. The present article aims to analyze the relationship between power and language in the Bamboo Stalk Novel, by Kuwaiti novelist Saud Alsanousi, who by writing this novel, won the 6th Arabic Booker Award in 2013. The present research is going to identify with analytical and descriptive way the discourses which in this novel apply power and language through them, and mention to the facts in the text, silence and sometimes resistance, which seen from the Power objects versus the Power subject. The results of the research show that various discourses such as gender discourse, superstition discourse, lordship-servant discourse, upper class discourse and patriarchal discourse are present in this novel and each of these discourses somehow play a role in the power structures and cultural structure of the community.

Creating a link between the child's story and the verses of the Qur'an depends on the author's ability to use the Quranic language and concepts appropriately. Kamel Kilani is one of the most successful writers in the field and a pioneer of children's literature in the Arab countries. In order to consolidate the stories, he has benefited from a wide variety of Quranic verses and has been able to establish an effective balance between the language and content of the stories with the Quranic verses. Using the verses of the Quran in various forms and in the heart of imaginative, fascinating, and exciting stories that do not seem instructive in any way reflects the author's thorough knowledge of children's temperament. The present study seeks to investigate the ways of influencing Kamel Kilani stories from the Holy Qur'an via descriptive method and structure and content analysis. One of the most important of these methods is propositional borrowing. Apart from adding to the semantic, lexical, and literary richness of the text, the author also pays special attention to the rhythm of the word and music of the text, using the verses of the Qur'an. Other common forms of manifestation of the verses of the Qur'an in the context of the stories include lexical loan, and implicit, stipulate, and inspirational efficacy, which have been used in accordance with the texture of the word and its content.

Stylistics is one of the branches of literary critique that use linguistic and rhetoric in text analysis, and in the critical and literary examination, it relies on the three main elements of the text, the author, and the audience. This research that based on structuralist stylistics, seeks to discover the hidden linguistic angles of Sheikh Ahmad Wa'eli's social poetry and from this perspective his poems have been explored at the phonetic, lexical, and syntactic levels in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results of this study show that the poet has flourished the music of his poems by using light and volatile weights as well as using a lot of effort and it rarely goes out of the scales, At the same time, the repetition of words and phrases, and especially the words of harbinger, has harmonized his speech. At the lexical level, the poet tries to remind the Muslims of the greatness of the past by calling on the past heritage. In addition, Inspired by nature, his poems are dynamic and fluent. At the syntactic level, too, the poet has tried to make the best use of the various functions of nominal and current sentences and in many poems, it eliminates harbinger 's speech.

Formalism is one of the theories of contemporary literary criticism in the field of literary study that emerged in Russia in the first half of the twentieth century. Foregrounding is one of the important issues of this theory and is based on the norm deviation (irregularity) and the parallelism (that is raised through the principle of extra regularity). Hence, the language of the Qur'an can be regarded as a standard language and a norm deviated one as well. But it should be noted that the norm deviation in the Qur'an does not mean that the word of God is contrary to the rules and analogies, but that the way it is expressed is different. According to the formalists, de-familiarization is a relative issue, and over the time, the literary text becomes ordinary and repetitive. However, since the literary and scientific aesthetics of the Qur'an is endless, Qur'anic scholars are continually discovering new aspects of it and thus making it dynamic. This study examined the foregrounding (norm deviation and parallelism) in Taha Surah from Leech’s point of view. It also considered the relevance and appropriateness of the construction of the verses to the content and name of the Surah based on the theory of formalism using a descriptive-analytical approach.

"Description" is one of the prominent poetic techniques, which many poets have employed in their poetry. Characterozed by personality traits such as having a keen power of imagination, deep sentiments, rich emotions and a gentle spirit, Ibn Khafajah was attracted to nature, and as a result, description of nature is a much frequent theme in his poetry. This paper relies on the descriptive-anayltical methodology in an attempt to examine ‘description of nature’ not only as a traditional theme, but also as a motif for other traditional themes in the poetry of Ibn Khafaja. The results of this study show that description of nature is a literary technique that has helped the poet to convey thoughts, feelings and emotions. He has used the literary device of personification as the basis of his poetry and, in this way, has created vibrant and dynamic descriptions. Attention to details, the harmony between the poem, images and their intrinsic cohesion, writing engaging opening lines to arrest the attention of the reader, and attenton to colors are the prominent features that characterize Ibn Khafaja's poetic imagery, all of which add to the richness and beauty of his descriptions. His poetry is a valuable work that boasts of vocabulary on nature and this can been clearly seen in his poems, words, and descriptions of nature.

Sociological criticism by study of literature in historical and social context, is always seeking to hear artist's clamor. As literary work is a part of superstructural forms of society, the critic beside the text should pay attention to the environment of text. In "Description of Wolf" poem which is a conjoint whole, "Behtari" the artful and adroit poet who was very influential in the society has depicted dialectic relations of Abbasi society in those days. Therefore authors in this essay are going to sociologically criticize this poem by using descriptive-analytic method according to "Hippolyt Ten". Results of this study suggest that in this poem, Behtary has used topical equivalent to illustrate his own fillings and emotions. He has artfully and magically described historical and social concepts. This composed has totemistic layers and gray wolf is a symbol of Torks who played most important role in Abbasi society at those days. Using this kind of criticism hidden issues behind the text can be expressed and silent parts of that can be forced to speak to achieve the worldview of folk which is poverty, destitution, war and struggle of existence.

The study of the elements of painting is one of the interdisciplinary themes of comparative literature and with the advent of the American school in contemporary literary research , but this axis has been less welcomed despite numerous research areas. It should be noted that many poets have a penultimate approach And in fact they draw and paint with words instead of poetry . This process is very important in poetry of poets who are also painters in addition to the poetry profession. In the contemporary Arabic literature, the poets who have these two professions are not few. The most prominent figure in the Arabic poetry of the late period is Susan Aliwan, a contemporary poet and painter who is a poet of the nineteenth century. He has used many painting techniques. And there is a lot of solidarity between his paintings and His poems. As if he was painted with wax and color in his poetry books . Therefore, his poetry is a ground for the multiplicity of painting elements. This research uses a descriptive-analytic method to study the elements of painting in poetry Susan Aliwan. The result of the research shows; Susan Alywan in his poem has used various painting elements such as color, framing, symmetry and mirroring, objectivity and static. This is evident in the titles and sections of the poem of Alivan's Mayafoghalvasf.

Philosophy is one of the topics needed by the general public whose knowledge and application is not limited to a specific group. Therefore, teaching philosophy to children is not far from the mind and outside the nature of children; Rather, raising children in this way helps them solve many problems during life. Since stories play a pivotal role in children's upbringing and nurture, it is expected to make use of stories for teaching the basics of philosophy so that the story-teller is able to convey the pure goals of the story and teach purposefull thinking to children. Among other stories having the basics and components of philosophy is the story of "Hayy Ibn Yaqzan" by Ibn Tufeil Andolosi which has been rewritten for children by Kamel Kilani. Therefore, the present study, through a descriptive-analytical methodology, aims at investigating these stories from different angles in order to find samples of philosophical teachings and their application in stories. As indicated by the results, Kilani tried to teach the philosophical tools, principles and thinking.In this regard, he did not use any particular philosophical term and included philosophical teachings in the text of the story with his fluent language and through clarification of the benefits of reason and thought. He oriented children toward discovering causal relationships between phenomena and using the senses to understand them. Kilani familiarized children with how to connect and take benefits from scientists and how to operate natural science methods such as trial and error.

Since the early years of our life, i.e. childhood and adolescence, play an important role in creating different personal characteristics and forming the structure of our personality, including inheritance, environment, lifestyle and education, studying the memories of individuals, particularly based on the Adler’s theory of individual psychology, has gained significance because the aforesaid theory enables inquisitive minds to evaluate his emotional sub-consciousness, exploring the hidden angles of the majority of people’s personality traits and the reasons behind the development of such behaviors. The present paper which is based on technical methods, presents an extensive description and a psychological analysis of the book Al-Ayyam (The Days) and considers two of the four principles presented in Alfred Adler's theory, i.e. sense of humiliation and lifestyle, as the basis of Taha Hussein's work because these principles play a significant role in his life. Although many examples can be provided from the book for each of the abovesaid principles, the limited capacity of the processing task and case-bycase selection of samples is due to the unfeasibility of processing in an article. The results of the study indicate that the unpleasant feelings of humiliation have always been the same for Hussein, and has constantly disrupted him. Writing the book of Al-Ayyam was one of the ways for him to get out of sorrows regrets and get rid of sad memories and compensate for the sense of humiliation and his flaw, i.e. blindness. Taha's strength and resilient spirit deeply supported him in his journey to the great liberation.