فصلنامه زن و جامعه
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 44، زمستان 1399)

Relationship with the opposite sex, due to the individual and social effects of this phenomenon, have become more and more popular among psychologists and sociologists today. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons for tendency to Relationship with the opposite sex before marriage among college students. This is a qualitative phenomenological study conducted using semi-structured interviews. The sample consisted of 18 undergraduate students of Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan in the academic year of 1397-98. The theoretical saturation was determined by using snowball sampling method. In this study eight main themes and 25 sub-themes were extracted that main themes are: Emotional, educational vacuum-Inevitable social, cultural changes-mass media-Escaping religion-Respond to the inner need-Personality characteristics-Environmental pressures and friends and Inefficient education system. The findings of this study, show that educational and cultural authorities of the country, responsible , families and professionals and active sympathizers to pay attention to the lived experiences of such researches, the awareness of the community by the authorities responsible for the trauma Unhealthy communications and education reveal more healthy ways of communicating.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between children's behavioral problems with violence in mothers with ADHD children, among 250 mothers who referred to psychologists and counselors in Shiraz who were selected by random sampling method. The method of this research is a correlation. To collect data, two questionnaires, Brief Symptom Inventor, and The Child Behavior Check List made by Achenbach and colleagues were used.The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The findings of data analysis showed that children's behavioral problems have a positive and significant relationship with mother's violence. Also, the results of regression analysis showed behavioral problems of children can predict violence in mothers with ADHD children. 

At the beginning of 2018, floods hit cities in Khuzestan province, and camps for women and children were set up in the Susangerd city. Accordingly, the present study aimed to qualitatively analyze the consequences of the accommodation of women in the camps in a qualitative manner. Sampling was purposeful and until the time of theoretical saturation and 20 interviews and the method of data collection was an in-depth interview without structure. The results of data analysis by coding in NVivo8 software showed that the phenomenon of "female camp accommodation" has led to individual anomie and structural anomie. Dimensions of individual anomie are: 1)psychosis (with the categories of emotional erosion and psychological erosion) and 2)individual inefficiency with the categories of individual dysfunction, self over-assumption, lack of institutional support and social isolation). Dimensions of structural anomie are: 1)community aphasia (with the categories of erosion of social cohesion and erosion of social capital) and 2)structural inefficiency (with the categories of structural dysfunction, erosion of social health, other over-assumption and segregation of isolation). What is considered important in the present study is that women's views of social phenomena are different from men's views, and the experience of these negative consequences is due to their feminine gender and the impact of gender on their understanding of phenomena and attitudes. They are about phenomena.

Marriage is one of the most important events that occurs in life. Some marriages cause couples to grow, while many couples can also create problems for each other and affect life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of conflict management styles in prediction the quality of life for married women with self-control mediation. The method of study was descriptive- correlative. The statistical population of the study consisted of married women in Mashhad the sample of which includes 200 people who were selected by convenience-sampling method. The data were collected by Rahim Organizational Conflict inventory (ROCI-II), Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-26), and Tangney’s Self-Control Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by regression analysis and path analysis. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between conflict management styles and self-control with quality of life and they can predict the quality of life and its subscales (p

The present research was done in order to, Identifying the Factors of Glass Ceiling Formation to Promote Women in Management Positions in Iran. The Strategy of this resaerch is Grounded Theory and The statistical population of this study was all specialists (108) with phd degree in northwest of the country. The participants were 21 professionals who were selected through purposeful sampling method to point of theoretical saturation. In this study, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and the qualitative findings of the study were analysed by maxqda software. Accuracy criteria (credibility and fitness) were used to determine the reliability and validity of data collection method and the reliability of the findings was checked by interrater reliability method(reliability among coders = 0/875). The findings of the study indicates that more attention was paid to the social, cultural, organizational, personal, family and managerial factors and the glass ceiling consists of three layers with title individual layer, organizational layer and ultrastructure layer. Coding showed that: the why for glass ceiling is philosophical basice, intellectual parardigm, organizational factor and ultrastructure factor, the what for glass ceiling is manifestatin of individual, organizational and ultrastructure and the process of glass ceiling formation is the result of both organizational and ultrastructure factors mediated by individual agents.

The Purpose of this study is to investigate the need to form a personality file on juvenile delinquents in the implementation of the principle of individualization of punishment by considering the different dimensions of this case (biologically, psychologically and socially) in the legal system of Iran and United States with emphasis on California. The method used is descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population is one hundred judges and lawyers, sociologists and social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists and also Master and PhD students in law. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The results of this study indicate that identifying the personality of juvenile delinquents has a significant effect on the individualization of punishment, recognizing the causes of crime and socialization of the offender after serving the sentence. Therefore, forming a personality file with a criminal case is necessary and inevitable.in the criminal policy of countries. 

The aim of this study was to determine “the effectiveness of skill management and behavior knowledge education“on self-controlling behavior among who arrested of moral offences.Representatives consist 150 girls and women who arrested between April to June2018 andreffered to court by police without making judiciary case and guided to educational course .Among them a group (contains 20 girls and women)were selected through cluster random sampling and set in examination group .As well,other group (20 persons)without educations and throughearly registration were selected by voluntary sampling and set as control group . Assessment tools was TANGY self-control scale (Tangy 2004)and the plan was quasi-experimental research design.By this mean, the pretest was drawn for both group and then educational course was administrated at a weekly period for 8 hours for both groups.Finally٫ANCOVA test was used for an alysingdata. The results showed that “the skill management and behavior knowledge “education course impacts on self-controlling behavior among who arrested and its effectiveness was 30 percent (0/030). It means that ,30 percent of self-control behavior variance in arrested individuals has been due to membership in group.(the effect of independent variable)

survey the hypothesis of female slavery in Sassanid eraKarim Golshani RadAbstract Has conducted the oldest research on the status of women in the Sassanid era, Christian Bartholome in the Woman's Book on Sasanian Law. He believes that in the Sassanian Empire, according to the customary rules, the old woman had no legal personality. That is, the woman was not supposed to be, but was considered an object. Other writers and scholars who post Bartholomee on the state of women in the Sassanid period, such as Arthur Kristen Sen and Touraj Marian, repeat his remarks. It seems that what so far The "state of women in the Sassanid era" by most researchers is due to their misinterpretation of resources.Because of the three rules or issues related to women in the Sassanid period, these scholars have suggested that these three principles are as follows: 1. Not marrying or marrying a borrowed one. 2. The issue of dashtan or women's menstruation. 3. Women obedience and obedience to Your husband It is shown in this paper that the marriage of a borrower is the fatwa of some salarians of the Sassanid era, not the general law. In the case of the restrictions on Dashtan, it should also be stated that the Sassanid priests of religious ordinances have imposed many restrictions and stiffences not only on women but also on men In a lot of today's countries, women are obliged to abusive their husbands and this does not mean woman's slavery.

The purpose of the research is to develop a strategic model of discovering entrepreneurial opportunities in the creation of micro businesses with the central role of women. This research has been done by exploratory mixed method. The statistical population of the study includes female entrepreneurs introduced by the Guilan governorate in 1398. Purposeful sampling was used in this study to achieve theoretical data saturation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 people, exploring the factors affecting the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities in micro-businesses through the foundation data theory using MAXQDA10. Then, in the quantitative section, a 58-item questionnaire developed from the final framework of the study (literature review and qualitative model) was developed and distributed to 140 entrepreneurs in Guilan province. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis using LISREL software. In order to determine the validity of the research, two methods of participant review and review of non-participating experts (faculty members) were used. Validity of the questionnaire was assessed by exploratory factor analysis. The results showed that economic factors and managerial factors have the most influence on the creation of micro businesses by women.

The aim of this study was to evaluation mediating role of Alexithymia between perceived social support and somatic complaints among depressed women. Subjects were 101 women suffering from depression disorder whom were referred to psychiatric and psychological clinic in Shiraz city. Measures were Alexithymia Toronto Scale (ATS-20), Multi-dimensional Perceived Social Support (MPSS) and Riahi and colleagues psychosomatic disorders scale. The results of correlation and analysis showed a significant negative relation between perceived social support and somatic complaints and there was a positive relation between alexithymia and somatic complaints. The results of path analysis showed direct and indirect effect of perceived social support on somatic complaints. The research model is able to estimate 0/38 of variances of somatic complaints. Consequently, perceived social support both directly and through alexithymia can affect the somatic health of depressed women. Conclusion would be the idea that, women as cornerstone of every society need to receive social support in order to prevent them to be depressed and consequently somatized patients.

The desire for childbearing is influenced by many factors that this study has on the quality of life and socio-economic status of women. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between quality of life and socioeconomic status of women with their attitude toward childbearing in Sarpul-e-Zahab city. The method of study is quantitative approach and in terms of strategy and data collection, correlation and descriptive survey method. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was all married women aged 15-49 years old in Sarpul-e-Zahab city, 384 of whom were selected as sample size using Cochran formula and simple random sampling. SPSS software was used for data processing. Independent variables of quality of life with social health, physical health, mental health and environmental health and socioeconomic status are dependent variables on childbirth attitude. Pearson correlation results show that there is a significant relationship between quality of life and attitude to childbearing (r = .228). This value was significant for mental health (r = .294) and physical health (r = .225) but not significant for environmental (r = .095) and social (r = .090). The results of regression show that quality of life with (B = .228) and socioeconomic status (B=0.186) accounted for 27% of the variable changes in childbearing.

group works is defined as Colleagues together within the framework of the group's democratic system; This is a form of voluntary membership which significantly increase the sum of the output of the activity, in compared with performing the individually.The present study investigates the impact of social factors on women's group work. The purpose of this study was to identify social factors with their dimension's group work of, (common goal, common sense, common value and shared Interaction). The statistical population of this study was women aged 20 years and above in Tehran with population of 2817308 in 1398; But according to Spss Sample Power software have been used according to calculation type and sample size(volume). The sample size was estimated to be 520 without considering the statistical population and considering only the independent variables of the study considering the desirable status. The type of sampling used was multi-stage clustering. Findings from the analysis of data collected using SPSS and SMART PLS3 regression-based software indicates that assumptions about the influence of social factors variables (social health, communication action and social tolerance) are Values (336/4, 620/3and 530/6) = Tvalue, respectively, of the workgroup and its dimensions but the hypothesis of the effect of social trust with values of (534/1) = Tvalue on group and group activity is rejected; The moderator role of General commitment to the impact of social tolerance has been effective in enhancing groupwork

The phenomenon of divorce occurs due to various factors, one of which is psychological factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mood dysphoria and the quality of perceived marital relationship in women with generalized anxiety disorder seeking divorce. This research was a descriptive-correlation method. For this purpose, 384 women were selected from all women seeking divorce in Tabriz by purposive sampling. Research tools included the Perceived Quality Questionnaire (PRQC) and the Toronto Mood Scale (TAS). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the total score of mood distress and its components, ie difficulty in recognizing emotions, difficulty in describing emotions and objective thinking, had a significant relationship with the quality of perceived marital relationship (p

Women-Headed Households Are One Of The Most Vulnerable Sections Of Society To Social Harm And Empowerment Can Help Them Alleviate Economic And Social Problems. The Study Aim To Effectiveness Of Individual Empowerment Training On Self-Efficacy, Entrepreneurship And Family Cohesion In Female Heads Of The Household In The Test Before And After The Test And Control. The Statistical Population Of Households Headed By Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Was Ahvaz. From This Group, 40 People Were Selected And Randomly Divided Into Two Groups Of 20 Controls And Tested. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and post-test design with a control group. In This Research, Sherer's Self-Efficacy Questionnaire And Entrepreneurship Questionnaire Ahmad Poordaryani And Olson's Family Cohesion. During The 9 Sessions, The experimental group received individual empowerment training of KarimiVakil For 60 Minutes. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.