نشریه مطالعات دفاع مقدس و نبردهای معاصر
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 2، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Todays, the circulation of Takfiri has taken over the Muslims of the world as a scourge. This circulation seeks to implement its extremist and violent conception of the sublime principles of Islam in the world.  In this way, "Al-Qaeda" in Afghanistan has always been considered as the founder and line-up of the Takfiri movement in the West Asian region. The importance of studying this circulation is heightened when we realize that most of the Takfiri groups that are in the line of battle with the axis of resistance today, are rooted in al-Qaeda and its ideology. The group founded by "Abdullah Azzam of Palestinian", "Osama bin Laden of Saudi Arabia" and "Ayman al-Zawahiri of Egypt" called "Al-Qaeda" in Afghanistan under the pretext of jihad against the Soviet Union, which later became the source of extremist Salafi circulations and a lot of Takfiri groups in the region; so that it can be claimed that the main thinking of the deviant current of Takfiri groups gained strength and power with the emergence of this circulation. This descriptive-analytical study tries to answer this fundamental question that “what are the underlying factors, historical course and the origin of al-Qaeda as a Salafi-Takfiri movement and what are the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of al-Qaeda? The findings show that the jihad against the Soviet Communist Army in Afghanistan led the three major Salafi leaders to form an alliance and pave the way for the emergence of a pervasive jihadist movement called al-Qaeda. The base of al-Qaeda's thinking is rooted in Salafi thoughts, and its leaders, in particular, have been more influenced by the thinking of the ruling Brotherhood in Egypt. Also, this study, by examining the thoughts of al-Qaeda leaders, has come to the conclusion that the spread of Shiite thought under the leadership of the Shiite country of Iran has always been dangerous for them and they have sought to avert this danger.

The purpose of this article is to study the areas that promote the culture of sacred defense in the second step of the Islamic Revolution. The research method used in this study is quantitative and survey and a researcher-made questionnaire has been used to collect data. The study is conducted in an elite form with a full-counting statistical population among the six experts in the field of sacred defense. In this research, through interviews with six experts in the field of sacred defense, 10 main fields of sacred defense such as the fields of martyrs, literature and oral history, responsible manpower, veterans, cultural and artistic, war learnings, paths of light (Raheyane Noor), technology and media, advertising and international jurisprudence are identified. In the continuation of the research, these 10 areas have been explained based on the text of research interviews and the views of other thinkers. Finally, through quantitative study and distribution of questionnaires among experts, the contribution of 10 areas of sacred defense in promoting the culture of sacred defense and in the second step of the Islamic Revolution in the current situation and the desired situation has been presented. The results show that the performance of all sacred defense institutions in the country is about 50%. According to experts, the desired situation should reach to 86%. Therefore, the current performance gap is 35%.

Iraq's military aggression against Iran, known as the imposed war, began on September 22, 1980 and lasted for eight years. This war affected the interests of different governments. The Arab states that were at the center of this conflict, were involved in the beginning and the end of this conflict by influencing and being influenced. By studying the Foreign behavior of the Arab states during the imposed war, this article seeks to answer the main question, "What effects did the Foreign behavior of the Arab states have on the beginning and the end of the imposed war? " Findings show that the Foreign behavior of most Arab states at the beginning and the end of the imposed war, was influenced by the changes of around, by Arab nationalism and by the policies of the West and the East countries, were always directly and indirectly in line with the Ba'ath party in Iraq which is at the most aspect because of its identity elements. Therefore, this matter encouraged the war to begin, continue and impose the great financial and human losses for Iran.     Explaining the performance and positions of Arab states during the imposed war is one of the most important objectives of this study. The raw materials of this article have been collected using specialized texts related to this research and have been discussed by descriptive and analytical methods

The main purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of Operation Samen al-A'meh (AS) as a turning point in Iran's entry into the strategy of the second phase of the war and the beginning of achieving the proud victories of the zealous fighters of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The most important matters  discussed in this article are: an analysis of the political and military situation in Iran before the operation, how to carry out this operation, the entry of the IRGC into the planning phase, directing and controlling the war, the formation of defensive positions and axis, how to approve the operational plan of Samen al-A'meh (AS), analysis of the factors affecting the success of the Operation and finally, the achievements and consequences of this operation at the domestic and foreign levels.  Findings show that the Operation Samen al-A'meh (AS) is not only one of the four major and prominent operations in the series of efforts to liberate the occupied territories, but also is considered as a "turning point" and "connecting loop" for the transfer of war strategy from the past to the new position

Since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011, the city of Aleppo, as one of the country's economic and demographic hubs, has been strategically important in the politico-military process of the crisis.  Therefore, the warring parties, including the Syrian government and the Resistance Front, on the one hand, and the opponents and their supporters, on the other, have designed and carried out several military operations in order to capture this strategic city. The war in Aleppo has become so important and central to both sides that it has been referred to as the mother of wars or Stalingrad in Syria. This study seeks to answer the question why the militants failed to capture the strategic city of Aleppo despite of numerous military operations? The author has tried to use a descriptive-analytical method to point out the different stages of armed operations to capture the city Aleppo (the Operation of Castello Road – the Operation to Recapture the Southern of Aleppo – the Operation of Ibrahim Youssef – the Operation of Abu Omar Saraqeb or the Operation to Get Out of the Siege East of Aleppo) In the form of a case study, by examining and analyzing the operation of Abu Omar Saraqeb. Findings show that factors such as: lack of unified leadership, differences between different groups of militants, reliance on repetitive methods of suicide use, incorrect estimation of the combat organization according to the geography of the area of ​​operation, etc. in the failure of the militants to capture the city of Aleppo have been effected

This research has been done with the aim of examining and explaining the defense policy from the perspective of the founder of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA) during the eight years of sacred defense.  Due to the nature of the subject and in order to answer the main question, this article has used a descriptive-analytical method. This research is in the category of theoretical-applied research in terms of type. The method and tool of collecting information and data is also in the form of libraries - documentary, internet resources and precious orders of Imam Khomeini (RA).  By analyzing the question of this article, which is "What were the defense policies of Imam Khomeini in the eight years of holy defense?", a clear answer was given to it and a model of the defense policy of the founder of the Islamic Revolution was explained and designed.  By examining the defense policies of Imam Khomeini during the sacerd defense, there are have been achieved into four basic principles: political (exporting the revolution and awakening of the Islamic Nations); military (preservation of Islam); cultural (cultural self-confidence and countering with the cultural aggression) and economic (self-sufficiency)