پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 96 (پاییز 1399)

Customer experience is one of the most fundamental concepts in marketing literature which results in hedonic & memorial experience for customers. In-store experiences are an important phenomenon that increasingly attracts the professional marketing experts and academics around the world and can use them as a distinctive tool in the stores. The methodology of this study is based on descriptive and mixed method. The qualitative part of this study which was based on phenomenological method began with protocol design on the base of systematic studies & then through eighteen individual deep interviews. With multiple purposive sampling (snowball & intensity), professional shoppers were selected and then three types of coding including open coding, axial coding and selective coding in ATLAS.ti software are used to determine the themes and categories. In quantitative part of this study, 298 shoppers were selected randomly and standardized questionnaires were distributed among them. Lisrel software was used for data analysis (SEM & Factor Analysis). The results convey that antecedents of in-store experiences (perceived values, word of mouth, brand equity, layout and design, employee’s skills, facilities) have a positive and significant relationship with consequences (purchase satisfaction, repurchase intention and flaneur).

Iran’s economy requires to support export exponent of manufacturing industries to reach favorable vision of growth based on trained human resource capacity and available natural resources. By adopting appropriate decisions, the government can provide areas for export production mobility. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of real exchange rate changes on industrial export of Iran with its export partners during 1996-2016. We also investigate the impact of other factors such as tariff rate, the economy size of trading partners on it. So far little research has been done on the relationship between real exchange rate and industrial exports in the form of panel data (With fixed effects and using FGLS) with more than 124 trading partners. Findings show that a) the policy of weakening the national currency leads to the growth of industrial export performance, b) other factors such as tariff rate and the economy size of the country can affect it. Among the examined variables, the impact of the economy size of investigating countries is very strong and sensitive on industrial export. The perfect comprehension of this relationship can help the export policymakers to set appropriate policies to encourage and expand industrial export.

In the recent years, researches have focused more on resilience of supply chain and resilient suppliers, but so many researches were not done on the subject of evaluating the keys dimensions of supplier’s resilience. The purpose of this research is comprehensive review on literature of keys dimensions of resilience, classification of dimensions, testing and confirmation of dimensions, and finally ranking the dimensions based on importance by using of combined approach of path analysis and fuzzy DEMATEL. For this purpose, in this research, after comprehensive review of literature in first six-month of 2019 (with searching of supplier’s resiliency keys, resilient suppliers) and interview by experts, six general dimensions in 18 factors were identified. Then by using of path analysis approach (confirmable factor analysis by software SPLS), these dimensions were assessed and all of dimensions were confirmed. In continuation by using of Fuzzy DEMATEL technique, relation between the dimensions was studied and effective & affective were identified, and conceptual plan (eminent and effective) of relation was presented. Final balcony of this method showed that the dimensions of “responsiveness of supplier”, “reducing the risk of supplier”, “technical support suppliers” were as effective dimensions. The dimensions “key performance factors”, “supplier stability”, “information technology management” were as affective dimensions. Finally, the dimensions of “responsiveness of supplier”, “information technology management” extracted as the most important of factors based on total of effectively and affectivity at evaluating the resilient suppliers. According to this ranking, the company can promote the supply chain and increase the supplier’s resiliency to confront. disorders and risks, improvement the supply and satisfying more the customers’ needs.

A sanction which is imposed after the conclusion of a contract has various effects on the performance of the obligations arising out the contract. In such situation, if obligor of an international commercial contract refused to perform his/her contractual obligations due to the imposition of a sanction, the obligee would have the right to invoke some of the remedies for breach of the contract. The main question of the this research is that in the disputes and contracts which are under scope of application of the United Nation Convention on the Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, even if because of a sanction the obligor was granted an exemption from paying damages for breaching of a contract by a competent authority (the court, arbitrator or arbitral tribunal) could obligee invoke the right to declare price reduction as remedy? In general, the answer is yes. However, in order to explain the conditions, specifications, and the effects of this remedy three assumptions have been distinguished in this paper: 1) the sanction affects entire performance, 2) the sanction affects the performance partially and the performance is inseverable, and 3) the sanction affects the performance partially and the performance is severable.

The development of non-oil exports in oil-exporting countries is one of the policy priorities in order to achive balanced development. However, achieving this important, requires the creation of different infrastructures that the development of information and communication technology is one of the most important of them. In this regard, the present study attempted to examine the impact of ICT development on the market share of OPEC member countries from global exports during the period 2017-2007. In order to achieve this goal, the research model using panel data and GMM method. The results showed that the effect of ICT development indicators (access, use and skill) on the market share of selected countries of non-oil exports of the world has been positive and significant. Also, the effect of control variables including per capita production and real exchange rate on the market share of selected countries of non-oil exports of the world has been positive and significant.

One of the most important issues that credit & financial institutions are faced with, is the probability of non-fulfillment of obligations by the receivers of credit facilities on due dates. With an accurate forecast of risks, we will not only be able to do the relevant estimation of the premium and the percentage of required collaterals more precisely, we will also witness a meaningful decline in the volume of claims related to non-fulfillment of obligations covered under credit guarantees, a decrease in the debt recovery costs and increased efficiency, which all together, will pave the ground for more competitive operation of credit institutions. This research has been conducted with the aim of modeling the credit risk assessment of the clients of the Export Guarantee Fund of Iran (EGFI) using Kernel Support Vector Machines (KSVM- SVM) and Group Method Data Handling (GMDH) . The results of this research indicate that in credit risk assessment of the applicants of credit facilities, the KSVM based modeling is more reliable and accurate in comparison with other studied models. Also with regards to the model’s output ratios, 5 variables such as history of company (years in operation since foundation), credit tenor (term of the credit received), average of export operations (amount of exports made by the company since foundation), payment records and the company’s turnover and its balance of debt (financial stability of the client) have the highest impacts on the client’s credit assessment.

According to the Electronic Commerce Act of Iran of 1382, the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade (the Ministry of Commerce) is responsible for expanding e-commerce in the country. One of the requirements for implementing this policy is the expansion of electronic signatures. In addition to the technical and economic infrastructure, legal aspects are also undeniable because the signatories should be familiar with their rights and duties towards this type of signature. Electronic signatures are divided into two generic digits, common and binary. Binary signatures are a simple form of electronic signatures that have been used in online sales, transactions that are not sensitive and used in electronic procedures. Digital signatures are generally divided into two types of biometrics and digitization in a special sense. Its biometric type has been used extensively in the legal system of Iran and is legally accepted in almost all aspects of the legal system, including electronic filing, registration of intellectual property and transactions, and its digital form in the US legal system is used as the main tool for concluding intelligent contracts in the new exchange trading system. The question we are looking at in this article is whether the Iranian legal system has clear and practical rules for electronic signature types. The hypothesis of this paper is a negative answer to the above question. This article is presented in a comparative manner in three sections: Electronic Signature Review in the United States, Iran, and Electronic Signature Scoring.

Issues relating to constitution, functioning and dissolution of corporations within an international framework are generally governed by lex societatis. In order to determine lex societatis, legal systems apply either incorporation or seat test. As the same tests are used to ascertain nationality of companies, there is some confusion between two concepts of nationality and lex societatis. Indulged in such misunderstanding, Iranian lawyers consider the article 591 of Iranian Commercial Code and the article 1 of Companies Registration Act as contradictory. They consequently endeavor to resolve the conflict thereof. A historical study of concurrent rules in European laws throws some light on the problem. The enquiry shows that there is no real opposition between aforesaid articles. In one hand, article 591 of Commercial Code encompasses nothing but a conflict of laws rule (lex societatis). on the other hand, article 1 of Companies Registration Act asserts a substantive rule on the nationality of companies.