مجله پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 31، زمستان 1399)

we are experiencing the era of transitions. One of the most important transitions is the transition from modern to postmodern surveillance in which the techniques of body regulation have evolved. A case in which ubiquity is one of its main features is known as the concept of the Post-Panopticon. In a general sense, Post-Panopticon refers to the everyday life surveillance in which the possibilities of non-spatial, horizontal, and internal surveillance (unlike in the past which was mostly spatial, vertical, and external) have increased with recent technological advances and the presence of power hierarchies in everyday life has become wider. The present study tries to achieve the mental perceptions of everyday life surveillance and identify its underlying factors.  

For this purpose, analysis using a qualitative approach was performed with the modified grounded theory approach. This approach developed by Kinoshita (2003), follows the evolutionary approach of Strauss and Corbin and is based on interactionism and interpretivism and the researcher has an interpretive role in the process of data formation and classification (Okura, 2019:230). But the difference between this approach and Strauss and Corbin’s approach is in the coding method. In the modified approach, systematic and strict coding are discarded and soft coding is used during which the axial coding step is eliminated and includes the two steps of open coding and selective coding. Finally, a storyline is presented that narrates the narrative based on words, concepts, categories, and the central category. Based on the modified approach, first, the theoretical literature was reviewed and then the research topic was defined before conducting the interviews. Participants included 16 master and PhD students of Tabriz University. The strategy of sampling was theoretical and the method of sampling was purposeful. To collect experimental data, in-depth interviews were used. Based on the modified approach, the interview data were analyzed in the two stages of coding (open coding and selective coding) and finally, the research storyline was presented after estimating the validity and reliability of the findings using the rigor technique.

The findings showed that based on the mental perceptions of the participants, the content of everyday life surveillance, both vertically and horizontally, is largely related to consumption patterns (eating, wearing, watching, etc.). Based on the findings, four main categories were extracted from the perceptions of the participants. These categories include stripping identity (in order to access to privacy), consumer-centered standardization (defining the standard subject based on consumption pattern), community-based surveillance (with the purpose of providing security, risk forecasting, and user-centered surveillance), and individualization of surveillance (internal surveillance from below). It was also found that everyday life surveillance largely occurs due to technology, especially, internet, and satellite technologies. These categories revealed that the discourse of consumer capitalism or the consumer-centered economy is the main factor in such surveillance. A discourse that becomes more liquid due to the development of technology. This means that consumer capitalism becomes non-spatial, non-temporal, and internal due to the Internet and cyberspace. Accordingly, the category of liquid capitalism was extracted as the central category of the study. In fact, identity stripping, consumer-centered standardization, community-based surveillance, and individualization of surveillance are the surveillance techniques of consumer capitalism. These techniques operate as mechanisms that feed each other and constitute the liquid capitalism apparatus. The findings of this qualitative study also showed the role of political economy in the emergence of a new form of surveillance. If Panopticon was the main feature of early capitalism, the Post-Panopticon is the main feature of liquid capitalism.

Malingering means pretending to be sick to escape responsibility, a widespread matter that can be generally seen in medicines, prisons, barracks, and some public and private offices/organizations (Rahbar Taramsari et al., 2018: 46). However, malingering is not only about health, social ethics, or personal issues, as many experts stipulated that malingering stems from some major cultural and psychological problems in any society (Davoodi, 2016). Most psychiatric and psychological research on malingering seeks to diagnose and treat it from a psychological point of view. This study aims to deal with this problem by adopting a sociological approach. The central question of this research is: why and how does the avoidance of performing legal and moral duties regarding external and unjustified factors appear in social interactions and/or daily life? This concept, which has been considered at the beginning of the research with the conceptual tool of social malingering, needs to be clarified. Since this concept has recently been to some extent worked out by the authors of this study and because its conceptual framework might not be clear for some readers, we seek to explore how social scientists, whose thoughts and individual experiences are referred to in this study, would understand and perceive the phenomenon of social malingering. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was the semantic inference and conceptualization of the phenomenon of social malingering and the sociological analysis of the contexts leading to malingering formation in social interactions and everyday life. In this study, social malingering has a broader meaning that is received in the integrity and completeness of the research.  

In this study, by referring to the thoughts and individual experiences of social scientists, and with the grounded theory approach, the authors sought to understand social malingering in social interactions and everyday life. To this end, with a qualitative approach and conducting problem-centered interviews, we adopted grounded theory to explain social malingering in our society. This path is based on the systematic GTM scheme (SY-GTM), the systematic model of Strauss and Corbin, in the systematic approach to the grounded theory method. In this way, by the theoretical sampling method, 15 experts and social scientists were selected for in-depth interviews. The data obtained from interviews with research participants were analyzed and categorized using the three-step coding process in the systematic GTM scheme. According to social scientists such as Stern (1981) and Strauss and Corbin (1990), qualitative methods especially grounded theory, aim to discover unknown areas of life. In the present study, in line with the same purpose, by exploring the topics related to social malingering in various documents and opinions, the authors focused on what, how, and why social malingering acts from the perspective of experts and social scientists, especially sociologists. The logic for choosing Strauss and Corbin’s paradigm model or the systematic GTM scheme in the underlying grounded theory strategy in this study was the participants who took part in the study. Some issues like a conversation with social scientists and experts, having common literature that was constantly associated with sociological concepts and terms, and being unconscious in the beginning and the middle of research consciously strengthened the concern for accuracy, scientific methods, and structure of the study. Naturally, the reference to the thoughts and individual experiences of social scientists reinforced the systematic and precise scientific procedures that Strauss and Corbin emphasized in the systematic GTM scheme. In the present study, the authors have also used the MAXQDA software to achieve a theoretical model that explicates and explains social malingering in social interactions and everyday life. One of the features of this software is its inherent capability for drawing the model. Last but not least, it can be very useful to explain the grounded theory of the research.  

This study identified protest as a core and pivotal issue. Protests against cultural and social conditions and the lack of ontological security, along with causal conditions, contextual conditions, and mediator conditions, all have led to the application of social malingering strategy by members of the society. In other words, in any society in which there is a lack of ontological security, bad governance, ideological morality, individuality cult, weakening of social morality, and the anomaly of individuals and reference groups, members would protest and do social malingering. The result of such a life-world is a decline and weakness in social capital and the unpredictability of social behavior. According to the findings of the present study, social malingering includes specific actions and interactions that are associated with irresponsibility, rationalization, and pretension. This social action manifests itself in various ways in everyday interactions and should not be simplified to just one aspect. Also, social malingering is understandable in the plotting of its causal, contextual, and mediator conditions, and in the network among those conditions

Population aging is a global and unprecedented phenomenon caused by socio-economic development and affects many countries, both developing and developed ones (UN, 2009). The way of adapting to changes in the age structures of the population could have a significant impact on the quality of life of people in the community, especially the elderly. Aging is often associated with many changes such as the family structure and living arrangements, work patterns and transition to retirement, health status, and even identity changes (Forster & Morris, 2012). Some elderly are able to adapt well to such changes and have successful aging, but some elderly cannot; as a result, many problems could arise in their physical, mental, and social health. The issue of successful and active aging has been the focus of researchers and policymakers to explain why some people in the old age are healthy, happy, satisfied, and adaptable to others, and what mechanisms and processes lead to such differences. Active aging is a concept introduced by the World Health Organization in 1990, which means the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and safety as people live longer. Being active not only means continuing physical activity and participation in the workforce, but also continuing participation in activities related to the society, politics, culture, spirituality, and citizenship. According to this approach, even the elderly with disabilities can actively participate in the family and community. Active aging has a variety of determinants that surround the family, the individual, and the nation (Tareque et al., 2014). According to the 2016 census in Iran, there are 7414091 people aged 60 and over comprising 9.27% of the total population. Studies show that during the last two decades, the growth rate of the elderly population of the country has accelerated faster than the growth of the total population; in the near future, a change in the population structure towards aging is expected. This study examines the socio-demographic and economic determinants of active aging among retirees.   

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 on 350 retirees of government offices in Babol city of Mazandaran province. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which was designed based on three other standardized questionnaires. These questionnaires included: 1) The Quality of Life Questionnaire by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF); 2) The Lipad Elderly Quality of Life Questionnaire, prepared by Diego et al. in 1998 and was used in three cities (Leiden in the Netherlands, Padua in Italy, and Helsinki in Finland); and 3) The Social Health Questionnaire developed by Keys in 2004 at the MacArthur Science Foundation in the United States. In the present study, the dependent variable is active aging which includes three dimensions of health, safety, and participation. It was measured with 42 items on the Likert scale. In the final analysis, it became a distance variable with a score ranged from 42 to 210. Independent variables in this study included age, gender, level of education, employment status, income level, number of children, social capital, living arrangements, and intergenerational social support. The SPSS-24 software was employed to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05.  

The results of the present study showed that the average active aging index of men was higher than women. Retirees (those who lived with their spouses and their children, those with a university degree, and those who were re-employed after retirement) had the highest average active aging. Based on the results of multivariate analysis, the variables of intergenerational social support and age had a significant inverse effect on active aging. With the increase of social capital, the score of active aging increases. Furthermore, the level of household income above ten and a half million Rials and the level of diploma and higher education had a positive and significant relationship with active aging. Non-resident living arrangements led to an increase in the active aging index score. Older age was also associated with a decrease in the active aging score. Based on the results of path analysis, the social capital variable with the highest beta coefficient (0.545) followed by education and household income level were more important in predicting changes in active aging. According to the coefficient of determination, 51.7% of the total active aging changes were explained by the variables tested in this study. Active aging requires policy-making and strategic planning that addresses the quality of life of individuals throughout life. Improving the level of social capital of people before reaching old age could lead to an increase in life expectancy along with the health and well-being of the elderly. In the current situation, due to the inadequacy  of social protection system for the elderly in proportion to the increase in the elderly population, encouraging and institutionalizing intergenerational support of children to elderly parents is an inevitable necessity.

The subject of the present study is water consumption behavior. Water consumption behavior is an ecological behavior that includes the environmental attitude of individuals (Satin, 2018) that can be influenced by environmental, social, and cultural factors. Therefore, the present study makes an attempt to investigate the relationship between married women's water consumption behavior with religiosity on the one hand and their awareness of citizenship duties as cultural factors affecting the mental structure and attitude of individuals. Water is in crisis in the world. Based on global estimates, more than one and a half billion people are deprived of access to safe water. Every year, five million people around the world die due to the use of polluted water (Ahmadi, 2014:196). Water shortage is also a serious problem in Iran. Rainfall in Iran is one-third of the global average (Razaghi, 2002). The per capita household water consumption in Iran is 220 liters per day, while its standard in the world is only 75 liters (Ahmadi et al., 2013). This crisis can also be seen in the city of Isfahan. In Isfahan, water consumption behavior (according to the statistics of this city in 1998) shows that on average about 80% of the total water consumption is related to the household sector (Isfahan Municipality). The reason why in this study housewives were selected as the case study is due to their role in the education and socialization of children. As seen in Parsons's view, the family has a duty to give social identity to children (Parsons & Bales, 1955). Given the water scarcity crisis, the aim of this study is to examine the behavior of water consumption in relation to religiosity and awareness of civic duties to answer the question of why religiosity and awareness of civic duties can have the greatest impact on water consumption behavior.  

This research is a quantitative survey study. The main technique used in the data collection stage was a researcher-made standardized questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of married women in Isfahan comprising about 619,091 people. In the present study, the multi-stage random sampling was used. For sampling, Lin’s (1976) Table and 4% error were used based on which 384 samples were selected for research. In this study, the dependent variable was water consumption behavior measured by a researcher-made questionnaire. The independent variables of this research were religiosity and awareness of citizenship duties. The Glock and Stark Questionnaire (1965) was used to measure religiosity and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the awareness of citizenship duties. In this study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the structural validity of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach Alpha and Kuder Richardson code. Kuder Richardson’s code for water consumption behavior was 0.71, Cronbach Alpha for religiosity was .0822. The sample was aware of 82.7% of citizenship duties. In the present study, SPSS 24 software was used for the statistical analysis of the data.  

The findings of this study showed that both religiosity and citizenship duties had an effect on the water consumption behavior of married women. However, citizenship duties had a greater impact on water consumption behavior. Accordingly, religiosity as a traditional culture shaping the attitude of individuals has a significant and direct effect on the water consumption behavior of married women, during which by increasing the level of religiosity, women behave more economically in water consumption. Based on the results, it can be said that religion as a meaningful system is effective in people's lives (Berger, 2016: 72). Along with religiosity is the awareness of the duties of citizenship that can affect the behavior of individuals as a modern system of meaning in the form of a citizen. The phenomenon of citizenship refers to the process in which the equalization of the rights and duties of citizenship of adults is realized in modern society. Because of this equalization that housewives strive for, it can be directly related to water consumption behavior. According to Marshall, the duties of citizenship are individualistic, but the duties are left to individuals as consumers, not actors (1969: 141). This means that housewives look at water consumption behavior as a task that is an individual dimension, and in return for their duty to others, they feel obligated to save water consumption behavior. In addition, water consumption behavior has led housewives to pay more attention to citizenship duties. The results show that the awareness of civic duties by a factor of Standard beta of 0.355 has the greatest effect on water consumption behavior. This might show that religion creates a semantic system by which one finds a normative basis for one's behavior. Other concepts such as the awareness of citizenship rights can be effective as one of the components of people's attitudes in this regard.

One of the important functions of television is its discourse function. Television, through the production of cultural texts, represents and reproduces the discourses that govern society. One of the discourse texts that plays an effective role in the representation of discourse is TV series. TV series as one of the popular genres has attracted a large audience and is one of the suitable formats for representing and reproducing values ​​and discourses. Television, as an ideological device, tries to dominate a certain discourse through these serials by naturally showing some actions and attitudes, and introduce this discourse to its audience as a common custom. Examining how the family discourse is constructed and how certain elements of it are highlighted on television, and whether the represented discourse seeks to induce what interpretation or construction of the family is an issue that needs to be considered. In this regard, the main purpose of the present study was to investigate the dominant discourse of the family and its harms, which was done using the method of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis.  

In the present study to answer the research question, the method of discourse analysis (with emphasis on the analysis of Laclau and Mouffe discourse), which is one of the important approaches of representation theory, was used. It should be noted that the choice of a series for discourse analysis depended on the existence of specific features of discourse in that series. These characteristics were the existence of different discourses, delimitation of discourse boundaries, open conflict between discourses, and the social consequences of each discourse. Also, being popular, focusing on family issues, focusing on social realities related to this phenomenon such as (divorce, violence, generation gap, value and semantic conflicts, the vulnerability of private territory, weakening family institution and emotional transformation such as loyalty and intimacy) and serial role in stirring up a public debate on the subject of the individual and the family has been a hallmark of serial selection.  For this purpose, an attempt was made to first identify the discourse relationship represented in the film, which aims to identify the central points, articulate, and determine the rival discourses, and then we have sought to end the discourse confrontation. Finally, the relationship of the represented discourses with the text (social context) is discussed.  

The discourse analysis of this series showed that in this series, two types of families in transition and the traditional family were represented. The transition family represented in this series has features such as core family, romantic love, non-constructive problem-solving style, filial piety, neutralization of abnormal and high-risk behaviors, resentment, and unforgiveness. Among the main characteristics of the Satani family were characteristics such as extended family, patriarchy, severe family prejudices, non-constructive problem-solving style, support and advocacy, collectivism, and family orientation. The subject of this series is one of the main challenges of our current society because, in the field of the role of the family in the social order, there are different discourses in the society that have confused families. In the series ‘Under the Foot of Mother’, the two discourses of the traditional family and the family in transition are presented, each with their elements and moments. But in the end, after many struggles between these two discourses, everything ends in favor of the traditional discourse. The series leads us to rejoin a traditional family gathering, albeit with a more or less new definition.

The proper nutrition and adequacy of the diet plan are necessary conditions for maintaining the health of children, especially in the school age, due to their greater vulnerability, forming a high percentage of the population, and higher effectiveness of health-treatment interventions. Not paying attention to such important issue can endanger the physical and mental health as well as the development of students, the treatment of which is difficult and sometimes impossible (Soheili, 2006, p. 344; Jacobson, 1977, p. 1051-1053; Walker, 1991, p. 1596-1579; and Pasdar et al., 2014, p. 541). In addition to being associated with the growth and development, diet can reduce or exacerbate some of the health problems associated with this age group such as bone health, tooth decay, eating disorders, obesity, constipation, malnutrition, and iron deficiency anemia (Soheili, 2007, p. 41-36; and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008).

The research method was correlational. The statistical population of this study included all mothers who lived in Raz and Jirgalan (North Khorasan) and had a high-school student (1139 people). The statistical sample size of this study was 290 individuals using Morgan Table. They were randomly selected using a classified sampling method with a certain volume. The information required in the present study was collected through the use of the nutrition questionnaire, the standard questionnaire of social and mental health as well as the interview technique and the use of secondary data. To process the data collected from the interviews and completed questionnaires, SPSS23 and LISREL8.01 statistical software and descriptive and analytical statistical tests such as Spearman correlation test, multivariate regression test, and one-way analysis of variance were used.

 The results of the study showed a significant relationship between the maternal nutrition at home and the level of mental health, anxiety, social dysfunction, depression, participation, cohesion, acceptance and flourishing, and social adaptation of children. It was shown that 19 percent of changes in mental health and 25 percent of changes in social health can be explained by nutrition. In the structural equation model, the effect of nutritional variables on mental and social health components was confirmed.
It can be concluded that the choice of food basket by the mother of the family has played an important role in reducing psychological and social disorders in the study population. To explain the research findings, it can be said that the health of people in the society is determined by a range of personal, economic, social, and environmental factors. Therefore, a correct understanding of the factors affecting this dimension can play an effective role in the growth of the society. The World Health Organization defines health in a broader sense than the physical health by defining a healthy person as a person who is physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually healthy. Therefore, by considering man as an organized and multidimensional whole, it can be said that all dimensions of human existence are related to each other and the change in one dimension of his existence may affect other dimensions. Since nutrition is the main factor affecting the health of the body, the type and style of nutrition are also important. In the dimensions of social health, since human beings are multidimensional beings, all the dimensions of our existence affect each other and are affected.  As the nutrition style could affect the physical and mental health, so it can affect other dimensions of this system. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, social health is one of the components of health and considering a systematic and general perspective of human beings, it can be said that people with physical and mental health can also have social health.