نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 22، بهار و تابستان 1399)

The issue of social responsibility to protect the environment at all levels and segments of society is an issue that is emphasized in 14th article of the general policy of Iran’s environment and the villagers as well most users of environmental resources are no exception.The main research question was how people feel about the environment and what are the responsible behaviors among the villagers?.The research method is cross-sectional analysis and the analysis unit is a rural resident.The statistical population of the study was all residents of rural areas of Mazandaran province in 2019.The type of sampling was multi-stage clustering. The number of sample villages was 30 and the sample size was 384.In this research, the formal validity and validity of the structure have been used. The data required for the research have been collected through the questionnaire tools. The survey data were reviewed and analyzed in SPSS software. The results show that the level of responsible behavior of the environment and the tendency to responsible behavior of the environment was moderate. Multivariate analysis suggests that the severity of the vulnerability, the severity of the perceived risk, the self-efficacy and knowledge of the environment, and the prescriptive norms have affected the responsibility of the rural community for the environment.

In recent years, climate change has become a global and important issue and has affected human survival and development. To achieve a “low carbon” and “sustainable development” community, scientists have focused on designing and planning systems to evaluate the “low carbon” community. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of “low carbon” approach indicators on the degree of stability and their combined analogy in Jowlan neighborhood of Hamadan city. The research method in this study is correlational and in the framework of analytical methods. Therefore, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, and the sampling method was random. Using the Pearson correlation test and linear regression, the effect of low carbon indices on indices of sustainable neighborhoods and their comparisons has been investigated in the Jowlan neighborhood of Hamadan. Finally, the data-model fitting through Smart PLS software is presented to provide a structural analytical model for the research on its variables. To calculate the reliability of the indices, a sample of 310 people was administered. Then the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.801 which indicates high level of reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Indicators evaluated in the research are extracted with emphasis on measurability and measurable overview of relevant literature. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the more the low carbon approach of 0.842 and its dimensions increases the rate of conversion of urban neighborhoods, the more sustainable neighborhoods among Hamadan towns, thus, the research hypothesis is confirmed. According to the studies, “form and structure” is the most important component for citizens and experts, both in terms of effectiveness and in terms of being active in effective relationships for the realization of low carbon neighborhood. Obviously, the diversity of housing for different strata has always been effective in achieving a coherent form and structure, increasing green areas and axes, compact growth and prevention of sprawl of growth. In this component, according to the findings, the two indicators of “attention to the natural state of the neighborhood” and “reducing energy consumption” are also among the most important and effective indicators.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between residential environments and the residents’ lifestyle dimensions. Theoretical studies suggest that the capabilities of residential environments can affect different aspects of lifestyle. To validate the theoretical model of the study, a traditional and a contemporary neighborhood in Tabriz were selected. The statistical population for each neighborhood was determined to be 200 residents. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the impact of residential environments on lifestyle dimensions. The results of our theoretical tests on a traditional and a contemporary neighborhood suggested that in the traditional neighborhood, the physical capability at the neighborhood level and the symbolic capability at the home level had the highest impact on the development of lifestyle dimensions. In terms of lifestyle dimensions, at the neighborhood level, the interaction dimension was affected the most by the physical capability, whereas at the home level, the interaction dimension was affected the most by the symbolic capability. In contrast, in the contemporary neighborhood, the social capability at the neighborhood and the symbolic capability at the home level had the highest impact on the improvement of lifestyle dimensions. In terms of lifestyle dimensions, at the neighborhood level, the unity dimension was affected the most by the social capability, whereas at the home level, the unity dimension was affected the most by the symbolic capability.

The Cultural norms or underlying values (such as freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature and shared responsibility); are prerequisites for sustainable development as comprehensive and balanced development in various social, economic and environmental dimensions. On the other hand, the attitudes and values of individuals in a society are produced and reproduced through their chosen identity style. There seems to be a reciprocal connection between the two. Given the importance of youth socialization; this research has studied the youth of Sanandaj aged 18-29 by survey method. The sample size is 345 people who have been selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Descriptive findings indicate that the level of infrastructure values of sustainable development among the youth of Sanandaj is not in a very favorable situation, although it is not far from the desired situation. The findings also show that the youth of Sanandaj are in a better position in terms of freedom; tolerance and equality, while in terms of respect for nature, solidarity and especially shared responsibility are in unfavorable conditions. In addition, analytical findings indicate a significant and positive relationship between Sanandaji youth information identification style with all dimensions of values of sustainable development infrastructure and its overall index; the identity style is confused with the overall index, especially the dimensions of equality, shared responsibility and freedom. Theoretically, it can be concluded that despite the focus on distinct aspects, there is a kind of theoretical integration, overlapping content and assumptions, especially with regard to human motivations in these two typologies (identification styles and underlying values of sustainable development) and theoretical discussion in Identity and culture. Such a situation can be interpreted, in Weberian terms, as a kind of "selective relationship or coordination" between information identity style and the underlying values of sustainable development.

Community-based development in Iran has often been translated as neighborhood-based development. In the local development model, the local community is considered very general, whereas in the Community-based development model, the local community is focused on local contexts and structures that have social issues and problems according to the development capacities based on the local community. Urban management in Tehran in the last decade with a series of different measures (Distinguish neighborhood boundaries, The construction of community center (Saraye Mahale), implementation of social, cultural and health programs, at the level of urban neighborhoods, etc) have sought to institutionalize this type of development. The present article focuses on theoretical and experimental issues in the field of local community development and the requirements of this type of development to examine its challenges in Tehran and the set of measures that have been taken in this regard. Relying on the data of two studies in Tehran (pathology of neighborhood management and social and cultural typology of Tehran neighborhoods), which has been done quantitatively and qualitatively, the article addresses the challenges of this type of development in Tehran. The findings of the paper show that development is based on a local community based on contexts and requirements, and focuses on specific goals and specific contexts of cities, not all contexts. While the strategies of development based on local community (Council elections, establishing Community center (Saraye Mahale) and neighborhood management, etc.) without considering these contexts and requirements of this development based on local community in Tehran This has led to the failure of these strategies in the development of the local community and the achievement of the consequences of this type of development after the implementation of these strategies. Lack of attention to the contexts and requirements based on the development of the local community in Tehran, the activities carried out have led to spending a lot of money so far, which seems to have not yielded significant results in this area. At the end, several specific suggestions are presented to address the challenges of this type of development, with the main emphasis on changing the perception of local communities that should be the focus of development.

The purpose of this paper is to study the Lived experience of homelessness based on its characteristics, distinctions and conditions. The social system and organization of homeless hangouts are influenced by the pattern of urban growth, the system of power that governs it, and the interactions of outcasts in the hangout. This research has been done by qualitative method based on thematic analysis technique. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews with 32 homeless people were conducted in six homeless hangouts (based on targeted sampling) and the data were analyzed using Maxqda software. The results show that homeless hangouts, as a livelihood territory, have a customary system of division of labor with degrees of compulsive collectivism that combine a sense of need for social cohesion, personal emotion, support, relief and identity in the community. The considerable degree of freedom of action in the field of individual action, which by formal criteria can be regarded as a form of anomaly, together with the minimal provision of anything that makes life possible for the homeless, provides a dual attraction for that territory. Finally, from an introspective perspective, the hangout can be seen as an informal, dynamic local community, not merely a conglomeration of perverse and abnormal individuals.

In the past few decades, governments have ignored their redistributive functions due to growth oriented development ideology and neoliberal system and have quitted support of rejected poor people. In Iran, poverty has increased especially in the marginal and border areas, due to the neoliberal system and the political-economic centralism of the government. Since the Kolbari indicates poverty in border areas and so far no comprehensive research has been done about the causes of its formation. In this research, using critical ethnography method and considering the critical biosphere of border activists, we have addressed the causes of this phenomenon. The Research Society of this study consists of 25 informed people involved in the Kolbari phenomenon in the border city of Baneh that was selected by purposive sampling and Snowball method. The findings are expressed in both descriptive and analytical levels by Context-Based Analysis and Open and Central Coding. At the descriptive level, Kolbari's history and its various forms are discussed and at the analytical level, according to the respondents, 52 phrases, 32 concepts and 7 central categories have been obtained as follows: Economic poverty and lack of alternative sources of income, Feeling of structural discrimination, environmental constraint and the weakness of industrial employment, agriculture and tourism, construction of border, the withdrawal of government support for the poor, rental capitalism in the absence of industrial capitalism, Feeling of economic and cultural exclusion. According to the final finding, the Kolbari phenomenon is not the result of border residents' selection in the west of the country, but is formed by the mentioned factors.

During the last century and in a period of time called modern history of Iran, we have seen different changes in life of urban communities as a whole, and urban and rural Kurdistan in particular. The range and power of such changes have been in such a level that we can see “value changes” in this field. Data of this research, considering sociocultural peculiarities of the village understudy, was gathered by employing qualitative method and grounded theory and applying techniques like deep interviews, oral history and field participation. Repeated visits to the study field in order to collect the required information and measure the reliability of the collected information and also to test the theoretical validity, have continued until the last stage of the research. Theoretically, new theories of modernization and some of the theories related to interpretative sociology have been our guidelines and especially Engelhard's theory of values evolution, new theories of modernization and reflexive modernity of Giddens have formed our conceptual framework. After conducting about twenty individual interviews with elites and members of the local community and eight group discussions, theoretical saturation was obtained. In the data analysis section, about 187 basic concepts, 12 minor categories and 4 main categories have been extracted and finally summarized in the form of presenting the main category of the research. Observation, studies and “lived experience” of researcher shows the happening of different “objective- subjective” kind of changes in the “life world” of Kurdish rural areas under the influence of environmental, historical, political and cultural conditions of geographical region called “Mukerian” (located on the borders of Iraq and Turkey) in different fields among them Family and different issues in relation with family. In fact on one side we are observing “creation of some new and modern traditions” and on the other side “modernization of some old traditions” in Iranian rural community and so in Kurdistan such as family member relations with each other, relations between women and men, their parents and their children, love and sexual issues, secrecy and feminization of the family, divorce, marriage and related traditions.

Although the contemporary discourse of sociology of technology puts many concepts on its agenda, but the digital divide is still one of the important research in this field. Meanwhile, although the penetration of the Internet in rural areas has grown, it should be noted that new approaches to the digital divide have led to new issues such as rural "ICT", the level of digital literacy and what is the effective local pattern to reduce it, and issues that more specifically address the digital divide which has been explained in Iran. The present article intends to explore the issue of digital divide in the villages of Qom province. The present scientific scan seeks to find the native pattern of digital divide in the villages of Qom Province. Therefore, it has collected its data using the Delphi method and has used the fuzzy hierarchical technique and fuzzy TOPSIS. The statistical population of the present study are the experts and senior managers in the field of ICT in the villages of Qom province. The results of the research after Delphi two-stage calculations are the achievement of the conceptual model of the research including 9 criteria and 42 sub-criteria and 36 digital gap crossing strategies. During the fuzzy hierarchical calculations, the sub-criteria were normalized and prioritized in terms of weight. According to the research findings, recognizing rural culture and social relations has the highest weight rating and businesses have the lowest weight rating by identifying them in the development of rural economy as well as business intelligence. The results of quality assessment of solutions in the light of fuzzy TOPSIS technique indicate that encouraging operators to invest in the first priority and using specialized personnel to provide training in IT concepts to experts in the organization, is at the lowest level of priority.

Iran's rural management system has undergone various changes in terms of social structures over the years. The purpose of this study is to explore the two-decade experience of selecting Dehyar in the villages of Zavin section of Kalat County in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. The research has been done with a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 rural management officials. In addition, due to the role of the triangulation method in qualitative research, and in order to analyze the theory more accurately, the results of the interviews were reinforced with the participatory observation data of a researcher who worked in the field for three years. The results showed that although the selection Dehyar is done in a democratic framework, but due to the dominance of specific historical and cultural values, obstacles and challenges are formed in its selection and performance. The four main themes of the present study are specificity, irresponsibility, cultural challenges, and poor performance. The results show that democratic institutionalization in the studied villages has not been able to achieve its goals. One of the necessities of rural management is to provide indigenous models of village management that on the one hand paying attention to its cultural-historical values, and on the other hand paying attention to the changing needs. Government policies in rural areas, while considering its democratic aspects, need to be reformed based on the cultural-historical values ​​that govern power relations and interactions.

The sustainable rural livelihood approach relies on the main assets and capital (human, financial, social, etc.) in the village as the primary and basic sources of rural livelihood. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to assess the living conditions of rural households in Darrehshahr city from the perspective of local communities. The type of research is applied and field method has been used to collect data. The statistical population included 16140 households and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 380 people. Statistical methods using SPSS, Excell and Vensim software were used to analyze the data. The results show that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of subsistence assets. Also, the results of Friedman test show that the share of natural assets is higher in the studied villages, the share of natural assets in the studied villages is higher and the share of social assets. , Natural, physical and financial are 3.39, 3.30, 3.59, 1.33, 3.39, respectively. Cause and effect models show that the impact of livelihood dimensions in the studied villages in terms of currency through tourism, private sector investment in the region according to the region's capacities, creating handicraft fairs, reducing migration to cities, creating entrepreneurial opportunities, reducing labor outflows and creating revenue can be effective.

The aim of this study is to identify the views of farmers and key informed people of Yazd province on operational strategies for utilizing social capacities for sustainable management of water resources. The present study is qualitative and the thematic analysis technique was used to do it. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a number of key water experts and experienced farmers to reach theoretical saturation. In this study, 19 key informed people in the field of water and 13 experienced farmers participated who were selected by using purposive sampling. The interviews were recorded with the consent of the participants and before conducting the interview on the subject, the purpose of the research, the process and the observance of ethical principles were explained to sample people. The results of data analysis and comparison of statements of institutional benefactors (key informed people) of farmers' water literacy and measures taken by farmers show that Farmers' water literacy is not low and they are able to understand the current situation and  relatively have good knowledge. In the case of social capacities, using the potential of clerics, experienced farmers, education, artists, and non-governmental organizations is a priority.