نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 61 (بهمن 1399)

The present article seeks to examine the prospects of Iran's membership in the BRICS and to analyze its capabilities in the future of bilateral relations. The BRICS is a group of emerging economies including Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, which have come together to create a multipolar world and counter US unipolarity, as well as to form a strong economy against the United States. Iran has also tried to stand by countries with which it has common visions and the goals, and it has sought to converge with these emerging economic powers in order to achieve the shared goals. Therefore, in this regard, the present article seeks to answer the question that what capacities will the BRICS present for Iran's possible membership in this organization? To answer the question, using the descriptive-analytical method and using the theory of soft balance, it is hypothesized that according to the future scenarios of the BRICS, which seeks to become a political, economic, social and civic power beyond the West, Iran's possible membership in this organization can put Iran next to these superior powers and provide a move towards political-economic development for Iran.

Human rights are a set of fundamental rights and freedoms that are granted to human beings without any discrimination and simply because they are human beings. Governments are generally responsible for guaranteeing and enforcing these rights. Governments can facilitate the implementation of this responsibility by taking precautionary measures. One of these preventive measures is universal human rights education. People can claim their fundamental rights and prevent them from being violated by relying on awareness. Peace, in addition to being a strategic situation, is also recognized as a human right and has developed within the framework of the activities of the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Commission. Therefore, in addition to the absence of war, peace is an expression of a situation with constructive, fair and democratic necessities. Meanwhile, Afghanistan is one of the developing countries. The UN Human Rights Council's global reports show the Afghan government's progress in guaranteeing and enforcing human rights. There is no doubt that the implementation of public human rights education plans and programs will be effective in developing this progress. Given the Afghan government's exposure to a number of challenges, such as armed conflict, terrorism, drug production and transit, and the like, it is worth considering assessing the benefits of human rights education in achieving and maintaining peace in Afghanistan. In this study, while examining the form and substance of the human rights education process, suggestions are provided for the development of public human rights education in Afghanistan according to the specific situation of the country.

The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on the awakening of the countries in the region. However, it should be noted that the impact of the Islamic Revolution of Iran on all Islamic societies has not been the same, but according to the specific situation of each location and intellectual, cultural and geographical affinities, the degree of impact has been different. The more the Iranian nation shared with other nations in achieving its revolutionary goals, the more they were influenced by that revolution. In view of the above, the question that can be asked in this article is what effect has the Islamic Revolution of Iran had on the Islamic awakening of the countries in the region? Using descriptive and analytical method, this article examines the hypothesis that the Islamic Revolution of Iran, with its characteristics such as spirituality in politics, opposition to dictatorial and non-Islamic regimes, reproduction of the culture of resistance and the spirit of martyrdom, reproduction of the culture of resistance and the spirit of martyrdom, justice, emphasis on unity, people-orientedness, and spread of political Islam, has influenced the countries of the region. In general, it can be said that this revolution had impacts on many countries and nations, and these impacts, which emerged in the form of modeling the Islamic Revolution, opened new opportunities for the movements and struggles for freedom and independence. The Islamic Revolution of Iran brought about changes in the field of political concepts and theoretical issues and created new capacities in the international system inspired by religious teachings.

The marine environment is of great economic, social and other importance and its protection is essential for today's society. Protecting the marine environment is the prevention of some polluting behaviors and efforts to improve and improve the polluted environment, which is one of the ways to protect the adoption of domestic and international regulations. Therefore, by presenting related concepts and expressing the importance of the marine environment, it has introduced and analyzed international conventions and treaties and criminalizes the pollution of the marine environment. In view of the above, the present dissertation examines in a descriptive-analytical manner the question of what is the responsibility of the coastal state in environmental pollution by emphasizing the principle of participation in the Convention on the Law of the Sea? The liability of marine polluters is considered to be limited, and polluters are required to pay compensation for material or moral damage to subjects of international law. The conclusion is that with numerous international conventions, there is no such thing as pollution of the marine environment, and in them only the obligation of the Contracting States to criminalize this act is sufficient. Non-oil takes place. Efficiency laws have been enacted for petroleum products. But very weak laws have been passed on non-petroleum products.

One of the main concerns of political systems which is highly emphasized is the rights of the nation, which in fact, all countries are trying to make it the headpiece of their constitution. In the third chapter of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the highest legal document of the country, this central issue of the political system has been emphasized far from extremism. In general, the rights of the nation authorized in the third chapter can be studied in the three axes of equality, security and freedom. Given the importance of the issue, in this article we will explain and examine the rights of the nation in the constitution and we will explore the existing guarantees of implementation. In general, the purpose of this article is to inform all members of society about their rights and duties and the guarantees of implementation in this field. The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical and the result of the research indicates that according to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, all members of the society are equal, and that the equality of rights and duties and the implementation of these rights will not be possible without a guarantee of implementation.

This article examines recent issues and studies in the field of "Victim Impact Statement" in various European countries. The article seeks to answer the question that if the Victim Impact Statement has had a positive effect on victim-related policies and their implementation in Europe. The challenges of its adapting to the Romano-Germanic legal system as a tool in countries with flexible legal structures are also examined. The reviewed criminal justice systems make it possible to offer the victim in the criminal proceedings process to ensure compensation for the victim from the offender. Compensation for victims is legally recognized in many criminal justice systems, as stated in programs such as compensation and private plaintiffs. In particular, the problem is the emotional and internal experience of harassment that is not easily measured and will vary greatly between individuals, which is addressed in this work.

The main purpose of the parties to the contract is to meet the provisions of the contract. As a result of any contract, the parties assume obligations that they are obliged to fulfill. Of course, the obligations must be fulfilled at the time and place agreed and stipulated in the contract, which sometimes are not specified in the contract or cannot be recognized from the text of the contract. In this case, the time and place of fulfillment of obligations can be determined by referring to the law governing the contract. In the present study, the time and place of the fulfillment of contractual obligations in Iranian law and the principles of international trade agreements have been studied comparatively. According to these laws, in some cases a distinction is made between monetary and non-monetary obligations, and in other cases, no reference is made to this issue, which indicates that the laws are the same for monetary and non-monetary obligations. The principles of international trade agreements regarding the time of the fulfillment of contractual obligations explicitly refer to the issue of early fulfillment of obligations, while the Iranian Civil Code does not independently consider early fulfillment, but the provisions of the Civil Code in this regard can be recognized by referring to some articles.