International Multidisciplinary Journal of Pure Life
Volume:7 Issue: 24, Autumn 2020

The issue of the “Trinity” is one of the most important and complex doctrinal principles of the Christian world and because of the many intellectual and philosophical difficultas that this belief entails, Christian scholars have faced serious challenges and in interfaith dialogue, this issue is always mentioned as one of the problems that the Christian intellectual system and ideas face. Many factors have been involved in the formation of the doctrine of the Trinity among christians, including the thoughts of Paul and Greek philosophy. The irrationality of the Trinity is now considered one of the prerequisites for the denial of Christianity among scholars of various religions. Therefore, recognizing the truth of the Trinity and the justifications of its acceptors along with examining the consequences of accepting the Trinity is one of the issues that this research which was carried out by a qualitative method and using library studies and reviewing of scientific documents, try to discover it. The results of this comparative research indicate the rejection of the doctrine of the Trinity based on the sources of monotheistic religions and rational arguments that show that this belief is not divine and is rooted in heresies that have entered the religion of early Christianity.

In this article, an analysis of the social characteristics of the Jews in the Holy Quran is presented, which with the aim of presenting the identity of the Jewish community such as their name, language, living areas, travels and religion, Have a theme. The results of the research show that the Jews are a Bedouin nation that has strict rules in life and despite adhering to ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Canaan, they still adhere to their principles of life and beliefs. The Jewish people, though receiving many divine blessings through the prophets; But they did not believe in the blessings of God and distorted their religion. This article also discusses the behavioral and moral characteristics of Jews; Such as betrayal of the divine covenant, hiding the truth and closing the way to serving God, lying, stinginess, fear and so on. These characteristics were the reason for their deviation and confrontation with the prophets of Israel; Because they dealt severely with the prophets in order to oppose the invitation of the prophets and to oppose their movement, as a result of which they were killed, displaced and degraded from the position and virtue that God had created for them. In the continuation of the article, the lessons and teachings learned from the story of the Jews in the Holy Quran and the ways to protect the Islamic society from the danger of the Jews were examined; Among other things, studying the personality and beliefs of Jews and getting to know them in the face of their intellectual and psychological aggression can help Muslims.

Since the revelation of the Holy Quran to the Prophet Mohammad, Muslim thinkers have been interested in the interpretation of the 35th verse of the Surah “Light”. From Fārābi, Avicenna and Sohrawardi to contemporary Islamic scholars, the structure, content and symbolism of this verse, reputed by the title of the verse of the Light, have been studied and commented on several methods. Imam Abu Hamed Mohammad Ghazali, the Great Iranian Master of jurisprudence, theology, ethics, philosophy, logic and gnostic has written a very concise essay on this subject, in order to answer the question of a disciple who asks him to interpret this quranic verse. This book, written in Arabic, is called “Mishkat-al-Anwar”, which means “The Niche of the lights”. In this article, we will faithfully follow the approach taken by Ghazali, this famous Muslim thinker, who was born in Iranian region of Khorasan at the time of the Seljukide dynasty, to explain the quranic notion of the Light. In the examined verse, the terms are positioned according to a well-ordered hierarchical order. The glass is in a niche. The lamp is in the glass. This shows the hierarchy between the sources of light. That is why the quranic verse says “Light on Light”.

The manifestation of the Essence of God in the point of view of Ibn Arabi and Meister Eckhart is considered one of the most important and fundamental ideas on which the other mystical questions depend on. Ibn Arabi regards this matter in the way that it represents the Essence of God, namely the manifestation of the Essence of God and other worlds is because of His hiddenness in these worlds which is resulted from the Breath of the Merciful (the complete divine manifestation). Meister Eckhart also regards this matter as the truth of everything and originates from the divine perception of Himself, and this perception flows to all things by which the Essence of God manifested in the whole things including human, soul and the light. The Essence of God is the Love who penetrates the whole attracting things to Him. So the manifestation and hiddenness in the two mystics' views is the proof of the two verses (He is the First, the Last, the Manifest, and the Unseen and He knows all things), and We are closer to him than even his jugular vein. This manifestation and hiddenness don’t just concern  the worlds and beings; But includes the visible world, the world of unveiling matters relating to the unseen, the stations, and states. Mystics and holy travellers stated the secret of this manifestation and hiddenness of the Essence of God, namely, the full orientation towards the Essence of God, this approach gives an expansion of readiness to the mystic and holy traveller to enable him to receive and reflect the divine perfection more and more; for that they recommend the importance to protect this hiddenness and continuing its manifestation.

The key word “Rafiḍi” in historical sources comes in the form of “Rafiḍia”, “Rafiḍian” and “Rafiḍis” and it is derived from the word “Rafiḍi” meaning to leave, and in the theological term of the opponents of the Imamiyya denomination, it is a title that refers to all Shia sects and sometimes to a specific group and sect of Shia and sometimes to those who express love for the family of the Prophet, is applied. In this research, which has been done by library method and review of documents, various sources of Shia and Sunni hadiths have been used and an attempt has been made to point out their role in Islamic history and civilization by explaining the concept of Rafiḍi. The importance of the discussion is especially evident from the fact that the Rafiḍi discussion has caused ambiguity among Muslims, so the main question of the article was where did the origin of this naming start and what period does it go back to? In order to answer this basic question and the subject that helps to clarify the ambiguities in this area, this article was conducted with a historical approach to expressing the problem and exploring the nature and explanation of the discussion to reach the basic question of the research.

Sovereignty is a power from which the legal order derives and is not subject to external norms or pre-norms and there is no power higher of it; Sovereignty also gives existence to the government and is inseparable from it. Internal sovereignty includes the authority of the government, which is used to govern of the country's political board and the exercise of power is used to pursue the interests and affairs of citizens. On the other hand, external sovereignty requires the denial of any affiliation or obedience to other governments. Considering the political system of any society, two types of governance can be expected. In the meantime, the Safavid era and the Safavid government as a part of the history and civilization of several thousand years of Iran, to achieve the goal of sovereignty can be considered and studied by scholars; a sovereign that considered himself a messenger of God and worked hard to dominate and expand the realm under his influence. A group of religious scholars and leaders of that time also confirmed the connection of this government with the extraterrestrial calculations considered by the Safavid rulers, because with the formation and establishment of this government, a glimmer of hope to achieve the goal and stabilize the religious position in Iran at that time, gained legitimacy, which indicates the mutual support between this group of Safavid rulers. Therefore, this group helped the government and the Safavids also acted according to their perception of religion. By regarding this explanation, in the present study, by examining the history of the basics of the government and the establishment of the government, the Safavid government was studied and analyzed as a case study and using the course of historical developments with the qualitative research method.