نشریه راهبردهای کارآفرینی در کشاورزی
پیاپی 14 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Export is one of the main variables of production and national income. Export performance is also one of the other main ways to generate revenue and to use investmentchr('39')s capacities. The aim of this study is to explain the role of entrepreneurial performance and export marketing capabilities on export performance with the moderating role of inefficient competition. This research is purposed-based inbterms of application and is a descriptive_study in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study is all fixed managers and deputies of pistachio exporting companies in Kerman province with 280 people in 2019. The sample size was estimated 162 using Morganchr('39')s Georgian table. After analyzing the data, it was found that entrepreneurial performance and export marketing had a significant effect on export performance. The moderating role of inefficient competition in the impact of export marketing on export performance has also been proven. Therefore, it is suggested that the managers of pistachio exporting companies try to increase the level of export marketing capabilities in the company to increase cooperation and recognize inefficient competition.

Entrepreneurial orientation is a valuable structure for understanding how and why some companies are able to grow regularly over time through new ways. The aim of this study is to Investigating the role of Brand Orientation and Entrepreneurship orientation on Brand Performance in Green food producers. This is an applied and descriptive study and has been performed by the survey method. The sample size in this study 94 employees of green food companies in Tehran who were selected by the Cochran sampling method. Data collection in the present study was done in the winter period of 1398 and in order to analyze the data, the structural equation modeling method was used. The validity of convergent and divergent validity was used by software, In order to fit the reliability, Cronbach alpha was used and its coefficient for all research structures is more than 0.7. The results show that brand orientation and entrepreneurship orientation have a significant effect on brand performance. There was also a positive and significant effect between brand orientation and entrepreneurial orientation. Because the heart of entrepreneurial orientation is innovation, green food companies are better able to create creative brands for their products and services and present a different image of their organization in the market. Therefore, adopting an entrepreneurial orientation in manufacturing companies promotes branding in them.

The aim of this study was to analyze the entrepreneurial skills of Agricultural and Natural Resources students. The population was included 893 students of faculties of Agriculture, Water & Soil, and Natural Resources at University of Zabol and study sample was calculated 269 students using stratified random sampling. The data gathering instrument in this study was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by experts in the field of entrepreneurship and its reliability was confirmed through a pilot testing and Ordinal Theta was between 0.81 - 0.92. The results of the current and desired situations of the entrepreneurial skills showed that the team building skill is in ranked first. However, the skill of familiarity with the legal and commercial rules was ranked lowest in both the current and desired situations. The results showed that the deepest the gap between the desired and the current situation belongs to the skills of familiarity with the legal and commercial rules, writing a business plan, and communications, respectively. It recommended that the entrepreneurial skills should be taught as a multi-step process. In such a way that each entrepreneurial skill is segmented and each section should be taught both theoretically and then practically.

Entrepreneurship should be considered one of the necessities of the new millennium, an age known as the information society and the age of globalization. And it has important consequences such as the acquisition of emerging technologies and rapid changes in the field of human exchanges and fierce and brutal competition in the business world. This study examines two models of planned behavioral theory and cognitive-social theory to predict entrepreneurial intent among agricultural students. The statistical population of the present study included incoming undergraduate students in 2016-17, Bushehr Persian Gulf Fisheries Science and Technology Training Center. The number of people in the study population was 192. Using Krejcie and Morganchr('39')s table, the sample size was 124 people using a simple random sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the opinion of the faculty members of the university and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured and confirmed using a pre-test design of 30 people using theta test (0.76-0.89). The results of structural equations showed that in social cognitive theory, perceived expectations and perception of behavior have a significant, positive, and direct effect on studentschr('39') entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, in the theory of planned behavior, it was shown that the structures of self-efficacy, moral norm, and identity have a significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. While the structures of control, attitude, and mental norm do not have a direct impact on entrepreneurial intention. Attitude has a positive and direct effect on the moral norm and an indirect effect on intention. Social cognitive theory can predict 76% of changes in intentions and planned behavioral theory predicts 77% of changes in agricultural entrepreneurial intentions.

The first step in planning for employment and developing entrepreneurial activities in rural areas is to identify job opportunities in these areas. Accordingly, this research study based on the sequential mixed method was carried out to identify and make ranking of rural enterprises across Dezful County. At first, different opportunities for job creation in rural areas was identified; then job selection criteria in rural areas were prioritized using the AHP method. In this section, 22 experts who were purposefully selected from Jihad-e- Keshavarzi Administration, Cooperative, Labor and Social Welfare Office and Dezful’s Agricultural Union Association participated as contributors. At the next phase, rural occupations and enterprises, based on those prioritized job criteria, were ranked using numerical taxonomic method. For this stage, 11 experts who selected purposefully from Jihad-e- Keshavarzi Administration of Dezful County participated. Findings showed that route safety with a weight of 0.224, sufficient income with a weight of 0.137, and the need for professional knowledge and expertise with a weight of 0.109, respectively, were assigned as the important criteria for choosing a job in a rural environment. Also, the results of job classification revealed that production and packaging of vermicomposting obtained an almost optimal grade. The overall results, also, showed that, jobs related to agriculture and associated industries have more potential to develop in rural areas of the study area and in contrast, jobs related to livestock are less likely to develop.

One of the main contexts of womenchr('39')s participation in rural society is the creation of small businesses and entrepreneurship or self-employment. Microfinance funds and the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund have played a significant role in this regard. The main aim of study was to analyze the marketing activities of women entrepreneurs in the Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies and Omid Entrepreneurship Fund in Fars province. This survey study was conducted using stratified random sampling method and 307 individuales were interviewed through questionnaires for data collection. The main comparisons between the two women groups were done using T-tests. Based on the results, women entrepreneurs who are the members of Specialized Holding Companies had higher mean in terms of marketing methods awareness, marketing mixes, strategies and environmental factors than the members of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund. The members of the Specialized Holding Companies also were in a better position than women in the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund in terms of personality traits (success, risk-taking, creativity, and independence). In this regard, some applicable suggestions were presented in oreder to improve the marketing activities of rural women.

Today, entrepreneurship education is needed in universities for progress, production and development. In recent years, the growing unemployment of educated people in the fields of agriculture and natural resources has caused great concern for individuals and society. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting entrepreneurship education of agricultural and natural resources students at Shahrekord University. This research is a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of this study included all incoming students of the faculties of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Earth Sciences of Shahrekord University in the academic years 2014-18 (N = 2000). To determine the statistical sample size using Cochranchr('39')s formula, 322 students were selected as the sample. Data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was reviewed and confirmed by the professor of the management department of Payame Noor University of Khansar. To measure the reliability of the questionnaire, the method of calculating Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficients was calculated using SPSS software version 23 and showed an acceptable Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient (a= 0.70-0.86). Inferential statistics and structural equations were used to analyze the data using Amos software. Findings showed that empirical learning, information and communication technology, risk-taking and entrepreneurial characteristics of the learner directly and indirectly affect entrepreneurship education. Therefore, universities should pay attention to the importance of factors affecting entrepreneurship education and make more use of experiential learning and information and communication technology in entrepreneurship education.

Rural tourism has a great potential for creating small businesses and can help develop employment. Accordingly, the purpose of this survey study was to identify the effects of tourism on the development of agriculture employment of rural women in Kakan district, Boyer-Ahmad county. The statistical population of the study included women from two villages targeted for tourism in the mentioned rural area. For this purpose, women aged 15-64 years were identified first (433 people), then according to the sampling table of Bartlett et al., 165 rural women were estimated as a sample and distributed proportionally among the two target villages. Questionnaire was the most important tool for data collection in the present study. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was also confirmed by conducting a pilot study and calculating the Theta coefficient (θ = 0.50). Factor analysis was used to analyze the data. In this context, KMO test was first used to measure the internal consistency of items. Based on the obtained results, the most obvious effects of tourism on employment of rural women were classified into six factors, which explained 59.27% ​​of the total variance of the factors. These six factors were named: Productive, Economic, Capital, Service, Welfare, and Social factors. Among the categories, the largest effect was related to the productive factor which explains 22.82% of the total variance and the smallest effect is related to the Social factor, which is 4.47% of the effects. Finally, it is suggested to establish employment offices and rural tourism entrepreneurship in the Islamic Council of the target villages in order to develop the employment of rural women in a targeted manner.

Promoting womenchr('39')s participation and achieving the goals of gender equality have been proposed in such a way that womenchr('39')s progress and participation is the main axis of sustainable development. Entrepreneurship is a good strategy to fight poverty and maintain wealth in low-income societies. The present study was conducted to explain the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between psychological capital and social entrepreneurship of women in Choobast village. The research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study was 162 people in Choobast village in 1399. Samples were selected by census by 162 people. The measuring tool is a standard questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between psychological capital and womenchr('39')s social entrepreneurship. Also, psychological capital has a significant effect on social entrepreneurship with the mediating role of empathy with a coefficient of 0.48.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of development and reconstruction of pigeon houses in East Isfahan on the prosperity of tourism entrepreneurship. The present study used a descriptive-analytical type. Also, this research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study, including specialists, managers, architecture and tourism experts in the east of Isfahan, was 450 people, the sample size was determined based on Cochranchr('39')s formula of 207 people, and sampling was selected using available random sampling method. . The research tool includes a researcher-made questionnaire for the development and reconstruction of pigeon houses with 17 questions, and the tourism entrepreneurship boom with 13 questions. The validity of the questionnaire was formal, which was confirmed by experts and professors, and its reliability was confirmed by 0.79 based on Cronbachchr('39')s alpha. Data analysis, based on structural equation analysis, was performed in AMOS software. The results show that, in general, the development and reconstruction of pigeon houses in East Isfahan has had an impact on the prosperity of tourism entrepreneurship, and based on this location on the prosperity of tourism entrepreneurship, with an impact factor of 0.79, the most impact, and application Agriculture has the least impact on the prosperity of tourism entrepreneurship with an impact factor of 0.22. Accordingly, the location of pigeon houses, or the creation of new pigeon houses should be in an area that is accessible to tourists, and next to the main road, agricultural land, proximity to welfare services, and so on.

The purpose of this study was investigating factors affecting studentschr('39') entrepreneurial intention in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The research method was descriptive. The statistical population was 390 final year undergraduate students in all active fields of the University. Using Krejcie and Morgan table and stratified random sampling method with assignment, 196 students were selected as the research sample. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the opinion of University specialists and its reliability for different parts of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient between 0.607 and 0.903. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the respondents in terms of entrepreneurial intention in terms of gender, participation in entrepreneurship training courses, work experience and having a freelance job. The results of correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between family income and motherchr('39')s literacy with entrepreneurial intention. The results of path analysis showed that the most effective variables on entrepreneurial intention were self-efficacy variable with direct effect of 0.516, attitude variable with direct effect of 0.319 and entrepreneurship knowledge variable with indirect effect of 0.209, respectively.

Agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors of the country regarding both economic and employment development. This sector which is influenced by macroeconomic variables and policies interacts with other sectors importantly. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of government macroeconomic policies on the development of employment in the agricultural sector. Macroeconomic variables including inflation rate, exchange rate, money supply, and government expenditures were studied in the period between 1991 and 2016. Furthermore, ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) was used to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of these variables. Findings revealed that in the short-term, exchange rates and liquidity had positive effects on employment in the agricultural sector, while the effects of government spending and inflation rate were negative. The situation of the long-term effects was the same as the short term effects. But the difference was that the elasticities were greater, and this is logical, because economic policies, especially monetary policies, have higher external delays.  In other words, its effects on the economic variables will be revealed with a time interval and in a period of several years. Therefore, according to the results of the present study, the government policies to increase employment in the agricultural sector should include controlling inflation, managing exchange rates, increasing liquidity and expanding monetary policy and liquidity guidance for investment in the agricultural sector as well as applying expansionary fiscal policies in the form of government investment in the infrastructure affairs, agricultural production, and supportive policies.