نشریه پژوهش های زبان و ترجمه فرانسه
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 4، بهار و تابستان 1399)

French as a foreign language is taught to young language learners by graduates and university students of this field in non-profit institutions and primary schools, and partly in the state institute of the Iran Language Institute (Kanoon Zaban Iran). Considering the positive effect of teacher training courses on improving the teaching process, however, we encounter that in some institutions and schools of Iran, teachers are still teaching this language relying only on their university education in different fields of French, without passing any training course. This descriptiveanalytical study used a questionnaire to examine the current situation of teachers in terms of age, gender, university education (field of study), teacher training courses and type of educational institution they work in and based on the studies of Vanthier (2009) tried to review optimal behavior in trained and untrained teachers so as to determine the differences between the two groups regarding this index. Optimal behavior is in fact a set of classroom management methods that are approved by experts and developers of language teaching methods. The findings of this quantitative study, performed on 83 teachers through descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, Pearson correlation, Spearman, ANOVA), showed that more than fifty percent had not completed any special training courses for children. There was also a significant difference in the optimal behavior score of teachers in the two groups. This difference was only significant in regards to the training and teachers of the state institutions and had no significant relationship with age, gender, level of education and study fields of the teachers.

Illustrated books (comic strip) are books in domain of youth literature in which author narrates the story in a different style: text, image and onomatopoeia together create vivid and fascinating scenes for young readers. With regard to the importance of this style, this paper tries to study the role of onomatopoeia in it. Inasmuch as these kinds of books have special position in children and adolescent literature of France and Belgium, as corpus of the research, we have chosen three volumes of Dad comic strip series and translated from French to Persian to do our comparative study on onomatopoeia. Furthermore, in this article we have considered the linguists’ definitions of onomatopoeia, their classification and place in this literary field. It is worth noting that in these three volumes we have analyzed onomatopoeia which we had faced with challenges to translate them into Persian. The analysis of examples has been done using Umberto Eco’s approach. This study leads us to identify phonetic and linguistic convergence and divergence of onomatopoeia in both French and Persian languages. Because, by referring to the dictionary of the Persian onomatopoeias (1389/2010) as a reliable source, in most cases, we have managed to find the equivalent by considering the Echo’s points of view. When there was no appropriate onomatopoeia for the word in Persian, we borrowed and transcribed; so as a result, not only have we removed the obstacles in translating onomatopoeias, but we have also noticed the richness of the Persian language in this field.

The mission of comparative literature is to explain the development of literary relationships and connections and give them a fresh spirit. Comparative literature is a major factor in sociology researches and its correct understanding that is beneficial in creating a spirit of understanding and cooperation between humans and human societies. The research, through a descriptive, analytical and comparative method, compared François Mauriac’s Le Sagouin and Jalal Ale-Ahmad’s Someone Else’s Child based on the approach of realism school. Mauriac and Ale-Ahmad enter into the innocent and safe world of children and deal with the crimes concealed behind human relations. Mauriac and Ale-Ahmad’s attention to childhood should be considered their regret for the past and shows their efforts to exit adulthood and take refuge in the pure world of children. The results indicate that the objective of these two authors of creating such works is to express the bitter truths that happen in society for children. It seems that the bitter truths of society can only emerge in the pure and innocent portrait of children. The authors are interested in rebuilding the collapsing world by insisting on the position of children.

The world is constantly changing. The global job market will welcome people who have been trained according to the conditions and needs of the current world; therefore university curricula should be reviewed and updated according to the changes and progress of today's market. Today, higher education units no longer meet the needs of the modern world. The present study aims to study the curriculum of French Language and Literature in undergraduate and graduate courses, as well as the needs of students and the needs of the labor market, how to design and introduce two new and alternative courses. A course with a practical approach which unfortunately has a small presence in the curriculum of students in this field. In this research, qualitative-descriptive and analytical methods have been used. The present study introduces two new units to teach and strengthen students’ writing skills: 1. Grammar skills and applied writing (applied grammar), 2. Story writing skills.

François-Marie Arouet, known as Voltaire, is one of the most famous French philosophers and writers of the age of enlightenment in the eighteenth century. The philosophical novella of "Zadig" is the first novella of Voltaire which shows Zadig’s confrontation with fate as the novel's protagonist in a simple and fluent language. In the third part of the book, Zadig meets people who are looking for the king's lost horse and dog. This part of the novella is very similar to the tale of Black Pavilion of the Hasht-Bihisht (The Eight Paradises) by Amir Khusrau Dehlavi- Indian Persian-speaking poet, in terms of subject matter as well as narrative structure. In this story, the three wise princes are confronted a fleeing camel. Purpose of writing this article is to study the narrative structure of these two valuable works in Persian and French literature; for this purpose, the morphological method of Propp, the first researcher in this field, will be considered. Therefore, in this study, we aim to validate the narrative structure of these two works based on Propp’s morphological approach to see to what extent these two stories can be placed in his specific framework. We will also list their commonalities and differences based on Propp’s method. At the same time, the authors of this article will compare and analyze narrative structure of both works and study the narrative similarities as well as differences between the two stories which have been intended to attract the Asian and European audiences.

Abstract With the emergence of new theories of literary criticism, each of which views the literary text from a particular perspective, the study of literary texts, especially fiction, from the perspective of narratology and literary theories, has become increasingly important. In the meantime, Bakhtin's polyphonic theory provides another reading of the text and leads the audience to discover the inner layers, the various and sometimes hidden sounds and the unspoken text. The importance of the dialogue element in the story and its special place according to Bakhtin's discourse theory has doubled the need for care and reflection in the application of this component in the novel. Therefore, in this article, while analyzing the key concepts of conversation logic and lost polyphony, we will explain these terms, examples and their application in the novel. The purpose of this research will be to find an answer to the question whether, considering the essential capacities and capabilities of the novel "French Will", the most famous work of the Russian-French author Andreï Makine, this personal biography can be considered a polyphonic book, based on Bakhtin's conversational logic? And whether the conversations between different characters throughout the work and the bilingualism of the author / narrator, give this book the embodiment of the theory of dialogism. Thus what is examined and explored in this article is a descriptive-analytical study of the main components of the theory of "polyphonic" in "Le Testament Français". .

The use of eye-tracking technology has become a prevalent and accurate method for measuring challenges the audience may face while reading subtitles in different languages, Using the same technology, this study investigates if reading words with full space and half space in Persian subtitles is in any way different from each other. To fulfill this goal, 32 participants voluntarily took part in an eye tracking experiment where they read the segments of two French films. Each segment included two versions (one with half space and the other one with full space). Meanwhile, SMI eye-tracking suite was used to record and analyze the participants’ eye movement parameters and data. Fixation duration, fixation number, first fixation duration and subject hit count of the participants were analyzed in SPSS. The results showed that there was a non-significant difference between the words with half space and full space. Still, the attention allotted to words with half space was lower compared to the words with full space. According to the heatmaps, in words with full space, the attention is split between the two parts that are separated by the full space. Thus, the word itself is not considered as a whole when full space is used.

Aesthetics is interested in the beauty of the poem on two levels: supra-structural (form), and infra-structural (content). From the infra-structural point of view, we distinguish some genres such as epico-mystical poetry. Divan-e-shams, the known example of epico-mystical iranian poetry, with its supra and infra-structural aesthetics elements, makes the sense more powerful and impressive. In this work, Rumi often gives a musicality resulting from different arrangements of vowels, and consonants, elements of the supra-aesthetic structure of poetry, to induce mystical meanings. We follow the transmission of its aesthetic elements in the French translation of Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch, via the different stylistic processes, defined by Vinay & Darbelnet, such as Emprunt, Calque, Literal translation, Transposition, Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation. The transmission of the aesthetic elements of the poetry of Rumi to the French «language-culture» was difficult, sometimes strange, even pleasant and beautiful. This is stemming from the level of translating ability of the translator, as well as the level of “permeability” of the French language to the Persian linguistic and cultural elements. The linguistic horizon of Mirovich’s translation, different from the aesthetic horizon of Rumi’s poetry, is shaped by the translator’s interaction between the cultures of the target and source language, which has its own characteristics as an independent literary work.

Polyphony is the simultaneous presence of multiple and diverse points of view and sounds with the same power, where none of the sounds dominates the other or is superior to the other. Free indirect speech is the main method of creating polyphony, as one of the literary techniques creating ambiguity in the texte. In the field of literature, the discourses are divided into several categories: direct speech, indirect speech, free direct speech and free indirect speech. In this paper, we will try to explain the concept of polyphony, to introduce and explain the indices of free indirect speech and to explain the impact of free indirect speech on the formation of polyphony, by analyzing some parts of two translations of Madame Bovary's novel of Gustave Flaubert,, in Persian, that made by Mohammad Ghazi (1990) and that of Mehdi Sahabi (2016). We try to answer this question : How the polyphonic technique appears in novel's translation and what effect it has on comprehension of the translation. We will then study the workings of translators and their tasks to translating the indices of this speech and we will evaluate their knowledge and understanding of the subject. Polyphony, Free Indirect Speech, Madame Bovary, Mahdi Sahabi, Mohammad Ghazi

In this article, with a socio-critical approach, we will study the social phenomenon of anomie and its reflection in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hossein, one of the contemporary American writers of Afghan origin. Through his realistic and literary power, he represents a society, which suffers from the crisis due to war and suicide and whose norms and values are questioned by the actions of its members. Hosseini's romantic universe, which sheds precious light on contemporary Afghan society, takes a stand in favor of women. The author puts women at the center of his work and paints, in the eyes of readers, a society in which women, as the main characters, are the victims of anomie. In fact, his work portrays social realities and female suffering in a prodigious way. First, by drawing on the ideas of sociologists and philosophers such as Émile Durkheim, Chazel and Guyau, we will identify the theoretical orientations which seek to elucidate the conception of anomie. Then, to carry out our in-depth analysis, we will study the absence of norms and values in the society in question. We will examine how Hosseini's romantic universe reveals different aspects of anomic society in the midst of a crisis. Finally, from the same perspective, we will look at Zima's approach to support the transformation of the absence of norms and values into textual elements.

Among contemporary theorists in the field of translation studies, Antoine Berman, whose works has brought about some developments in translation studies and established a base for translation criticism, mentions thirteen principles that a translator deviates from the source text if he/she employs them. Out of the translated texts, translators have focused mostly on the translation of the Holy Quran from the past. Due to linguistic differences between the Holy Quran language and the target language, there exist structural and semantic deviations in translation activities. One of the Holy Quran translations is done in Kurdish Language by Hajar Mokriyani. Hajar, in his Kurdish Translation of the Holy Quran, adopted a free style translation to convey meaning to the readers and through this approach it is possible to see the adaptability of Antoine Berman's Theory of Deconstruction in his translation. Since no independent study has addressed Hajar’s Kurdish Translation of the Holy Quran, and the adaptability of Antoine Berman's Theory of Deconstruction in this translation has not been explored, through a descriptive-analytical approach and using eleven principles of Bermen’s text deviation, the present study attempts to examine Hajar’s Kurdish Translation of the Holy Quran. For each principle one example is presented to account for the deviation occurred, and to show how the target language text is deviated from the source language text and how this deviation affects the meaning in translation. The results obtained indicate that the said principles (11 cases) are present in Hajar’s translation, and Berman’s Theory of Deconstructive Trends