نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 46، زمستان 1399)

Determination of environmental water rights of Amirkalayeh wetland is one of goals for improving of water quality environmental protection and ecosystem restoration dependent on it. This tends to preserve the natural environment and biological values ​​of wetlands. Amirkalayeh wetland is one of important international wetlands recorded in the International Convention for the Protection of Wetlands (Ramsar -1971). During the past few years with the construction of drainage in the vicinity and also to reduce the inflow of water and wetlands for agricultural purposes, these wetlands are often dry years. Thus this wetland in list of Wetlands Montero has been badly needs rehabilitation and reconstruction. Considering the scientific evidence and studies, the water requirements of wetland were determined in during of birdchr('39')s migration. According to the water balance of wetland, the environmental water right is estimated at 55,385,000 cubic meters per month.

In the present study, the wintering birds of the artificial wetlands of Yazd province in 1393, 1395 and 1396 were studied. This study is one of the first studies conducted with the aim of preventing the drying process of the wetland by emphasizing on maintaining water rights and protection of migratory birds in the artificial wetland of Yazd. Data from winter and autumn counts which were carried out in 2014, 2016, and 2017, were gathered and analyzed. In this study, 48 bird species (18 species of aquatic, 18 species of waterside and 12 species waterside) were identified. The highest numbers belonged to the Fulica atra (528 individuals), Sturnus vulgaris (500 individuals) and Anas platyrhynchos (130 individuals) respectively. Among aquatic birds, the highest number of species were represented by the family of Scolopacidae (6 species). Furthermore, the family of Rallidae represented the highest number (531 individuals comprising of 3 species). The highest and lowest numbers were 2750 and 819 individuals in 2017 and 2016 respectively. The highest evenness was observed in 2016 (0.62) and the lowest in 2014 (0.39). The most diversity of Simpson and Shannon-Winer in 2016 were 4.32 and 2.01 respectively. This study has shown that the artificial wetland of Yazd, in addition to protecting and maintaining water birds, is also important for the conservation and providing habitats for terrestrial birds and thus protecting it should be of utmost importance.

Economic valuation of environmental resources is allocated great part of environmental economic studies. Environmental economist believed that economic valuation is necessary for non-market and environmental of resource services. The purpose of this paper is determining of the recreational and environmental value of Pir-Salman wetland in Asadabad county (Hamedan Province) services. So, for this, individual travel cost method is used in Backer household production function framework. Accordingly, recreational production function is estimated for calculation of travel shadow price. Then, travel demand function is estimated by travel shadow price data. In this study, data are gathered from 73 visitors as random sampling. Questionnaire filled in spring and summer of 2014. The results show that the time, distance and costs of travel are effective factors on production recreation and recreation marginal cost, with the assumption of competitive conditions, is equivalent to 208800 Rials per days which is shadow price of recreation. Annual recreational value of wetland is 626.4 Mil Rials.  Also demand for recreation has negative relationship with the shadow price of recreation and has a positive relationship with income. On the other hand, visitor’s willingness to pay (WTP) has a significant and positive relationship with quality of the environment, educations level and age and marriage status of visitor. So, increasing environmental quality and preparing facilities in Pir-Salman wetland by private sector investing will have increased environmental and recreation value of this wetland. Also, Pir-Salman wetland tourism development strategic document preparing is necessary and inevitable to have road map for increasing of visitors and decreasing distractive environmental effects.

Gavkhouni wetland located in the center of Iranchr('39')s Plateau is one of the important habitat for native flora and fauna. The present study aimed to evaluate change trend of vegetation types and Soil Moisture Index in Gavkhouni wetland since recent 16 years. Vegetation types were identified via field visitation during 2011-2017 and the maps were generated in ArcGIS 10.5. SMI is derived using a triangle space concept between the land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index from MODIS satellite data during 1380 to 1396. 24 vegetation types were identified in the study area. The highest area of the whole study area was allocated to vegetation type named Salsola tomentosa-Artemisia sieberi (89630 ha). Two vegetation types including Astragalus squarosus- Stipagrostis plumosa and Astragalus squarosus covered the lowest area (158 and 296 ha)in 1390 and 1396 respectively. The results showed that major changes in vegetation types occurred from 1390 including deletion of some dominated species such as Phragmites australis and Aeluropus littoralis in the study area which may be attributed to decreasing soil moisture index. The generated maps of SMI indicated that the area with low level of SMI (0-0.2) have increased while the areas with moderate and high levels of SMI (>0.2) have decrease from 2001 to 2017. In order to investigate plant vegetation changes, monitoring of SMI through satellite imagery can serve as an appropriate alternative to direct sampling and field measurement of soil moisture in wetland areas without available soil moisture records. Furthermore, range managers and natural resources and environmental protection authorities can use our findings as basic information in conservation management of endangered plant species and development of restoration and improvement programs.

Sediments play an effective role in pollution control or water purification of the wetland ecosystem and record heavy metals contamination as an historical archive. Ganduman wetland is one of the top 10 birdwatching wetlands in Iran. This study aimed to to investigate the concentration of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in Ganduman sediments. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected manually in summer and autumn at 12 stations, one sampling in middle of every season with considering the availability and distance from urban and industrial wastewater disposal sites. In total, 72 sediment samples were taken from a depth of 20 cm and transferred to the laboratory. The concentrations of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in the sediments were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentrations of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in the sediments was 26.34, 61.98. 1.25 and 18.75 mg/kg. Comparison of the mean concentrations of metals with Canadian sediment quality guidelines for freshwater sediment (ISQG) values showed that the copper and lead concentration in sediments is lower than (ISQG) standard but Zinc is close to the (ISQG) standard and cadmium is higher than (ISQG) standard. Cadmium contamination can be caused by pesticides and phosphate fertilizers utilization in vast farmland around Ganduman wetland where agricultural effluent into this wetland flows.

The Sudanese system is the most important system for supplying rainfall and water accumulation in the southern catchments. In the years when suitable synoptic conditions are provided for strengthening and expanding this system on Iran, not only the southern part of the country but also most parts of the country are associated with good rainfall. Therefore, increasing or decreasing the number of Sudanese systems entering the region is very important and vital in theEco-biological structure of wetlandsand water balance of the most water-rich basins in the south and southwest of the country. In the present study, the aim is to study the historical trend of the entry of this system (1995-2017) into this part of the country. Therefore, after validating the daily precipitation data from 1995 to 2017 of selected stations, precipitation systems of independent Sudanese origin based on selected criteria from the three main routes of Hormozgan, Bushehr and Khuzestan (by year, month and duration) are identified and used. From the statistical indicators of the best fit line, Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator, their time changes at the confidence level of 0.95 were examined and analyzed. The results showed;Despite the trend and slope of decreasing changes in the frequency of entry of Sudanese systems, but due to the lack of significant trends, the frequency of entry of Sudanese systems in all three routes is stable, and lacks a trend that can be attributed to climate change.However, the period of continuous rainfall of Sudanese systems in all three routes is short and generally in the form of 1 to 3 day systems and rarely their period of activity is 5 days or more.Therefore, the scarcity and nature of the showers and short-term precipitation of the Sudanese systems should still be accepted as a principle and in the future we should expect the occurrence of droughts and heavy and torrential rains from the Sudanese system.As a result, the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems, wetlands and water basins in the south and southwest of the country will be fragile in the future.

In recent years, global warming and climate change have been associated with dire consequences for human societies. Changes in climate patterns can lead to severe floods, extreme heat and cold, more frequent droughts, and global warming. This increase in global warming has upset the Earthchr('39')s climate balance and caused widespread climate change in most parts of the world, known as climate change. Therefore, identifying temperature patterns in the future can be very useful in meteorological studies and other related sciences. This research work was done in 2019 in Ahvaz. The aim of this study is to simulate the temperature in the period of 36 (2050-2015) using data from the general air circulation model in southwestern Iran. In this study, the EH5OM database was used to simulate daily temperature. After extracting the data, spatial and temporal distribution of temperature patterns using ArcGIS software was performed using common cryogenic zoning statistics (OK) techniques. Using the data of the general air circulation model during the 36-year period, the monthly, seasonal and annual temperature patterns of the region, mediation and relevant maps were drawn. Based on the results of the prevailing temperature patterns in the annual period, it is fully consistent with the topography of the study area, which indicates the strong effect of altitude on temperature. The highest average simulated temperature per year is related to Mahshahr port station with 26.25 C and the lowest temperature belongs to Aligudarzwith 12.56 C. Also, in July, with the standard deviation of 3.9, the highest temperature was obtained in all stations, and in January, with the standard deviation of 4.6, the lowest temperature was obtained.

Study, planning and implementing protection operation lead to correct exploitation of renewable energy resources and sustainable development. From these, vital sources are water and soil. The aim of this study is to investigate the agricultural and forestry aspects of ecological model of Neyzar Qom’s watershed in 2012. Neyzar watershed area is about 12821.38 hectare. Therefore, in this study, the presumed zone has been divided into 9 dependent and independent areas. It is worthy to choose the best option in order to have the optimum utilization. This phenomena names priority determination. At first, obtained maps for different utilization have been merged and potential of the regarded zone has been estimated. Next step includes qualitative, deductive method to determine the best priority. Finally, eleven useful components for different areas have been selected. By comparing obtained maps and useful components of selected areas, some contradictions observed. It can be concluded, that, 40 hectares of south east and south west of the zone should be converted to grassland. Other contradictions related to limited grassland area which should be used as a protected area for wild life. Albeit, agricultural areas located at east of the zone, can be used as water crop.