فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی
پیاپی 80 (زمستان 1399)

Contemporary economics, despite its claim to be universal, cannot be an indisputable model for Islamic societies because it is based on capitalist values. For this reason, Islamic economists sought to theorize based on Islamic values. This article shows analytically that for the introduction of Islamic values in economic theories, a systematic approach should be taken and attention should be paid to the application of value in different sectors of the economy. The hypothesis of the article is that the entry of values in the theories of Islamic economics can be expressed by considering the distinction between economic goals and the structures that provide these goals in the normative economics sector favorable behavioral rules in the positive economics sector and policy recommendations in the prudential economics sector. In this way Islamic values first determine the goals of the Islamic economic system. Then in order to maintain the status quo or change it in order to achieve these values appropriate structures must be formed. Determining the optimal behavioral pattern of economic agents is the function of Islamic values in the positive economy sector. Finally, based on the accepted structure in normative economics and the model set in positive economics the necessary policies in political economy are prescribed and evaluated.

The everyday social behavior of human beings has always been accompanied by ethical decisions such as financial and humanitarian assistance to the needy, respect for the rights, respect for the rights of others without prohibitive laws, etc. These actions illustrate behavior that is inconsistent with conventional economic theory and is justified in the context of the new theory of behavioral economics. Based on this theory, the present study seeks to show by extracting verses from the Qur'an that individual human decisions are often not rational and that there is always evidence of behavioral bias in people's decisions within the framework of Islamic economics. By examining the verses extracted from the Holy Quran, the results show that the limitations of Islam such as religious beliefs and religious beliefs require that human decisions are far from pure rationality and that humans are more like ordinary humans. Behaves rather than economic man. And this is the very notion of human behavior.

Monetary policy refers to a set of measures and decisions that the policymaker takes in order to achieve economic goals to control and regulate the volume or supply of money and credit. The type of policy and monetary policy tool used by the Islamic State should be in the direction of orienting society towards a balance of living, income and wealth. It must also refrain from any policy, including monetary policy, which leads to a huge gap in living standards, income and wealth. This article deals with the theoretical analysis of the use of monetary instruments in interest-free banking on income distribution. The hypothesis of the article is that monetary policy appropriate to the Islamic economy with proper implementation and given the nature of endogenousity; It can improve distributive justice in society as a whole and move it towards equilibrium through variables such as investment, employment, inflation, GDP growth and demand of the economy as a whole.

This paper was written before the fall of the Tehran Stock Exchange in the summer of 2020. Its approach is the scientific analysis of possible reactions of stock market activists. In order to accurately analyze human behavior, it is necessary to use reliable behavioral models. And this is while it has been stated in scientific sources that they face a lack of related behavioral models. This paper takes the Resoursce Dependence Model from the Holy Quran and adapts it to valid theoretical indicators. This model explains the nature of human response when their critical resources are depleted when humans lose part of their assets, they naturally have behavioral reactions; but the severity or weakness of these reactions depends more on the degree of human mental reliance on those resources than on the amount of assets left or lost - as an increasingly variable slope. That is, no matter how much wealth a person has, if they depend on a particular material resource, the slightest decrease in that resource will upset them. The relationships within this model are defined by mathematical variables and finally presented in the form of graphs. This model analyzes and predicts the general sensitivity and severe reaction due to the possible collapse of the stock market. Based on this model, solutions have been proposed to manage and adjust the mental reliance of investors on the current stock market. In this way, severe public reactions to feelings of helplessness can be controlled.

Today, the level of information and knowledge participation in economic processes has increased so much that it has led to fundamental structural changes in the way organizations are organized and function in the fair distribution of their income, which in an Islamic society provides the ground for the realization of the lofty goals of the religion of Islam and Islamic justice. Therefore, considering the importance of applying knowledge in improving income inequality, the main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of information and communication technology variables and government educational costs as components of knowledge based economy on income inequality in Iran. Accordingly, the short-term and long-run relationships between existing variables will be estimated and analyzed from the statistical data of the period )1980-2017) and the ARDL model. Research findings show that government education, information and communication technology spending has a significant and negative impact on income inequality in Iran. Due to the error-correction variable (ECM), the dependent variable will return to equilibrium if it leaves the equilibrium within one and a half periods. According to the model results, strengthening the components of knowledge-based economy in Iran is effective in reducing income inequality.

The oil and gas industry needs distinct tools for financing and implementation because of its high capital-intensity and the need for new technologies in various sciences. Upstream contracts in oil and gas are the most important means of attracting investors and contractors in the industry. After introducing concession arrangements, due to its religious and legal impediments, some countries switched to service contracts, and Iran, as an Islamic country, invented and introduced a buy-back contract. At the same time, some other countries, such as Indonesia, have introduced partnership contracts for production. An examination of the oil industry's experience has shown that the efficiency of production partnership contracts has generally been higher than that of service contracts to motivate the contractor, generate higher profits for the host country, and obtain general conditions for companies. In this study, with the aim of reviewing partnership contracts for oil and gas production according to Imamieh jurisprudence, this contract has been analyzed with six important rules of jurisprudence in the contracts, including La Darar rule, Nafye Gharar rule, Ghorur rule, Nafye Sabil rule, Prohibition of Akl al Mal Bil Batil, and Tanjiz rule. The results of this study have shown that the production sharing contracts are not in conflict with the principles of Imamiyyah jurisprudence and there is no jurisprudence in the principle of contracts of production participation.

Project financing is one of the most important and practical instruments in developed and developing countries and many medium and large scale projects in the world are implemented by using this approach. Unfortunately, this approach has not really been able to Be implemented in Iran our country, and one of the main reasons for this failure is the lack of knowledge and explanation of the requirements and dimensions of this method. Due to the bank-based nature of the Iranian economy, it seemed that the best place to start and practice this method of financing is for banks to take steps in this field and allocate a small part of their resources to this method. For this purpose, in order to better understand the issue, the main factors affecting the realization of the project financing model in the banking system of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a relatively comprehensive review of domestic and foreign scientific resources are counted and then based on experts' opinions using TOPSIS method in fuzzy environment were prioritized. According to the research findings, political and economic stability, legal issues, regulation of strong contractual relations, accurate feasibility studies and strong financial structure have the greatest impact and degree of importance in realizing the project financing model in the banking system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. And other factors are in the next ranks. This research is the first step in order to explain this practical method of financing as much as possible, and in the next research, it is necessary to take additional and more detailed steps.

Making the banks rate adjustable or variable is one of the ways that is used in modern central banking for supporting the monetary transmission mechanism. In this context, when the central bank implements the monetary policy, making use of the open market operation, the rates of banking deposit and loans will change automatically and accordingly and hence the real sector of the economy would be affected. Having reviewed the subject of money market in the conventional financial system, this paper tries to evaluate the possibility of making Islamic money market. The results which are based on a analytical-descriptive approach show that: firstly, the Islamic money market is theoretically plausible. In fact, it is quite possible to make Islamic money market by making use of Islamic short-term instruments. In addition to theory, the Islamic money market is made in some Islamic countries like Malaysia and Iran. Secondly, in the Islamic Fiqh, different kinds of Islamic contracts with fixed and predetermined return rate are available (like Murabaha). It is possible to use these contracts in the Islamic money market.

One of the most important challenges of the banking system in any country is timely receipt of requests from customers who have applied for banking facilities. In this regard, banks and financial and credit institutions have resorted to the use of jurisprudence (legal and legal necessities) and legal instruments to provide legal and legal tools and assistance, as well as to prevent economic problems or reduce the effects of Failure to pay the claims promptly enters into the conclusion of religious contracts by dividing the contract into participatory and non- participatory. It is possible to obtain claims arising from participation in the contract by extending the contract before and after the contract expires. And also in contracts based on non-participation contracts, the claims are met through redistribution, renewal and conversion of the contract. Our findings in this article suggest that the potential for non-compliance claims in the regulatory and enforcement paths face challenges such as the causes of non-compliance claims, disregard for the legal capacity of alternative contracts, and the lack of expertise of judicial authorities and jurisprudence faced by outsiders. Addressing these challenges is imperative to reforming contractual texts, revising banking regulations, and preventing a multiplicity of legislative references as well as establishing specialized judicial branches.