فهرست مطالب

تاریخ پژوهی - پیاپی 81 (تابستان 1399)

نشریه تاریخ پژوهی
پیاپی 81 (تابستان 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/12/25
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
|
|
  • Moslem Ahmadi - Hamed Mohammadi Page 7

    Ilkhans dynasty established powerful government and it was done because of the elites and scholar individuals which lead to rebuilding at the outset of the seventh century. Ilkhans race was free from culture, knowledge, and urbanization so they needed Iranian elites to maintain the authority and power. They built scientific centers and rebuild the defunct centers. They were the patron of scientific authors and flourished education and training in Iran. This article is written in descriptive and analytical method and based on library studies and it aims to survey the relationship between scholars and knowledge. Ilkhans believed in religious tolerance and this approach lead to partly freedom such as the teaching of Islamic schools and branches and build scientific centers. According to this article, Ilkhans were in contrast to Moghuls and they rebuild Islamic society and they spread science once again in Iran.

    Keywords: Ilkhans, scholars, Ilkhans era, science in Iran, seventh century AH
  • Shapoor Barez, Karim Solimani Dehkordi Page 37

    Since the formation of Pakistan, the country’s relationship with Afghanistan was full of political tensions, and it has continued its importance and political status in South Asia and proxy war against India during the colonial period, which was based on the process of the “strategic depth " policy. The September 11, 2001 event in the United States was an important event that put an impact on the countries of Pakistan and Afghanistan. This issue leads to changes in the political and diplomatic relations of Pakistan, especially Afghanistan that spread the war, strengthening the Taliban group, and set the process of peace negotiations in Afghanistan, including its consequences this study aims to investigate the political strategy of Pakistan toward Afghanistan after September 11th. The method of this study is based on library books and was a descriptive and analytical approach. In this study, reliable scientific and historical sources have been used. The findings indicate that Pakistan has played a role in Afghanistan by following the strategic and anti - Indian government in Afghanistan.

    Keywords: Pakistan, Afghanistan, strategy, Taliban, Peace
  • Tahmineh Raees Sadat, Bijan Nazari Page 73

    Sunni was the state religion of Iran during the Ghaznavid dynasty and they got their governmental legitimacy such as samanid empire and Seljuk dynasty from Abbasids caliph, so protection of religion and its spread was one of the basic duty of Ghaznavid. They were religious fanatic and confined to other religions such as Ismailism, Alawites, and Sadat. The method of this study is based on library books and was the descriptive and analytical approach and survey on the social and political life of Shiite sects against the Ghaznavid fanaticism which lead to two points of view. One is Taqiya which is used by Alawites and Sadat. The other is extremist methods of Ismailism. Ghaznavids had a negative view to Ismailism because they were extremist and had religious communication to Fatimid of Egypt.

    Keywords: Ghaznavd, sunni religion, shias, Ismailism, sadat, Alwites
  • Hosain Shirmohammadi Page 97

    According to Iranian political culture, law reference referred to two institutions of reign and clergy simultaneously. Democracy and separation of powers entered Iran after Constitutional Revolution. Iranian thinkers realized the Consolidation of power in government and try to reform and divide it into Legislature, executive, and judiciary institutions. The main question is who and in what historical context conceived and studied this idea? It seems that Iranian thinkers had two separate assemblies which one of them was codification and the other is law enforcement. The method of this study is based on library books and was a descriptive and analytical approach and survey on the idea of separation of powers in thoughts of Iranian thinkers.

    Keywords: Separation of powers, Qajar era, Legislature, Executive, Judiciary