فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 84 (زمستان 1399)

Based on the explanation of geopolitical structure of Arabian Peninsula before and after the advent of Islam, this research presents an understanding of the nature, authority and logic of policy in the political discourse of Quraysh which is hoped to be effective in the appreciation of changes leading to the advent and propagation of Islam as an Ibrahimi religion. Such an explanation opens the way towards understanding a collection of political relations reflecting on them can provide a considerable awareness towards the identification of the structure of authority in the tribalism system throughout the advent of Islam. The methodological approach of this research has been taken from discourse. In this regard, it has been endeavored to investigate and analyze the differences in two discourses of Islam as an Ibrahimi religion and Quraysh as a structure reliant on tribalism and to discuss the way of transferring from Arabic traditional tribalism with the centrality of Quraysh to the Islamic era.

The political conditions of community and their consequences in favor of the infallible Imams (PBUT) provided the ground for taking advantage of institutes supporting them in dealing with the present conditions in the best way. Vekalat is an institute which was highly effective in time of Imam Raza’s Sons, Imam Javad (PBUH), Imam Hadi (PBUH), Imam Askari (PBUH). The present article is to answer the question on how this institute could preserve and propagate the political- religious movement of Infallible Imams and Shiites in this era.Considering the main variables in Charles Tilly’s model and descriptive-analytical method of research as well as the library sources, the findings of the present research reveal that the Infallible Imams could protect themselves and Shiites throughout the critical conditions by optimizing the capabilities of this organization. Taking advantage of political intelligence and the exact measurement of situation as well as relying on Vekalat organization, Imam Raza’s Sons neutralized the endeavors of Abbasid government towards the defacement of Imams and Shiites

The relationship between Abbasids and Prophet’s household, following Amir al- Momenin Ali (PBUH), perusing the revenge of Ashura martyrs, the mottos like Al Reza Men Aal e- Mohammad and Ya Mansour and the reports on their siblings being regarded as Mansour or Mahdi provided the ground for Abbasids to be of Shiite tendency and belong to the Shiite groups such as Kisaniyeh and Zeidiyeh, before caliphate. The likeness of the nature of Abbasid movement with Shiite symbols are considered the issues worth to be investigated. Taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical approach and the library method of research, this study critically investigates the nature of Abbasid Shiite movement. This issue is in need of measurements related to the social position of movement, the religious position of people leading the movement, the conduct of Abbasid leaders, the motivation and objectives behind this movement and its actualization for the Shiites so that the amount of belief and consistency of Abbasids with the Shiite thoughts in the process of movement to the achievement of caliphate will be crystalized. The findings of this research illustrate that the convergence of Abbasid movement with the Shiite beliefs has covertly changed and gradually tended toward the beliefs of Shiite competitor groups.

The study of historical sources of Caucasus domain in the third and fourth centuries illustrates that there is some disorder in some narrations related to this region such as the conquest of Caucasus, the event of Balanjar, the conquest of Baytha and Khaqan e- Khazar. This research tries to have a new look towards the reality of these events and their exact time of happening by taking advantage of descriptive-analytical method of research and the library sources with the purpose of more crystallization of Caucasus historiography in the domain of eastern caliphate as well as the comparative study of different sources and ideas of researchers in the area of Caucasus. This research shows that there is no uncertainty in the event itself considering the existing sources but sometimes there are some errors in regard with the attribution of some events to the individuals or their time of happening which could be removed through the exact historical investigation

The element of religion has been of main role in regard with the intellectual infrastructure of Iranian community and its direct effect is outstanding in most of the economic, cultural, and social changes. In this regard, the governments have paid a particular attention to the religion and ritual ceremonies during the history. In time of Qajar, along with the continuation in the way of holding the ritual ceremonies, a kind of alteration developed in them as well. Khorasan state and particularly Mashhad was one of the main centers of this alteration due to its significant situation.Following the descriptive-analytical approach, the present article is to answer the question on the extent the ritual and lamentation ceremonies in Mashhad regarded as the most important religious city of Iran, changed under the influence of the political approach of Qajar rulers as well as the administrative elements

The internal contradiction among the militants in Qaznavid era from the advent of the first to the last sultans of this dynasty particularly in time of Masoud (421-432 After Hijrah) and Mahmood (389-421 After Hijrah) is considered the main reason of failure of government. After a review on the political and military structure of Qaznavid government, the article studies the reasons of collapse of Sultan Masoud’s government with the emphasis on the existent conflicts in the foundation of military authority of Qaznavids in form of internal chaos, external battles, struggle to achieve authority, and aggressions among the governmental individuals. This internal conflict was to the extent that the strategies towards getting rid of the present instable situation were neutralized.

The religious relations in the strategic region of Sham have been constantly at the mercy of the policies dominated on the intellectual approaches of this region. Consideration of the way of scholars’ taking part in giving the direction to these relations in the important and sensitive era of Mamluk can discover part of the intellectual disputes in this district.
In this respect, the present research is to answer the question related to the role of Sunnite and Shiite scholars in regard with the religious relations of Mamluk era relying on the descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this research clarify that the Sunnite scholars with the support of the Sunnite higher social rank rulers took a kind of confrontational approach towards this issue and the ground for the severe social disputes between Sunnites and Shiites and consequently more and more divergence among them was provided. On the other hand, the effort of Shiite scholars towards preserving the identity and existence of Shi’ism along with convergence with Sunnites wat not successful. This issue was due to the Sunnites’ frail and passive status as well as their precautionary concealment. Accordingly, the ground for the settlement of social disputes could not be provided.

Muslims were divided into two social groups of Afaqis and Deccanis while entering to Deccan. Afaqis who had entered Deccan from Iraq and Iran, quickly penetrated into the social layers of Deccan city and they even took up important positions in the governmental court because of their knowledge, discipline, complete or relative economic welfare. This issue provided the ground for the constant competition with native Muslims famous for Deccani. Simultaneous with the establishment of Bahmanid government as well as the Shiite governments after Bahmanids, the disputes between Afaqis and Deccanis increased. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method of research, the present article is to investigate the effective elements of the relations between Afaqis and Deccanis in Bahmanid government and the local Shiite governments such as Qutb Shahi, Adelshahi and Nezamshahi from the ninth to eleventh centuries in Deccan. The findings of research demonstrate that the scientific and disciplinary background of Afaqis and official realization of Shiite denomination in the local governments of Deccan as well as the policy of early sultans led to Afaqis’ achieving authority and consequently the uprising of Deccanis and eventually massacre and suppression of Afaqis