نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال سی و چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 130، بهار 1400)

An article describing the extensive migrating fowl mortality In Miankaleh wetland, which per se can be accounted as a national disaster, has been published in Journal of veterinary researches and biological products (Maken Ali et al., 2020). The approach to record, report and interpretation of data and results arises some concerns, therefore, the critical evaluation of the article seems highly needed.

The most effective way to prevent fowl pox disease is to vaccinate and the aim of this study was to determine the immunity level of fowl pox vaccine and also to determine the efficacy of the vaccine against the pathogenic agent, which seems necessary and important to do so. The experiments of this study are summarized in two sections. The first stage includes the vaccination of the experienced chicks in the farm and the evaluation of the effect of the vaccine on the farm, and the second phase included a challenge test carried out in the vaccinated pullets. In order to realize this, fowl pox vaccine of the Razi Institute, which is live attenuated, was inoculated into a curtain under the wing in a layer flock with sixty thousands of Bowans strain laying hen farm was used for testing. Seven to ten days after vaccination, the immune response of the herd was investigated in 10% of the layer flock was taken and the percentage was 96.7%. Then, in order to the challenge test, 30 of these pullets were divided into two separate halls, the first group consisting of vaccinated pullets and the second group that did not inoculate the vaccine. The pathogenic virus was inoculated to them and the control group showed all the symptoms of the disease, and all the birds in the control group had no symptoms. From the above experiments, it is concluded that fowl pox vaccine of the Razi Institute has suitable efficacy.

Avian Influenza is an acute and contagious disease of humans and animals, an agent of Orthomyxoviridae family. H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIVs) is one of the main problems of poultry industry in Iran. The aim of study was to investigate the status of domestic poultry contamination and identifying the hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 isolates in northern providences of Iran.This cross-sectional study was carried out in rural population of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces from 1393 to 1394.The sera and cloacal swabs were sampled and tested, using a haemagglutination inhibition test and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction respectively. The RNA was extracted, HA and NA genes was proliferated, using; two pairs of full-open-reading frame universal primer pairs, Titan one step tube RT-PCR system (Roche). A total of 70 villages and 993 birds; (Mazandaran province, 20 villages with 276 birds , Gilan province, 20 villages, with 347 birds and Golestan province, 30 villages with , 370 birds) were sampled. The sera sample of 67 villages (96%) out of 70 and 557 birds (56%) out of 993 were positive. The only H9N2 subtype was isolated of swab sample named A / chicken / Iran / RZ18 / 2014.Both HA and NA genes were common close to Iran / Markazi / 2014 and Iran / MMV9- 2013 isolate. The results reveal a high level of circulation of H9N2 influenza viruses in domestic poultry in the northern provinces of Iran.

Clostridium is a broad genus of rod-shaped, anaerobic, gram-positive and spore-forming bacteria. It has 203 species and is classified into five isotypes (A, B, C, D, and E) based on four major toxins, iota (iA), alpha (cpa), beta (cpb) and epsilon (etx). These bacteria are one of the most important causes of disease in animals. Various toxins of these bacteria play an important role in pathogenesis. Newly discovered toxin such as NetB and TpeL could be mentioned. These toxins are involved in a variety of diseases, including necrotic enteritis. This article presents an overview of studies on NetB and TpeL toxins. Furthermore recent advances had been provided in the production of new generation vaccines. In this article, we demonstrated that the sequences of tpeL and netB were investigated using bioinformatics software for recombinant protein production. Different regions of the gene were selected and evaluated for fusion protein synthesis. The fusion gene was synthesized by PCR and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli. Then the fusion protein was purified by NI-NTA and used for confirmation by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Serum neutralization test was done to evaluate of antibody in rabbits. Mutants with less cytotoxic activity were also designed by site-directed mutagenesis kits and confirmed by sequencing. The results of this study suggested that new-generation vaccines could be used as a candidate vaccine against avian necrotic enteritis.

Nowadays, milk and dairy products form an important part of the requirements of the people around the world. Animal diseases have important impacts on animal productivity and welfare and on human health. Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy cattle. Unfortunately, using common antibiotics to treat animal infection is increasing in which leads to undesirable side effects such as antibiotic residuals in animal products and occurrence bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Hence, the use of natural alternatives such as antimicrobial peptides and essential oils has been considered. In this study the antibacterial effects of two bacteriocin enterocin P and thanatin peptides with two essential oils of mentha spicata and cuminum cyminum against some mastitis pathogens were evaluated. The recombinant bacteriocin enterocin p peptide were expressed in CHO cells. The extraction of mentha spicata and cuminum cyminum essential oils was performed by Clevenger apparatus. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were tested on bacteria. The results have shown that the two peptides have stronger antibacterial effects at lower concentrations than the two essential oils. Staphylococcus aurous and Escherichia coli were sensitive to bacteriocin enterocin p and thanatin peptide respectively. Since the benefits of using peptides over essential oils associated with their high thermal stability, resistant to oxidation and the ability of peptide modification, it is hope that antimicrobial peptides provide an excellent potential strategy for treating animal diseases in future.

The aim of current study was to investigate the prevalence as well as morphometric and molecular characterization of Dicrocoelium dendriticum in cattle, sheep and goat slaughtered in Eslamabad-e Gharb (Kermanshah) industrial abattoir from 1394 to 1396. To determine the prevalence and severity of D. dendriticum, 2160 cattle, 4320 sheep and 3240 goats were randomly sampled from the both genders equally during the course of study. Morphologic and morphometric characterization done using a light microscope. For molecular characterization, 20 adult worms with different morphologic and morphometric properties from each species and total of 60 samples were selected for extraction of DNA and amplification of the target gene NAD1 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The obtained results indicated that the infection rate was higher in sheep (10.20%, 4.85% and 7.01%, respectively) compared to cattle (3.05%, 1.80% and 2.22%). Furthermore, the highest infection intensity was observed in autumn. Pairwise comparison of the obtained sequences with each other and the recorded cases in Genbank revealed the similarity 97% to 99% among isolates. Therefore, D. dendriticum was the only infective species of Eslamabad-e Gharb ruminants. The results of genetic evaluation showed no variation between the isolated samples and those in GenBank. Considering the high prevalence rate of infection, stricter preventive and hygienic measures should be taken.

Foodstuffs that derived from animal products could transfer microbial pathogens and antibiotic drug residuesin, consequently it caused to disrupting in immune and gastrointestinal system and microbial resistance in the human body. This study was to investigate the effect of different levels of probiotic and lactoferrin (bLF) on the health status and infection rate of Escherichia coli in suckling Ghezel lambs. Thirty six suckling male lambs in a completely randomized design employing a 2×3 factorial arrangement were assigned to six exprimental groups. Experimental treatments were includes of two levels of probiotic (0 and 1 g/day/head) and three levels of bLF (0, 0.25 and 0.50 g/day/head) that used individually for 56 days of experiment. The results showed that despite no significant difference between fecal score and body temperature between the experimental groups, the simultaneous use of probiotics and bLF reduced days medicated in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, interaction between different levels of probiotic and bLF reduced the excretion of Escherichia coli in the feces (p < 0.05). Bovine lactoferrin led to a linear increase in plasma iron concentration compared to the control group, therewith the highest level of bLF having the highest increase in iron concentration (p < 0.05). According to results of present experiment, it seems that bLF plus probiotic can have synergisc effect on performance and heath status of Ghezel lamb breed in preweaning phase.

Ocular dryness can be assessed by Schirmer's test, tear break time (TBUT), tear mucin measurement, goblet cell count as well as osmolarity, lysozyme and lactoferrin tears. Because of the simple and availability of the Schirmer's test and TBUT measurement, these two methods are more commonly used as ophthalmic examinations in ophthalmology studies. Currently, in the topical ophthalmic anesthesia routine, tetracaine is the most widely used drug that can eliminate reflex tears. The purpose of this research is to measure basal tear production in Caspian horses. In this regard, 20 apparently healthy Caspian horses, both male and female, were selected; aged between 5 to 14 years old and the mean body weight was 203 ± 38 kg. Two groups of 10 Caspian horses were randomly assigned. After physical examination and reviewing the Caspian horse's health history and consequently assurance of their health schirmer tear test (STT) performed for both eyes of all animals. In treatment group (tetracaine 0.5%) and control group (0.9% normal saline), STT repeated at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes after instillation. Comparative study of test (T) and control (C) showed us statistically significant decrease in T group and the comparative study of STT between T0 and others result of T group shows a statistically significant decrease until 40 minutes after instillation. The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA method. Based on the results of this study, the variants of age and gender have no significant effects on the STT1 and STT2 results in the Caspian horses. Considering the importance of rapid diagnosis of dry eye syndrome and disorders associated with basal and reflex tear production and preventing its subsequent disorders such as Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca; this survey aims to evaluate effects of topical ophthalmic use of tetracain hydrochloride 0.5% on STT results in clinically normal Caspian horses.

Calf diarrhea is a commonly reported disease and a major problem to the livestock industry. Although, antibiotics are used to treat diarrhea in calves, they are not effective against viruses as well as they may cause some other problems such as antibiotic resistance. As a result, natural antibodies such as immunoglobulin Y (IgY) from egg yolk could be a possible replacement for traditional antibiotics with less side effects. The objective of this research was production of specific IgY againt major calf diarrhea pathogens such as coronavirus, rotavirus, E. coli, and Clostridium perfringens in the egg yolk. For this purpose, this experiment was performed with two treatments (control and vaccinated group with the trivalent vaccine of coronavirus, rotavirus, and E. coli as well as Clostridium perfringens vaccine) and seven replicates in each group on W-36 Hy-Line laying hens. SDS-PAGE and Bradford methods were used for quality and quantity evaluations of IgY, respectively. Finally, the effect of freeze-drying and spray drying on IgY degradation was assessed by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that heavy and light chains of IgY were visible in the treatment group. The control group did not show any visible IgY fragments. Furthermore, the quantity of IgY secreted in egg yolk was estimated at 4.729 mg/ml. Finally, the comparison between two drying methods showed that freeze-drying did not damage IgY although spray-drying caused a substantial damage. Furthur experiments are required to validate the biological activity of the specific IgY produced in this study.

The use of UV and cold atmospheric plasma improves the healing process significantly in compare with normal healing process. Comparative evaluation of histopathology and histomorphology of ultraviolet radiation of cold atmospheric helium plasma on a full-thickness Staphylococcus aureus infected wound in diabetes induced rats with alloxan40 male Wistar diabetic rats with intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at a dose of 120 mg / kg bodyweight with infected full thickness wounds with 1 ml of suspension containing 108 CFU / ml Staphylococcus aureus in 1 cm diameter have been divided into two groups of treatment with cold atmospheric helium plasma and UV radiation.The treatment groups were treated for 21 days with cold plasma and ultraviolet radiation for three minutes/day and the results have been evaluated histopathologically and Histomorphology, and statistical analysis of the SPSS system. Cold atmospheric helium plasma and UV Light have a positive effect on the presence of inflammatory cells, collagen formation, and the epithelial cells healing. The final conclusion Cold plasma and UV light plays a positive role in wound healing, and CAP is much more effective in wound healing.

Delay between sampling and sample analysis can occur when blood samples are transported to reference laboratories or coincide with holidays. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of hematological analytes in canine blood samples using Nihon Kohden MEK-6450 hematology analyzer. Blood samples were collected from 40 clinically healthy dogs in EDTA-containing tubes and examined for 1 hour using Nihon Kohden MEK-6450 analyzer. The samples were then stored at 4 and 24 ° C and re-analyzed at 3, 6, 24 and 48 hours after collection. Significant changes in blood analytes in samples from dogs included, HCT and MCV were increased at 24 h at both temperatures (4 and 24 ° C) and was decreased in MCHC from 6 h at 4 ° C and 24 h at 24 ° C and MPV was increased at 6 h at 4 ° C, respectively. Platelet count was also decreased from 6 h at both temperatures. There were no significant changes in RBC, WBC counts and hemoglobin concentration during the study. Although most changes in hematological analytes were analytically acceptable and clinically insignificant in samples when stored at 4 and 24 ° C, however, the best way to measure hematological analytes is immediate analysis after sampling. The blood samples are preferable to be analyzed within an hour after collection.

This study was aimed to investigate the function of opioidergic receptors on mediating the role histamine on central control of broiler feed intake. In this research, the role of mu, kappa and delta receptors of opioids on hypophagia induced by ICV injection of histamine was investigated in three separate experiments.In each experiment, 48 Ross 308 5-day broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups (12 birds per group) and the birds were given one of the four experimental treatments by ICV injection after 3 hours of feed deprivation. Experimental groups included of 1) normal saline (control), 2) 300 nmol histamine 3) 5 μg opioid receptor antagonist (mu receptor antagonist in the first experiment, kappa in the second experiment and delta in the third experiment) and 4) co-injection of histamine (300 nmol) and opioid receptor antagonist (5 μg). The cumulative intake of feed was measured after injection at 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Results showed that histamine injection in all three experiments reduced feed intake. Co-administration of the mu opioid receptor antagonist and histamine reduced the hypophagic effects of histamine and increased feed intake. However, histamine and kappa or delta receptor antagonists co-administered did not increase the intake of histamine-induced feed. Overall, the results of this study show that the mu opioid receptor mediates at least part of the histamine-induced hypophagic effect in broilers, while kappa and delta opioid receptors have no significant effect.

Dairy cows are exposed to various stresses such as parturition, lactation and oxidative stress during the transition period. Controlling these stresses and other stresses such as treatment and vaccination could help to improve the health and persistency of milk production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid and salicylate on animal health and milk production in transition period as well as alleviating inflammatory responses induced by postpartum vaccinations. Forty-four Holsteins fresh cows were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (n = 11) in a randomized complete design and experiment continued for 30 days. Treatments groups were as follows: 1) control (with basal diet) 2) basal diet + 30 g/day ascorbic acid, 3) basal diet + 10 g/day salicylic acid and 4) basal diet + 30 g/day ascorbic acid + 10 g/day salicylate. Results showed that feeding of salicylate increased milk production (p < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid increased milk fat percentage (p < 0.05) but had no effect on milk production. The highest concentration of glucose was noted in cows fed by ascorbic acid, and the lowest concentration of blood urea nitrogen was observed in cows fed by ascorbic acid + salicylate (P <0.05). Dietary inclusion of salicylate, ascorbate or the combination of salicylate and ascorbate decreased concentrations of haptoglobin and serum amyloid-A in cows vaccinated against FMD, whereas TNFα was decreased just in cows fed by salicylate and salicylate + ascorbate as compared to the control group (P <0.05). Generally, it could be concluded that supplementation of ascorbic acid and salicylate in early lactating cows could improve production and health status and reduce inflammatory responses of postpartum vaccinations.

To evaluate the influence of VHS disease on rainbow trout biometric traits, this research was conducted. Two hundred eighty-one rainbow trout (88±3.38 g initial weight ) were collected, and after 18 days of adaptation period were randomly divided into five groups. All experimental groups were fed by commercial ration. The first group was selected as a control group (no injection), but the second to fifth groups were injected with 0.03 ml physiological serum, 0.06 ml physiological serum , 0.03 ml VHSV, and 0.06 ml VHSV with the concentration of 4.5x104 pfu.ml - respectively. To diagnose the disease, RT-PCR test was used. The research period was 35 days, and records of body weight, and fish length (standard length, fork length and, total length) were collected on days 28, and 35 of rearing. Mean comparisons of these traits between different groups were conducted using the Tukey test (HSD) and R software. In the results of body weight in the first week after challenge (day 28) significant differences were observed between the control group with VHSV injected groups (p < 0.001) and also between physiological serum with VHSV injected groups (p < 0.05). In the second week after challenge (day 35), there were significant differences (p < 0.001) for body weight between VHSV injected groups with control and physiological injected groups (p < 0.001). In the second week after the challenge for traits related to fish length (standard length, fork length, and total length), there were significant differences between all experimental groups (p < 0.05). Based on the observed results, VHS disease will reduce fish growth, and it will cause economic losses.

Ligula intestinalis worm is the cause of ligolosis. It is the most common parasitic infection of freshwater fish in most parts of the world and causes many economic losses including weight loss, fertility decline and mortality in baby fish. Therefore, taking measures to diagnose and control it become very important, in breeding pools and fish farms management. The adult Ligula intestinalis worm can be found in the small intestine of the angry birds and the larva stage of the worm (plerocercoid) in the abdominal cavity of fish. The aim of this study was to detect Ligula intestinalis parasitic infection in river whitefish in Alborz dam, Mazandaran Province. To this end, in September 2016, 60 fish of the species were captured randomly and referred to the laboratory for morphometric and parasitic examination. The results showed that all fish caught were infected. Since Ligula intestinalis plerocercoid can reduce or not fertilize young fish, it is essential. to consider strategies to combat this parasite.

Probiotics are living microorganisms that grow easily in the host's body and provide health to their host. The optimal balance of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the intestine, is very important and certain bacteria such as Lactobacillus casei help maintain such balance. There is a growing demand today for the development of a safe and novel way of preserving food. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus Casei inoculation as a biological preservative on the microbial and chemical quality of Scomberomorus commerson. After preparing the fish from the market and transferring to the Median laboratory, the samples were kept at 4 ° C (refrigerator temperature) until the test. The first, third, seventh, fifteenth and thirty days of the study were followed by TVN and microbial pH tests. The use of probiotics in S.Commerson fish to prevent microbial and chemical changes in S.Commerson fish was investigated. Lactobacillus Casei showed positive results in inhibiting fish spoilage. In the first, third, seventh, fifteenth, and thirty days of the studied samples for chemical (pH and TVN) and microbial tests (total microbial count for Staphylococcus aureus, E-coli and Salmonella) and inoculation and control Was. The results showed that Lactobacillus Casei strain is a suitable candidate for use as a preservative of S.Commerson fish. The Lactobacillus Casei strain was able to grow in food and its inoculation significantly altered the chemical and microbial properties of S.Commerson fish fillet during storage.

Shazde River is one of the rivers in Mazandaran province in Babolsar which end to the Caspian Sea. In the past, this river was one of the valuable rivers in terms of fish diversity and their migration, but today due to pollutants entering the river, migratory and resident fish have declined dramatically.The present study investigated the bacterial infection of the fishes (Carassius gibelio) in Shazde River .To the aim the fishes were transferred to the laboratory. After bacterial culture, gram staining and biochemical test Aeromonas hydrophila was identified. In the histopathological study of skin and muscle destruction of epithelium, melanomacrophages aggregation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, edema, hyperemia and muscular fibers degeneration, in liver melanomacrophages aggregation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, increase of sinusoidal spaces, vacuolar degeneration, bile ducts hyperplasia and fibrosis, in kidney infiltration of inflammatory cells, vacuolar degeneration, edema, hyperemia, destruction of urinary tubules and fibrosis were observed. A. hydrophila is one of the opportunistic bacterium that becomes a pathogenic in stressful condition such as decrease of water quality. It is also a zoonosis bacterium that transferred to human via contaminant water and aquatic animals that cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and watery to bloody diarrhea. Therefore, preventing the entry of pollutants and wastewater into the rivers, besides the necessity of conservation of the aquatic ecosystem, is very important for the protection of human health.